Local government officials’ account of barriers to regulating physical availability of alcohol in Nigeria

References

• Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abegaz, K. H., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adekanmbi, V., Adeoye, A. M., Adetokunboh, O. O., … Murray, C. J. L, GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. (2020). Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet (London, England), 396(10258), 1223–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abiona, O., Oluwasanu, M., & Oladepo, O. (2019). Analysis of alcohol policy in Nigeria: multi-sectoral action and the integration of the WHO “best-buy” interventions. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 810. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7139-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abuh, A., & Onyenucheya, A. (2024). Reps direct NAFDAC to lift ban on sachet alcohol. The Guardian Newspaper, March 20. https://guardian.ng/news/reps-order-nafdac-to-lift-ban-on-sachet-alcohol/
   Google Scholar
• Adekoya, F., & Onyenucheya, A. (2022). Amid clampdown, Nigeria’s brewery sector generates $526m tax. Guardian Newspaper, March 22.
   Google Scholar
• Adeloye, D., Olawole-Isaac, A., Auta, A., Dewan, M. T., Omoyele, C., Ezeigwe, N., Jacobs, W., Mpazanje, R. G., Harhay, M. O., Alemu, W., & Adewole, I. F. (2019). Epidemiology of harmful use of alcohol in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(5), 438–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1628244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alex-Hart, B. A., Opara, P. I., & Okagua, J. (2014). Prevalence of alcohol consumption among secondary school students in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 42(1), 39–45. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njp/article/view/110285 https://doi.org/10.4314/njp.v42i1.9
   Google Scholar
• Asagba, R. B., Agberotimi, S. F., & Olaseni, A. O. (2021). Prevalence and psychological correlates of alcohol use among Nigerian university students. Journal of Substance Use, 26(6), 608–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2021.1875067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., Casswell, S., Graham, K., Huckle, T., Livingston, M., Österberg, E., Rehm, J., Room, R., Rossow, I., & Sornpaisarn, B. (2022). Alcohol: No ordinary commodity: research and public policy. In Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity: Research and public policy (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780192844484.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., Casswell, S., Rehm, J., Room, R., & Rossow, I. (2021). A festival of epiphanies: three revelations in support of better alcohol control policies. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 82Issue(1), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2021.82.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., Robaina, K., Brown, K., Noel, J., Cremonte, M., Pantani, D., Peltzer, R. I., & Pinsky, I. (2018a). Is the alcohol industry doing well by “doing good”? Findings from a content analysis of the alcohol industry’s actions to reduce harmful drinking. BMJ Open, 8(10), e024325. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., Robaina, K., Brown, K., Noel, J., Cremonte, M., Pantani, D., Peltzer, R. I., & Pinsky, I. (2018b). Is the alcohol industry doing well by ‘doing good’? Findings from a content analysis of the alcohol industry’s actions to reduce harmful drinking. BMJ Open, 8(10), e024325. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor, T., Miller, P., & Edwards, G. (2010). Vested interests, addiction research and public policy. In Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105(1), 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02664.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berdzuli, N., Ferreira-Borges, C., Gual, A., & Rehm, J. (2020). Alcohol control policy in europe: overview and exemplary countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8162. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17218162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, R., Henn, C., Lavoie, D., O’Connor, R., Perkins, C., Sweeney, K., Greaves, F., Ferguson, B., Beynon, C., Belloni, A., Musto, V., Marsden, J., & Sheron, N. (2017). A rapid evidence review of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alcohol control policies: an English perspective. Lancet (London, England), 389(10078), 1558–1580. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32420-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C. A., Hahn, R. A., Elder, R., Brewer, R., Chattopadhyay, S., Fielding, J., Naimi, T. S., Toomey, T., Lawrence, B., & Cook Middleton, J, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2009). The effectiveness of limiting alcohol outlet density as a means of reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(6), 556–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Y., Willett, W. C., Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2015). Light to moderate intake of alcohol, drinking patterns, and risk of cancer: results from two prospective US cohort studies. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 351, h4238. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemin, M. (2021). Can judiciaries constrain executive power? Evidence from judicial reforms. Journal of Public Economics, 199, 104428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway. (2022). Beer production in African countries 2021. Statista, September 1. https://www.statista.com/statistics/202411/beer-production-in-different-african-countries-in-2010/
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, R. J., & Trebilcock, M. (2004). The political economy of rule of law reform in developing countries. Michigan Journal of International Law, 26(1), 99–140. https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1217&context=mjil
   Google Scholar
• De Bruijn, A. (2011). Alcohol marketing practices in Africa: findings from the Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Uganda. World Health Organization regional office for Africa. Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/109914/9789290231844.pdf
   Google Scholar
• De Vocht, F., Heron, J., Angus, C., Brennan, A., Mooney, J., Lock, K., Campbell, R., & Hickman, M. (2016). Measurable effects of local alcohol licensing policies on population health in England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1136/JECH-2015-206040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vocht, F., McQuire, C., Ferraro, C., Williams, P., Henney, M., Angus, C., Egan, M., Mohan, A., Purves, R., Maani, N., Shortt, N., Mahon, L., Crompton, G., O’Donnell, R., Nicholls, J., Bauld, L., & Fitzgerald, N. (2022). Impact of public health team engagement in alcohol licensing on health and crime outcomes in England and Scotland: A comparative timeseries study between 2012 and 2019. The Lancet Regional Health Europe, 20, 100450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100450
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumbili, E. W. (2014). The politics of alcohol policy in Nigeria: A critical analysis of how and why brewers use strategic ambiguity to supplant policy initiatives. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 49(4), 473–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909613490137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumbili, E. W. (2023). Decline in youth drinking in high-income settings: Implications for public health in low-income countries. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 114, 103975. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DRUGPO.2023.103975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumbili, E. W., & Odeigah, O. W. (2023). Alcohol industry corporate social responsibility activities in Nigeria: implications for policy. Journal of Substance Use. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2023.2254385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumbili, E., & Williams, C. (2017a). Drinking game participation, gender performance and normalization of intoxication among Nigerian university students. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 5, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2016.11.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumbili, E. W., & Williams, C. (2017b). Awareness of alcohol advertisements and perceived influence on alcohol consumption: a qualitative study of Nigerian university students. Addiction Research & Theory, 25(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2016.1202930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezekwe, E. C., & Dumbili, E. W. (2023). Perspectives of community leaders/members on factors hindering alcohol regulation in Nigeria. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, Advance Online, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2023.2247540
   Google Scholar
• Federal Government of Nigeria. (1999). Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. https://publicofficialsfinancialdisclosure.worldbank.org/sites/fdl/files/assets/law-library-files/Nigeria_Constitution_1999_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira-Borges, C., Esser, M. B., Dias, S., Babor, T., & Parry, C. D. H. (2015). Alcohol control policies in 46 African countries: Opportunities for improvement. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 50(4), 470–476. https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/AGV036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, N., Nicholls, J., Winterbottom, J., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2017). Implementing a public health objective for alcohol premises licensing in Scotland: A qualitative study of strategies, values, and perceptions of evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH14030221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, N., Winterbottom, J., & Nicholls, J. (2018). Democracy and power in alcohol premises licensing: A qualitative interview study of the Scottish public health objective. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(5), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/DAR.12819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folarin, S. (2021). Corruption, politics and governance in Nigeria. In R. Ajayi & J. Y. Fashagba (Eds.), Nigerian politics (1st ed., pp. 377–394). Springer Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50509-7_21
   Google Scholar
• Fone, D., Morgan, J., Fry, R., Rodgers, S., Orford, S., Farewell, D., Dunstan, F., White, J., Sivarajasingam, V., Trefan, L., Brennan, I., Lee, S., Shiode, N., Weightman, A., Webster, C., & Lyons, R. (2016). Change in alcohol outlet density and alcohol-related harm to population health (CHALICE): a comprehensive record-linked database study in Wales. Public Health Research, 4(3), 1–184. https://doi.org/10.3310/phr04030
   Google Scholar
• Gosselt, J. F., Van Hoof, J. J., & De Jong, M. D. T. (2012). Why should I comply? Sellers’ accounts for (non-)compliance with legal age limits for alcohol sales. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 7(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-7-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grace, D., Egan, M., & Lock, K. (2016). Examining local processes when applying a cumulative impact policy to address harms of alcohol outlet density. Health & Place, 40, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALTHPLACE.2016.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley, S. J., Jardine, S. J., Kelvin, E. A., Herrmann, C., & Maroko, A. R. (2023). Neighborhood alcohol outlet density, historical redlining, and violent crime in NYC 2014 - 2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3212. 20Page 3212 https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH20043212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herring, R., Thom, B., Foster, J., Franey, C., & Salazar, C. (2009). Local responses to the Alcohol Licensing Act 2003: The case of Greater London. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 15(3), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630801920641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huckle, T., Parker, K., Mavoa, S., & Casswell, S. (2020). Reduction in late-night violence following the introduction of National New Zealand trading hour restrictions. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 44(3), 722–728. https://doi.org/10.1111/ACER.14285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Idowu, J. (2024). Sachet alcohol ban: NAFDAC lists health risks as firms fear losses. Punch News, February 14. https://punchng.com/sachet-alcohol-ban-nafdac-lists-health-risks-as-firms-fear-losses/
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Health Metric and Evaluation. (2021). Nigeria Profile. April 28. https://www.healthdata.org/nigeria
   Google Scholar
• Jankhotkaew, J., Casswell, S., Huckle, T., Chaiyasong, S., & Phonsuk, P. (2022). Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of effective alcohol control policies: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6742. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH19116742/S1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernigan, D., & Trangenstein, P. (2017). Global developments in alcohol policies: progress in implementation of the WHO global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol since 2010. https://wwwapp.bumc.bu.edu/BEDAC_Camy/_docs/resources/publications/Global%20Developments%20in%20Alcohol%20Policies.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kunzmann, A. T., Coleman, H. G., Huang, W.-Y., & Berndt, S. I. (2018). The association of lifetime alcohol use with mortality and cancer risk in older adults: A cohort study. PLoS Medicine, 15(6), e1002585. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lardier, D. T., Opara, I., Lin, Y., Roach, E., Herrera, A., Garcia-Reid, P., & Reid, R. J. (2021). A Spatial analysis of alcohol outlet density type, abandoned properties, and police calls on aggravated assault rates in a Northeastern U.S. City. Substance Use & Misuse, 56(10), 1527–1535. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2021.1942053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liqour Licensing Act 2011 (2011). Pub. L. No. No. 20 of 2011. https://www.parliament.gov.zm/sites/default/files/documents/acts/Liqour%20Licensing%20Act%2C%202011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Liquor Act 1998. (2023). Pub. L. No. Act 6 of 1998, Government Gazette. https://namiblii.org/akn/na/act/1998/6/eng@2023-03-15/source
   Google Scholar
• Mialon, M., & McCambridge, J. (2018). Alcohol industry corporate social responsibility initiatives and harmful drinking: A systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 28(4), 664–673. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milam, A. J., Barajas, C. B., Buchalski, Z., Wang, L., Sadler, R. C., & Furr-Holden, C. D. M. (2020). Discrepancies in local, state, and national alcohol outlet listings: Implications for research and interventions. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(14), 2348–2356. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1817080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney, J. D., Holmes, J., Brennan, A., Meier, P. S., Hickman, M., & Lock, K. (2014). Investigating local policy drivers for alcohol harm prevention: a comparative case study of two local authorities in England. The Lancet, 384, S52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62178-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morojele, N. K., Lombard, C., Harker Burnhams, N., Petersen Williams, P., Nel, E., & Parry, C. D. H. (2018). Alcohol marketing and adolescent alcohol consumption: Results from the International Alcohol Control study (South Africa). South African Medical Journal, 108(9), 782–788. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-109b643f70
   Google Scholar
• Morojele, N. K., Dumbili, E. W., Obot, I. S., & Parry, C. D. H. (2021). Alcohol consumption, harms and policy developments in sub-Saharan Africa: The case for stronger national and regional responses. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(3), 402–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/DAR.13247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neale, J. (2016). Iterative categorization (IC): a systematic technique for analysing qualitative data. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 111(6), 1096–1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neale, J. (2021). Iterative categorisation (IC) (part 2): interpreting qualitative data. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116(3), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J., O’Donnell, R., Mahon, L., & Fitzgerald, N, ExILEnS consortium. (2022). Give us the real tools to do our jobs’: views of UK stakeholders on the role of a public health objective for alcohol licensing. Public Health, 211, 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PUHE.2022.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeigah, O., Olley, B., & Patton, R. (2018). Nigeria: A country in need of an alcohol strategy. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79(2), 318–319. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeigah, O. W., Dumbili, E. W., Patton, R., & Olley, B. O. (2021). Alcohol labeling regulations and industry compliance in nigeria: Evidence to guide policy implementation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 82(1), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2021.82.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeigah, O. W., & Patton, R. (2023). Alcohol licensing legislation and licensing system in Southwest Nigeria: Implications to regulate physical availability of alcohol. Drug and Alcohol Review, 43(1), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeigah, O. W., Patton, R., & Dumbili, E. W. (2022). Nigeria: A country in need of a standard drink measure and low-risk drinking guidelines. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 83(3), 450–451. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2022.83.450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odeigah, O. W., Patton, R., & Trangenstein, P. (2023). Alcohol outlet density and marketing in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 58(6), 628–636. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agad058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, R., Mohan, A., Purves, R., Maani, N., Egan, M., & Fitzgerald, N. (2022). How public health teams navigate their different roles in alcohol premises licensing: ExILEnS multistakeholder interview findings. Public Health Research, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3310/XCUW1239
   Google Scholar
• Pinsky, I., Pantani, D., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2020). Public health and Big Alcohol. In The Lancet. Global Health, 8(5), e645. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30087-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponicki, W. R., Gruenewald, P. J., Remer, L. G., Martin, S. E., & Treno, A. J. (2014). Assessing the validity of on-premise alcohol license data in six communities in California: Operating characteristics and outlet densities. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(1-2), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.817429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popova, S., Giesbrecht, N., Bekmuradov, D., & Patra, J. (2009). Hours and days of sale and density of alcohol outlets: impacts on alcohol consumption and damage: A systematic review. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44(5), 500–516. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agp054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puangsuwan, A., Phakdeesettakun, K., Thamarangsi, T., & Chaiyasong, S. (2012). Compliance of off-premise alcohol retailers with the minimum purchase age law. WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, 1(4), 412. https://doi.org/10.4103/2224-3151.207043
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rehm, J., Hasan, O. S. M., Black, S. E., Shield, K. D., & Schwarzinger, M. (2019). Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 11(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-018-0453-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rekve, D., Banatvala, N., Karpati, A., Tarlton, D., Westerman, L., Sperkova, K., Casswell, S., Duennbier, M., Rojhani, A., Bakke, Ø., Monteiro, M., Linou, N., Kulikov, A., & Poznyak, V. B. (2019). Prioritising action on alcohol for health and development. BMJ, 367, l6162. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, J., McGrath, M., Engen, J., Pashmi, G., Andrews, M., Sharpe, C., Egan, M., Lim, J., & Lock, K. (2019). A true partner around the table?’ Perceptions of how to strengthen public health’s contributions to the alcohol licensing process. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England), 41(1), e1–e8. https://doi.org/10.1093/PUBMED/FDY093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, K. A. R., & Hemphill, M. A. (2018). A practical guide to collaborative qualitative data analysis. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 37(2), 225–231. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2017-0084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent, J. D., & Babor, T. F. (2020). The relationship between exposure to alcohol marketing and underage drinking is causal. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement, Sup 19(Suppl 19), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.113
   Google Scholar
• Sherk, A., Stockwell, T., Chikritzhs, T., Andréasson, S., Angus, C., Gripenberg, J., Holder, H., Holmes, J., Mäkelä, P., Mills, M., Norström, T., Ramstedt, M., & Woods, J. (2018). Alcohol consumption and the physical availability of take-away alcohol: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the days and hours of sale and outlet density. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strandberg, A. Y., Trygg, T., Pitkälä, K. H., & Strandberg, T. E. (2018). Alcohol consumption in midlife and old age and risk of frailty. Age and Ageing, 47(2), 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afx165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamanaha, B. Z. (2011). The rule of law and legal pluralism in development. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(01), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1876404511100019
   Google Scholar
• Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2009). Recommendations for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms by limiting alcohol outlet density. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(6), 570–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The World Bank. (2024). Current health expenditure (% of GDP) - Nigeria. Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=NG
   Google Scholar
• Theron, M., Swart, R., Londani, M., Parry, C., Petersen Williams, P., & Harker, N. (2023). Alcohol consumption patterns, suppliers and online alcohol marketing: Before and during COVID-19 alcohol bans. South African Journal of Science, 119(11/12), 10. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2023/14543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thun, M. J., Peto, R., Lopez, A. D., Monaco, J. H., Henley, S. J., Heath, C. W., & Doll, R. (1997). Alcohol Consumption and Mortality among Middle-Aged and Elderly U.S. Adults. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337(24), 1705–1714. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199712113372401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
   Google Scholar
• Trifonoff, A., Andrew, R., Steenson, T., Nicholas, R., & Roche, A. M. (2011). Liquor licensing legislation in an overview.
   Google Scholar
• Trifonoff, A., Nicholas, R., Roche, A. M., Steenson, T., & Andrew, R. (2014). What police want from liquor licensing legislation: the Australian perspective. Police Practice and Research, 15(4), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.866896
   Google Scholar
• Umoru, H. (2024). Over 100 CSOs storm NASS, protest ban on alcoholic beverages in sachet. Vanguard Newspaper, February 7. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/02/over-100-csos-storm-nass-protest-ban-on-alcoholic-beverages-in-sachet-by-nafdac/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Population Fund. (2023). Nigeria. World Population Dashboard. https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/NG
   Google Scholar
• Vanguard News. (2024). House orders NAFDAC to suspend action on ban of drinks in sachets, pet bottles. Vanguard Newspaper, February 23. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/02/house-orders-nafdac-to-suspend-action-on-ban-of-drinks-in-sachets-pet-bottles/
   Google Scholar
• Vashishtha, R., Livingston, M., Pennay, A., Dietze, P., MacLean, S., Holmes, J., Herring, R., Caluzzi, G., & Lubman, D. I. (2019). Why is adolescent drinking declining? A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Addiction Research & Theory, 28(4), 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2019.1663831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, C., MacLean, S., & Room, R. (2020). Restricting alcohol outlet density through cumulative impact provisions in planning law: Challenges and opportunities for local governments. Health & Place, 61, 102227. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALTHPLACE.2019.102227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2017). Tackling NCDs: “best buys” and other recommended interventions for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/259232
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565684
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2019a). Findings of the consultative process on implementation of the global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol and the way forward. https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=5b0b4e0e7f6ed22aJmltdHM9MTcwNjIyNzIwMCZpZ3VpZD0xMTJiOWUzMS1mMmE3LTY1ZjEtMTdmZS04ZDkxZjMyZTY0ZTImaW5zaWQ9NTE4MQ&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=112b9e31-f2a7-65f1-17fe-8d91f32e64e2&psq=Findings+of+the+consultative+process+on+implementation+of+the+global+strategy+to+reduce+the+harmful+use+of+alcohol+and+the+way+forward&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hcHBzLndoby5pbnQvZ2IvZWJ3aGEvcGRmX2ZpbGVzL0VCMTQ2L0IxNDZfN0FkZDEtZW4ucGRm&ntb=1
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2019b). The SAFER technical package: five areas of intervention at national and subnational levels. World Health Organization, 1–24. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330053
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2022). A public health perspective on alcohol establishments: licensing, density and locations. Brief 8, November 2022. Snapshot Series on Alcohol Control Policies and Practice, 1–49. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240061385
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, A. (2019). Local alcohol policy implementation in Scotland: Understanding the role of accountability within licensing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar