Comparisons in the making: youth accounts of cannabis use in Swedish addiction treatment

References

• Akre, C., Michaud, P. A., Berchtold, A., & Suris, J. C. (2010). Cannabis and tobacco use: Where are the boundaries? A qualitative study on cannabis consumption modes among adolescents. Health Education Research, 25(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J. P., Loeb, E. L., Narr, R. K., & Costello, M. A. (2020). Different factors predict adolescent substance use versus adult substance abuse: Lessons from a social-developmental approach. Development and Psychopathology (pp. 1–11). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, D. (2015). Stories of change in drug treatment: A narrative analysis of ‘whats’ and ‘hows’ in institutional storytelling. Sociology of Health & Illness, 37(5), 668–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayo, N. (2012). Understanding health promotion in a neoliberal climate and the making of health conscious citizens. Critical Public Health, 22(1), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2010.520692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belackova, V., & Vaccaro, C. A. (2013). “A friend with weed is a friend indeed” understanding the relationship between friendship identity and market relations among marijuana users. Journal of Drug Issues, 43(3), 289–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042613475589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brochu, S., Duff, C., Asbridge, M., & Erickson, P. G. (2011). There’s what’s on paper and then there’s what happens, out on the sidewalk’’: Cannabis users knowledge and opinions of Canadian drug laws. Journal of Drug Issues, 41(1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204261104100105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, H., & Stringer, R. (2005). Users, using, used: A beginner’s guide to deconstructing drugs discourse. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(5), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAN. (2019). Drogutvecklingen i Sverige 2019 [Drug development in Sweden 2019]. CAN rapport 180. CAN, Centralförbundet för Alkohol- och Narkotikaupplysning.
   Google Scholar
• Chatwin, C., & Porteous, D. (2013). Insiders? The experiences and perspectives of long-term, regular cannabis users. Contemporary Drug Problems, 40(2), 235–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/009145091304000205
   Google Scholar
• Coggans, N., & McKellar, S. (1994). Drug use amongst peers: Peer pressure or peer preference? Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 1(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687639409028532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coomber, R., & Turnbull, P. (2007). Arenas of drug transactions: Adolescent cannabis transactions in England – Social supply. Journal of Drug Issues, 37(4), 845–865. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260703700406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copes, H. (2016). A narrative approach to studying symbolic boundaries among drug users: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Crime, Media, Culture, 12(2), 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659016641720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff, C. (2017). Natures, cultures and bodies of cannabis. In Torsten Kolind, Betsy Thom, & Geoffrey Hunt (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Studies. Volume 1: Social science approaches. (pp. 677–691). SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Edman, J., & Olsson, B. (2014). The Swedish drug problem: Conceptual understanding and problem handling, 1839–2011. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 31(5–6), 503–526. https://doi.org/10.2478/nsad-2014-0044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekendahl, M. (2012). Danish heroin prescription in Swedish print media: Exploring the silent agreements of harm reduction and zero tolerance. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(5), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.661898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekendahl, M., Karlsson, P. & Månsson, J. (2018). Logics of legitimation in Swedish treatment for youth cannabis use – the problem representations of social workers in a prohibitionist policy context. Contemporary Drug Problems, 45(3), 244–261. 10.1177/0091450918764128
   Google Scholar
• Ekendahl, M., Månsson, J., & Karlsson, P. (2020a). Risk and responsibilization: Resistance and compliance in Swedish treatment for youth cannabis use. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 27(1), 60–68. 10.1080/09687637.2018.1544224
   Google Scholar
• Ekendahl, M., Månsson, J., & Karlsson, P. (2020b). Cannabis use under prohibitionism–the interplay between motives, contexts and subjects. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 27(5), 368–376. 10.1080/09687637.2019.1697208
   Google Scholar
• ESPAD Group. (2020). ESPAD Report 2019: Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. EMCDDA Joint Publications, Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, S. (2020). Doing ontopolitically-oriented research: Synthesising concepts from the ontological turn for alcohol and other drug research and other social sciences. International Journal of Drug Policy, 82, 102610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.102610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, S., & Ekendahl, M. (2018). “Getting better” The politics of comparison in addiction treatment and research. Contemporary Drug Problems, 45(2), 87–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450917748163
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, S., Moore, D., & Keane, H. (2014). Habits: Remaking addiction. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, K. M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2018). Research review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(6), 618–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammersley, R., Jenkins, R., & Reid, M. (2001). Cannabis use and social identity. Addiction Research & Theory, 9(2), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066350109141745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecimovic, K., Barrett, S. P., Darredeau, C., & Stewart, S. H. (2014). Cannabis use motives and personality risk factors. Addictive Behaviors, 39(3), 729–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, M., & Demant, J. (2011). The normalisation of cannabis use among young people: Symbolic boundary work in focus groups. Health, Risk & Society, 13(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2011.556184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, M., & Ravn, S. (2014). Cannabis careers revisited: Applying Howard S. Becker’s theory to present-day cannabis use. Social Science & Medicine, 100, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, M., & Ravn, S. (2015). Explanations and expectations: Drug narratives among young cannabis users in treatment. Sociology of Health & Illness, 37(6), 870–887. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, P., Ekendahl, M., Månsson, J., & Raninen, J. (2019). Has illicit drug use become normalised in groups of Swedish youth? A latent class analysis of school survey data from 2012 to 2015. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 36(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1455072518814306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, H. (2005). Addiction and the bioethics of difference. In Margrit Shildrick, Roxanne Mykitiuk, & Arthur L. Caplan (Eds.), Ethics of the body: Postconventional challenges (pp. 91–112). MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kemshall, H. (2008). Risks, rights and justice: Understanding and responding to youth risk. Youth Justice, 8(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225407087040
   Google Scholar
• Kolar, K., Erickson, P., Hathaway, A., & Osborne, G. (2018). Differentiating the drug normalization framework: A quantitative assessment of cannabis use patterns, accessibility, and acceptability attitudes among University undergraduates. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(14), 2339–2349. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1474226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, M. (2016). Comparative research: Beyond linear-causal explanation. In Guggenheim, M., Deville, J., & Hrdličková, Z. (Eds.), Practising comparison: Logics, relations, collaborations (pp. 45–67). Mattering Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kroon, E., Kuhns, L., Hoch, E., & Cousijn, J. (2020). Heavy cannabis use, dependence and the brain: A clinical perspective. Addiction, 115(3), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvamme, S. L., Pedersen, M. M., Alagem-Iversen, S., & Thylstrup, B. (2021). Beyond the high: Mapping patterns of use and motives for use of cannabis as medicine. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 10.1177/1455072520985967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachenmeier, D. W., & Rehm, J. (2015). Comparative risk assessment of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and other illicit drugs using the margin of exposure approach. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08126
   Google Scholar
• Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28(1), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larimer, M. E., Palmer, R. S., & Marlatt, G. A. (1999). Relapse prevention: An overview of Marlatt’s cognitive-behavioral model. Alcohol Research & Health, 23(2), 151–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzetti, V., Hoch, E., & Hall, W. (2020). Adolescent cannabis use, cognition, brain health and educational outcomes: A review of the evidence. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loseke, D. R. (2007). The study of identity as cultural, institutional, organizational, and personal narratives: Theoretical and empirical integrations. The Sociological Quarterly, 48(4), 661–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00096.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupton, D. (1995). The imperative of health: Public health and the regulated body. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Månsson, J. (2017). Cannabis discourses in contemporary Sweden: Continuity and change [Doctoral dissertation]. Stockholm University: Department of Social Work.
   Google Scholar
• Månsson, J. & Ekendahl, M. (2013). Legitimacy through scaremongering: The discursive role of alcohol in online discussions of cannabis use and policy. Addiction Research & Theory, 21(6), 469–478. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2012.731115
   Google Scholar
• Månsson, J., & Ekendahl, M. (2015). Protecting prohibition: The role of Swedish information symposia in keeping cannabis a high-profile problem. Contemporary Drug Problems, 42(3), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091450915599348
   Google Scholar
• Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S. E., McDonald, K., Ward, A., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(40), E2657–E2664. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206820109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D., & Fraser, S. (2006). Putting at risk what we know: Reflecting on the drug-using subject in harm reduction and its political implications. Social Science & Medicine, 62(12), 3035–3047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D., Fraser, S., Törrönen, J., & Tinghög, M. E. (2015). Sameness and difference: Metaphor and politics in the constitution of addiction, social exclusion and gender in Australian and Swedish drug policy. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(4), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D., Pienaar, K., Dilkes-Frayne, E., & Fraser, S. (2017). Challenging the addiction/health binary with assemblage thinking: An analysis of consumer accounts. International Journal of Drug Policy, 44, 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morean, M. E., & Lederman, I. R. (2019). Prevalence and correlates of medical cannabis patients’ use of cannabis for recreational purposes. Addictive Behaviors, 93, 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis. The Lancet, 376(9752), 1558–1565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson, H. (2019, August 13). Löfven: De rikas knarkande göder gängkriminaliteten [Löfven: The drug use of the rich is feeding gang criminality]. Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved from: https://www.dn.se/nyheter/politik/lofven-de-rikas-knarkande-goder-gangkriminaliteten/
   Google Scholar
• Parker, H., Aldridge, J., & Measham, F. (1998). Illegal leisure: The normalization of adolescent recreational drug use. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, W., & Sandberg, S. (2013). The medicalisation of revolt: A sociological analysis of medical cannabis users. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01476.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretti-Watel, P. (2003). Neutralization theory and the denial of risk: Some evidence from Cannabis use among French adolescents. The British Journal of Sociology, 54, 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131032000045888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretti-Watel, P., Legleye, S., Guignard, R., & Beck, F. (2014). Cigarette smoking as a stigma: Evidence from France. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25(2), 282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rødner, S. (2005). “I am not a drug abuser, I am a drug user”: A discourse analysis of 44 drug users’ construction of identity. Addiction Research & Theory, 13(4), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066350500136276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg, S. (2012). Is cannabis use normalized, celebrated or neutralized? Analysing talk as action. Addiction Research & Theory, 20(5), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2011.638147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg, S. (2013). Cannabis culture: A stable subculture in a changing world. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 13(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895812445620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. G., Grigg, J., Barratt, M., & Lenton, S. (2017). Social capital and cannabis supply. Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783316688342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seear, K., Moore, D., Fraser, S., Fomiatti, R., & Aitken, C. (2020). Consumption in contrast: The politics of comparison in healthcare practitioners’ accounts of men who inject performance and image-enhancing drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 85, 102883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, J., Correia, C. J., Carey, K. B., & Borsari, B. E. (1998). Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socialdepartementet. (2016). Svensk narkotikapolitik – En narkotikapolitik baserad på mänskliga rättigheter och jämlik hälsa. Socialdepartementet. https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/efbfca69b4d6475b938df329235a1378/rk_21164_broschyr_narkotika_a4_sv_3_tillg.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stengers, I. (2011). Comparison as a matter of concern. Common Knowledge, 17(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754X-2010-035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, A. L., Becker, L. G., Huber, A. M., & Catalano, R. F. (2012). Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. Addictive Behaviors, 37(7), 747–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuber, J., Galea, S., & Link, B. G. (2008). Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status. Social Science & Medicine, 67(3), 420–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review, 51(2), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, I., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1984). Relative deprivation theory: An overview and conceptual critique. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23(4), 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00645.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winters, K. C., & Kaminer, Y. (2008). Screening and assessing adolescent substance use disorders in clinical populations. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(7), 740–744. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817395cf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., Andreasson, S., Lundberg, I., & Lewis, G. (2002). Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: Historical cohort study. BMJ, 325(7374), 1199–1199. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, D. H., & Wieder, D. L. (1977). You can’t help but get stoned notes on the social organization of marijuana smoking. Social Problems, 25(2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.2307/800295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar