2,555
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Anabolic androgenic steroid use population size estimation: a first stage study utilising a Delphi exercise

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 461-473 | Received 20 Jan 2022, Accepted 18 Apr 2022, Published online: 15 May 2022

References

  • Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. (2010). Consideration of anabolic steriods. Home office. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/119132/anabolic-steroids.pdf
  • Andreasson, J., & Henning, A. (2021). Challenging hegemony through narrative: Centering women’s experiences and establishing a sis-science culture through a women-only doping forum. Communication & Sport, 216747952110006. https://doi.org/10.1177/21674795211000657
  • Baggish, A., Weiner, R., Kanayama, G., Hudson, J., Lu, M., Hoffmann, U., & Pope, H. J. (2017). Cardiovascular toxicity of illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Circulation, 135(21), 1991–2002. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026945
  • Bates, G., Shepherd, S., & McVeigh, J. (2021). Harm reduction strategies for androgen users: Providing appropriate support and improving engagement with healthcare. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity, 28(6), 630–635. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000676
  • Begley, E., McVeigh, J., Hope, V., Bates, G., Glass, R., Campbell, J., … Smith, J. (2017). (2016). Image and performance enhancing drugs. Liverpool: National Survey Results.
  • Bonnecaze, A., O'Connor, T., & Aloi, J. (2020). Characteristics and attitudes of men using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS): A survey of 2385 men. American Journal of Men's Health, 14(6), 1557988320966536.
  • Evans-Brown, M., Kimergard, A., & McVeigh, J. (2009). Elephant in the room? The methodological implications for public health research of performance-enhancing drugs derived from the illicit market. Drug Testing and Analysis, 1(7), 323–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.74
  • Evans-Brown, M., & McVeigh, J. (2009). Injecting human growth hormone as a performance-enhancing drug-perspectives from the United Kingdom. Journal of Substance Use, 14(5), 267–288. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659890903224383
  • Frude, E., McKay, F., & Dunn, M. (2020). Focused netnographic study exploring experiences associated with counterfeit and contaminated anabolic-androgenic steroids. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00387-y
  • Griffiths, S., Murray, S., & Mond, J. (2016). The stigma of anabolic steroid use. Journal of Drug Issues, 46(4), 446–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042616661837
  • Harvey, O., Parrish, M., van Teijlingen, E., & Trenoweth, S. (2020). Support for non-prescribed anabolic androgenic steroids users: A qualitative exploration of their needs. Drugs-Education Prevention and Policy, 27(5), 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2019.1705763
  • Hauger, L., Westlye, L., Fjell, A., Walhovd, K., & Bjørnebekk, A. (2019). Structural brain characteristics of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence in men. Addiction, 114(8), 1405–1415. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14629
  • Havnes, I., Jørstad, M., Innerdal, I., & Bjørnebekk, A. (2021). Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among women – A qualitative study on experiences of masculinizing, gonadal and sexual effects. International Journal of Drug Policy, 95, 102876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102876
  • Hay, G., Gannon, M., MacDougall, J., Eastwood, C., Williams, K., & Millar, T. (2009). Capture–recapture and anchored prevalence estimation of injecting drug users in England: National and regional estimates. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 18(4), 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280208094687
  • Hickman, M., Hope, V., Platt, L., Higgins, V., Bellis, M., Rhodes, T., Taylor, C., & Tilling, K. (2006). Estimating prevalence of injecting drug use: A comparison of multiplier and capture-recapture methods in cities in England and Russia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500537274
  • Hickman, M., & Taylor, C. (2005). Indirect methods to estimate prevalence in epidemiology of drug abuse. In Z. Sloboda, Epidemiology of Drug Abuse, (pp. 113–131). Springer Science.
  • Home Office. (2019). Drugs Misuse: Findings from the 2018/19 Crime Survey for England and Wales. Retrieved 10 28, 2021, from Home Office: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/832533/drug-misuse-2019-hosb2119.pdf
  • Hope, V. D., Harris, R., McVeigh, J., Cullen, K. J., Smith, J., Parry, J. V., DeAngelis, D., & Ncube, F. (2016). Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B and C over time among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs in England and Wales: Results from cross-sectional prevalence surveys, 1992-2013. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 71(3), 331–337. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000835
  • Hope, V., & Iversen, J. (2019). Infections and risk among people who use image and performance enhancing drugs. In K. Van de Ven, K. Mulrooney, & J. McVeigh, Human enhancement drugs. (pp. 85–100). Routledge.
  • Hope, V., Leavey, C., Morgan, G., Acreman, D., Turmer, D., & Smith, J. (2020). Facilitators and barriers to health care access amongst people using image and performance enhancing drugs in Wales: Findings & outcomes. Public Health Wales.
  • Hope, V. D., McVeigh, J., Marongiu, A., Evans-Brown, M., Smith, J., Kimergård, A., Croxford, S., Beynon, C. M., Parry, J. V., Bellis, M. A., & Ncube, F. (2013). Prevalence of, and risk factors for, HIV, hepatitis B and C infections among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 3(9), e003207. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003207
  • Hsu, C., & Sandford, B. (2007). The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 12, 10. doi: https://doi.org/10.7275/pdz9-th90
  • Jones, J., & Hunter, D. (1995). Consensus methods for medical and health services re- search. BMJ, 311(7001), 376–380. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7001.376
  • Kimergard, A., & McVeigh, J. (2014). Variability and dilemmas in harm reduction for anabolic steroid users in the UK: A multi-area interview study. Harm Reduction Journal, 11, 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-11-19
  • Larney, S., Hickman, M., Guy, R., Grebely, J., Dore, G. J., Gray, R. T., Day, C. A., Kimber, J., & Degenhardt, L. (2017). Estimating the number of people who inject drugs in Australia. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 757. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4785-7
  • McVeigh, J., & Begley, E. (2017). Anabolic steroids in the UK: An increasing issue for public health. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 24, 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2016.1245713
  • McVeigh, J., Evans-Brown, M., & Bellis, M. (2012). Human enhancement drugs and the pursuit of perfection. Adicciones, 24(3), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.88
  • McVeigh, J., Hearne, E., Boardley, I., Bates, G., Hope, V., Ralphs, R., & Van Hout, M. (2021). Generating evidence on the use of Image and performance enhancing drugs in the UK: Results from a scoping review and expert consultation by the Anabolic Steroid UK network. Harm Reduction Journal, 18(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00550-z
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014). Needle and syringe programmes NICE public health guidance. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
  • Office for National Statistics. (2020). Drug misuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2020. Retrieved 10 28, 2021, from Office for National Statstics: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/drugmisuseinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2020
  • Pope, H., Jr, Kanayama, G., Athey, A., Ryan, E., Hudson, J., & Baggish, A. (2014a). The lifetime prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use and dependence in Americans: Current best estimates. The American Journal on Addictions, 23(4), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12118.x
  • Pope, H., Jr, Wood, R., Rogol, A., Nyberg, F., Bowers, L., & Bhasin, S. (2014b). Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: An Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews, 3, 341–375.
  • Public Health England. (2015). Providing effective services for people who use image and performance enhancing drugs. Public Health England.
  • Sabin, K., Zhao, J., Garcia Calleja, J., Sheng, Y., Arias Garcia, S., Reinisch, A., & Komatsu, R. (2016). Availability and quality of size estimations of female sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs and transgender women in low- and middle-income countries. PLOS One, 11(5), e0155150. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155150
  • Sagoe, D., Molde, H., Andreassen, C., Torsheim, T., & Pallesen, S. (2014). The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Annals of Epidemiology, 24(5), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.009
  • Salinas, M., Floodgate, W., & Ralphs, R. (2019). Polydrug use and polydrug markets amongst image and performance enhancing drug users: Implications for harm reduction interventions and drug policy. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 67, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.01.019
  • Shapira, B., Poperno, A., Arieli, M., & Berkovitz, R. (2018). Label misrepresentation in seized anabolic steroids and performance-enhancing substances. European Journal of Public Health, 28(suppl_4), 128. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky212.374
  • Turner, D., Morgan, G., & Smith, J. (2019). Harm reduction database Wales: Prevention and detection of infectious disease amongst people accessing substance misuse services Annual Report 2018-19. Public Health Wales.
  • van de Ven, K., Mulrooney, K., & McVeigh, J. (Eds.). (2020). Human enhancement drugs. Routledge.
  • van de Ven, K., Zahnow, R., McVeigh, J., & Winstock, A. (2019). The modes of administration of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users: Are non-injecting people who use steroids overlooked? Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 27(2), 131–135.
  • Whitfield, M., & Reed, H. (2021). (2019). Integrated monitoring system annual report. 20. Liverpool.
  • Whitfield, M., Reed, H., Webster, J., & Hope, V. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on needle and syringe programme provision and coverage in England. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 83, 102851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102851
  • Zahnow, R., McVeigh, J., Bates, G., Hope, V., Kean, J., Campbell, J., & Smith, J. (2018). Identifying a typology of men who use anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The International Journal on Drug Policy, 55, 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.02.022