User perspectives on outreach opioid substitution treatment among street-entrenched people who use drugs in Denmark

References

• Alkohol- og Narkotikarådet. (1984). At møde mennesket hvor det er. København: Alkohol- og narkotkarådet.
   Google Scholar
• Amiri, S., Lutz, R., Socías, M. E., McDonell, M. G., Roll, J. M., & Amram, O. (2018). Increased distance was associated with lower daily attendance to an opioid treatment program in Spokane County Washington. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 93, 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, D., & Bengtsson, T. T. (2019). Timely care: Rhythms of bureaucracy and everyday life in cases involving youths with complex needs. Time & Society, 28(4), 1509–1531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X18783371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgois, P. (2000). Disciplining addictions: The bio-politics of methadone and heroin in the United States. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 24(2), 165–195. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1005574918294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 2: Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological. (pp. 57–71). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004
   Google Scholar
• Collins, A. B., Goldman, J., Edwards, S., Hallowell, B. D., & Smith, M. C. (2024). Adapting to changing risk environments: examining overdose risk and socio-spatial patterns of unstably housed people who use drugs during converging public health crises. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2024.2324977
   Google Scholar
• Conradson, D. (2003). Spaces of care in the city: the place of a community drop-in centre. Social & Cultural Geography, 4(4), 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464936032000137939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsi, K. F., Lehman, W. K., & Booth, R. E. (2009). The effect of methadone maintenance on positive outcomes for opiate injection drug users. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 37(2), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2008.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coumans, M., Knibbe, R. A., & van de Mheen, D. (2006). Street-level effects of local drug policy on marginalization and hardening: An ethnographic study among chronic drug users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38(2), 161–171.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, H. (2006). The methadone game: control strategies and responses. In G. R. Hanson, P. J. Venturelli, & A. E. Fleckenstein (Eds.), Drugs and Society (pp. 102–115). Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Edland-Gryt, M., & Skatvedt, A. H. (2013). Thresholds in a low-threshold setting: An empirical study of barriers in a centre for people with drug problems and mental health disorders. International Journal of Drug Policy, 24(3), 257–264.
   Google Scholar
• Fast, D., Kerr, T., Wood, E., & Small, W. (2014). The multiple truths about crystal meth among young people entrenched in an urban drug scene: A longitudinal ethnographic investigation. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 110, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.03.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fast, D., Small, W., Wood, E., & Kerr, T. (2009). Coming ‘down here’: Young people’s reflections on becoming entrenched in a local drug scene. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 69(8), 1204–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, S., & Valentine, K. (2008). Substance & Substitution. Methadone Subjects in Liberal Societies. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Fullerton, C. A., Kim, M., Thomas, C. P., Lyman, D. R., Montejano, L. B., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Medication-assisted treatment with methadone: assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 65(2), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, D. R., Flynn, N. M., & McCarthy, J. J. (1999). Effectiveness of methadone treatment in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users. AIDS (London, England), 13(14), 1807–1818. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199910010-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grapendaal, M. L. E., & Nelen, H. (1995). A world of opportunities. In Lifestyle and economic behavior of heroin addicts in Amsterdam. State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grebely, J., Cerdá, M., & Rhodes, T. (2020). COVID-19 and the health of people who use drugs: What is and what could be? The International Journal on Drug Policy, 83, 102958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, N. Y., Le, L., Majmudar, I., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2021). Barriers to accessing opioid substitution treatment for opioid use disorder: A systematic review from the client perspective. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 221, 108651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J., & McElrath, K. (2012). Methadone as Social Control:Institutionalized Stigma and the Prospect of Recovery. Qualitative Health Research, 22(6), 810–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311432718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, L. M., Marsh, J. C., Khachikian, T., Serrett, V., Kong, Y., & Guerrero, E. G. (2023). What can we learn from COVID-19 to improve opioid treatment? Expert providers respond. Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment, 154, 209157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.josat.2023.209157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houborg, E. (2006). Stofmisbrug, metadon, subjektivering. Historiske og aktuelle fremstillinger af stofmisbrug. Sociologisk Institut.
   Google Scholar
• Houborg, E., Kronbæk, M., Kappel, N., Fahnøe, K. R., Pedersen, S. M., & Johansen, K. S. (2022). Marginaliserede stofbrugers hverdagsliv i København. Stofmiljøer og velfærdstilbud. Center for Rusmiddelforskning.
   Google Scholar
• Houborg, E., Kronbæk, M., Kappel,  N.,  Fahnøe, K. R., Pedersen, S. M., & Johansen, K. S. (2022). Marginaliserede  stofbrugeres  hverdagsliv  i København. Stofmiljøer og velfærdstilbud. Aarhus Universitet.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, K. (2007). Migrating identities: The relational constitution of drug use and addiction. Sociology of Health & Illness, 29(5), 673–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01018.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen, J. S., Kloster, M. L., Christensen, L., Johansen, K. S., Kappel, N., Kronbæk, M., Fahnøe, K. R., & Houborg, E. (2021). Trade-offs in Substitution Treatment: A Qualitative Study of an Opioid Substitution Therapy Clinic as an Enabling and a Risk-Environment. Contemporary Drug Problems, 49(1), 64–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509211058988
   Google Scholar
• Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. HarperCollins College Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, R., Fast, D., DeBeck, K., Shoveller, J., & Small, W. (2017). “Getting out of downtown”: a longitudinal study of how street-entrenched youth attempt to exit an inner city drug scene. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 376. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4313-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kourounis, G., Richards, B. D. W., Kyprianou, E., Symeonidou, E., Malliori, M. M., & Samartzis, L. (2016). Opioid substitution therapy: lowering the treatment thresholds. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 161, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krawczyk, N., Fawole, A., Yang, J., & Tofighi, B. (2021). Early innovations in opioid use disorder treatment and harm reduction during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 16(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-021-00275-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsch, L. A. (1998). The efficacy of methadone maintenance interventions in reducing illicit opiate use, HIV risk behavior and criminality: a meta-analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 93(4), 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.9345157.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, R., Bech, A. B., & Clausen, T. (2023). Flexible delivery of opioid agonist treatment during COVID-19 in Norway: qualitative and quantitative findings from an online survey of provider experiences. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 965. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09959-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narkotikarådet. (2000). Substitutionsbehandling. København: Socialministeriet.
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard-Christensen, M. (2024). “More Concerned About Mr. and Mrs. Denmark”: Coping with Pandemic Crisis at the Intersection of Homelessness and Drug Use. Medical Anthropology, 43(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2023.2266860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygaard-Christensen, M., & Houborg, E. (2023). Pandemic lockdown as policy window for street-level innovation of health and substitution treatment services for people who use drugs. Drugs, Habits and Social Policy, 24(3), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1108/DHS-03-2023-0008
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard-Christensen, M., & Søgaard, T. F. (2023). What’s in Stock? Drug drought anticipation during COVID-19 among people who use drugs and service providers. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 117, 104048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otiashvili, D., Mgebrishvili, T., Beselia, A., Vardanashvili, I., Dumchev, K., Kiriazova, T., & Kirtadze, I. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on illicit drug supply, drug-related behaviour of people who use drugs and provision of drug related services in Georgia: results of a mixed methods prospective cohort study. Harm Reduction Journal, 19(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-022-00601-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pijl, E. M., Alraja, A., Duff, E., Cooke, C., Dash, S., Nayak, N., Lamoureux, J., Poulin, G., Knight, E., & Fry, B. (2022). Barriers and facilitators to opioid agonist therapy in rural and remote communities in Canada: an integrative review. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 17(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-022-00463-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preble, E., & Casey, J. J. (1969). Taking care of business—the heroin user’s life on the street. International Journal of the Addictions, 4(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826086909061998
   Google Scholar
• Richert, T., & Johnson, B. (2015). Long-term self-treatment with methadone or buprenorphine as a response to barriers to opioid substitution treatment: the case of Sweden. Harm Reduction Journal, 12(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-015-0037-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stephens, R. C. (1991). Street Addict Role, The: A Theory of Heroin Addiction. State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stöver, H. (2011). Barriers to opioid substitution treatment access, entry and retention: a survey of opioid users, patients in treatment, and treating and non-treating physicians. European Addiction Research, 17(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronto, J. C. (1998). An ethic of care. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, 22(3), 15–20.
   Google Scholar
• Valentine, K. (2007). Methadone Maintenance Treatment and Making up People. Sociology, 41(3), 497–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038507076619
   Google Scholar