Where sports performance meets reproductive rights: hormonal contraception

References

• Alexander, S. E., Pollock, A. C., & Lamon, S. (2022). The effect of sex hormones on skeletal muscle adaptation in females. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(7), 1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1921854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø, K., Artal, R., Barakat, R., Brown, W., Davies, G. A. L., Dooley, M., Evenson, K. R., Haakstad, L. A. H., Henriksson-Larsen, K., Kayser, B., Kinnunen, T. I., Mottola, M. F., Nygaard, I., van Poppel, M., Stuge, B., & Khan, K. M. (2016). Exercise and pregnancy in recreational and elite athletes: 2016 evidence summary from the IOC expert group meeting, Lausanne. Part 1—Exercise in women planning pregnancy and those who are pregnant. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(10), 571–589. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfiglio, R., & Pietro, M. L. D. (2021). The impact of oral contraceptive use on breast cancer risk: State of the art and future perspectives in the era of 4P medicine. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 72, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruinvels, G., Burden, R., Brown, N., Richards, T., & Pedlar, C. (2016). The prevalence and impact of heavy menstrual bleeding (Menorrhagia) in elite and non-elite athletes. PLOS One, 11(2), e0149881. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruinvels, G., Burden, R. J., McGregor, A. J., Ackerman, K. E., Dooley, M., Richards, T., & Pedlar, C. (2017). Sport, exercise and the menstrual cycle: where is the research? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(6), 487–488. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows, M., & Peters, C. E. (2007). The influence of oral contraceptives on athletic performance in female athletes. Sports Medicine, 37(7), 557–574. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael, M. A., Thomson, R. L., Moran, L. J., & Wycherley, T. P. (2021). The impact of menstrual cycle phase on athletes’ performance: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, E., Rho, M., & Press, J. (2016). Sex differences in sports medicine. demosMEDICAL.
   Google Scholar
• Castanier, C., Bougault, V., Teulier, C., Jaffré, C., Schiano-Lomoriello, S., Vibarel-Rebot, N., Villemain, A., Rieth, N., Le-Scanff, C., Buisson, C., & Collomp, K. (2021). The specificities of elite female athletes: A multidisciplinary approach. Life, 11(7), 622. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070622
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casto, K. V., Arthur, L. C., Hamilton, D. K., & Edwards, D. A. (2022). Testosterone, athletic context, oral contraceptive use, and competitive persistence in women. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 8(1), 52–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-021-00180-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, R. V., Wald, J. A., Swerdloff, R. S., Wang, C., Wu, F. C. W., Bowers, L. D., & Matsumoto, A. M. (2019). Large divergence in testosterone ­concentrations between men and women: Frame of reference for elite athletes in sex‐specific competition in sports, a narrative review. Clinical Endocrinology, 90(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, A. C., Bruinvels, G., Julian, R., Inge, P., Pedlar, C. R., & Govus, A. D. (2021). Hormonal contraceptive use in football codes in Australia. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 634866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.634866
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cocchetti, C., Ristori, J., Romani, A., Maggi, M., & Fisher, A. D. (2020). Hormonal treatment strategies tailored to non-binary transgender individuals. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(6), 1609. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, L. (2022). Bitch: A revolutionary guide to sex, evolution & the female animal. Penguin Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Costello, J. T., Bieuzen, F., & Bleakley, C. M. (2014). Where are all the female participants in sports and exercise medicine research? European Journal of Sport Science, 14(8), 847–851. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.911354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgaard, L. B., Dalgas, U., Andersen, J. L., Rossen, N. B., Møller, A. B., Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H., Jørgensen, J. O., Kovanen, V., Couppé, C., Langberg, H., Kjær, M., & Hansen, M. (2019). Influence of oral contraceptive use on adaptations to resistance training. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. R., & Wahlin-Jacobsen, S. (2015). Testosterone in women—the clinical significance. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology, 3(12), 980–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00284-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhont, M. (2010). History of oral contraception. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care: The Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception, 15 (sup2), S12–S18. https://doi.org/10.3109/13625187.2010.513071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda, M. (1988). IOC rescinds ban on birth control drug. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 16(2), 175, 179–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1988.11709439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekenros, L., von Rosen, P., Solli, G. S., Sandbakk, Ø., Holmberg, H.-C., Hirschberg, A. L., & Fridén, C. (2022). Perceived impact of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on physical exercise and performance in 1,086 athletes from 57 sports. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 954760. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.954760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund, E., Andersson, A., Ekström, L., & Hirschberg, A. L. (2021). Urinary Steroid Profile in Elite Female Athletes in Relation to Serum Androgens and in Comparison With Untrained Controls. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, 702305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.702305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott-Sale, K. J., Minahan, C. L., de Jonge, X. A. K. J., Ackerman, K. E., Sipilä, S., Constantini, N. W., Lebrun, C. M., & Hackney, A. C. (2021). Methodological considerations for studies in sport and exercise science with women as participants: A working guide for standards of practice for research on women. Sports Medicine, 51(5), 843–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01435-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enns, D. L., & Tiidus, P. M. (2010). The influence of estrogen on skeletal muscle. Sports Medicine, 40(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319760-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faiss, R., Saugy, J., Zollinger, A., Robinson, N., Schuetz, F., Saugy, M., & Garnier, P.-Y. (2020). Prevalence estimate of blood doping in elite track and field athletes during two major international events. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 160. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebel, K., Mutrie, N., & Ding, D. (2022). Another step towards gender equality: a call for ending structural sexism in the scheduling of sports events. Brit J Sport Med, 56, 1205–1206. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geeraets, V. (2018). Ideology, doping and the spirit of sport. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 12(3), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2017.1351483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleaves, J., Petróczi, A., Folkerts, D., de Hon, O., Macedo, E., Saugy, M., & Cruyff, M. (2021). Doping prevalence in competitive sport: Evidence synthesis with “Best Practice” recommendations and reporting guidelines from the WADA working group on doping prevalence. Sports Medicine, 51(9), 1909–1934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01477-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golobof, A., & Kiley, J. (2016). The current status of oral contraceptives: Progress and recent innovations. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 34(3), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1572546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handelsman, D. J., Hirschberg, A. L., & Bermon, S. (2018). Circulating testosterone as the hormonal basis of sex differences in athletic performance. Endocrine Reviews, 39(5), 803–829. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuberger, J. A. A. C., Henning, A., Cohen, A. F., & Kayser, B. (2022). Dealing with doping. A plea for better science, governance and education. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 88(2), 566–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hon, O. D., & Bottenburg, M. V (2017). True dopers or negligent athletes? an analysis of anti-doping rule violations reported to the world anti-doping agency 2010–2012. Substance Use & Misuse, 52, 1932–1936. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2017.1322105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hon, O., de Kuipers, H., & van Bottenburg, M., (2015). Prevalence of doping use in elite sports: A review of numbers and methods. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0247-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonge, X. A. K. J. D. (2003). Effects of the menstrual cycle on exercise performance. Sports Med, 33, 833–851. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333110-00004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordan-Young, R., & Karkazis, K. (2019). Testosterone: An unauthorized biography. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674242647/html
   Google Scholar
• Karkazis, K., Jordan-Young, R., Davis, G., & Camporesi, S. (2012). Out of bounds? A critique of the new policies on hyperandrogenism in elite female athletes. The American Journal of Bioethics:, 12(7), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2012.680533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayser, B. (2018). Ethical aspects of doping and anti-doping: in search of an alternative policy. PhD thesis, KULeuven, Belgium, https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/510026
   Google Scholar
• Kayser, B. (2020). Why are placebos not on WADA’s prohibited list? Performance Enhancement & Health, 8(1), 100163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2020.100163
   Google Scholar
• Krane, V., Calow, E., & Panunti, B. (2022). Female testosterone: Contested terrain. Kinesiology Review, 11(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2021-0062
   Google Scholar
• Loland, S., & McNamee, M. J. (2019). The “spirit of sport”, WADAs code review, and the search for an overlapping consensus. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 32, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2019.1581646
   Google Scholar
• Martin, D., Sale, C., Cooper, S. B., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2018). Period prevalence and perceived side effects of hormonal contraceptive use and the menstrual cycle in elite athletes. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(7), 926–932. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meignié, A., Duclos, M., Carling, C., Orhant, E., Provost, P., Toussaint, J.-F., & Antero, J. (2021). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on elite athlete performance: A critical and systematic review. frontiers in physiology, 12, 654585. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.654585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreillon, B., Salamin, O., Krumm, B., Iannella, L., Molaioni, F., Kuuranne, T., et al. (2022). Variability of the urinary and blood steroid profiles in healthy women. Biorxiv , 15, 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.13.511896
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, Y., & Aizawa, K. (2016). Sex hormones, menstrual cycle and resistance exercise. In: Hackney, A. (eds). Sex hormones, exercise and women (pp. 243–256). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44558-8_14
   Google Scholar
• Oxfeldt, M., Dalgaard, L. B., Jørgensen, E. B., Johansen, F. T., Dalgaard, E. B., Ørtenblad, N., & Hansen, M. (2020). Molecular markers of skeletal muscle hypertrophy following 10 wk of resistance training in oral contraceptive users and nonusers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 129(6), 1355–1364. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00562.2020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino, A., Tiidus, P. M., & Vandenboom, R. (2022). Mechanisms of estrogen influence on skeletal muscle: mass, regeneration, and mitochondrial function. Sports Medicine, 52(12), 2853–2869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01733-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romance, R., Vargas, S., Espinar, S., Petro, J. L., Bonilla, D. A., Schöenfeld, B. J., Kreider, R. B., & Benítez-Porres, J. (2019). Oral contraceptive use does not negatively affect body composition and strength adaptations in trained women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(13), 842–849. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0985-4373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Römer, C., Czupajllo, J., Wolfarth, B., Lerchbaumer, M. H., & Legerlotz, K. (2022). Effects of orally administered hormonal contraceptives on the musculoskeletal system of healthy premenopausal women—A systematic review. Health Science Reports, 5(5), e776. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.776
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosa-Caldwell, M. E., & Greene, N. P. (2019). Muscle metabolism and atrophy: let’s talk about sex. Biology of Sex Differences, 10(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-019-0257-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamseddin, M., De Martino, F., Constantin, C., Scabia, V., Lancelot, A.-S., Laszlo, C., Ayyannan, A., Battista, L., Raffoul, W., Gailloud-Matthieu, M.-C., Bucher, P., Fiche, M., Ambrosini, G., Sflomos, G., & Brisken, C. (2021). Contraceptive progestins with androgenic properties stimulate breast epithelial cell proliferation. Europen Molecular Biology Organization Molecular Medicine, 13(7), e14314. https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202114314
   Google Scholar
• Skeith, L., Gal, G. L., & Rodger, M. A. (2021). Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy: How strong a risk factor for venous thromboembolism? Thrombosis Research, 202, 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2021.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sönksen, P. H., Holt, R. I. G., Böhning, W., Guha, N., Cowan, D. A., Bartlett, C., & Böhning, D. (2018). Why do endocrine profiles in elite athletes differ between sports? Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology, 4(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-017-0050-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sulak, P. J., Kuehl, T. J., Ortiz, M., & Shull, B. L. (2002). Acceptance of altering the standard 21-day/7-day oral contraceptive regimen to delay menses and reduce hormone withdrawal symptoms. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 186(6), 1142–1149. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2002.122988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teal, S., & Edelman, A. (2021). contraception selection, effectiveness, and adverse effects. Journal of American Medical Association, 326(24), 2507–2518. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.21392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, B., Almarjawi, A., Sculley, D., & Jonge, X. J. D (2020). The effect of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on acute responses and chronic adaptations to resistance training: A systematic review of the literature. Sports Medicine, 50(1), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01219-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, B. M., Drover, K. B., Stellmaker, R. J., Sculley, D. V., & Jonge, X. A. K. J. D (2021). The effect of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive cycle on muscle performance and perceptual measures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich, R., Pope, H. G., Cléret, L., Petróczi, A., Nepusz, T., Schaffer, J., Kanayama, G., Comstock, R. D., & Simon, P. (2018). Doping in two elite athletics competitions assessed by randomized-response surveys. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0765-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WADA. (2021). World anti-doping code. Available at: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2021_wada_code.pdf
   Google Scholar
• WADA. (2022). Prohibited List. Available at: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/2023list_en_final_9_september_2022.pdf
   Google Scholar