South–South relations under world market capitalism: the state and the elusive promise of national development in the China–Ecuador resource-development nexus

References

• Acosta, A. (2010) ‘El Buen Vivir en el camino del post-desarrollo: una lectura desde la constitución de montecristi’ [The Buen Vivir on the road to post-development: A reading from the Montecristi Constitution]. FES-ILDIS Policy Paper 9. Quito: Fundación Friedrich Ebert.
   Google Scholar
• Alvaro, M. (2014) ‘Ecuador's first large-scale mine to begin production in 2017’, The Wall Street Journal, 2 June; accessed at http://blogs.wsj.com/frontiers/2014/06/02/ecuadors-first-large-scale-mine-to-begin-production-in-2017/, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Anthias, P. and Radcliffe, S. A. (2015) ‘The ethno-environmental fix and its limits: indigenous land titling and the production of not-quite-neoliberal natures in Bolivia’, Geoforum 64: 257–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonsich, M. (2009) ‘On territory, the nation-state and the crisis of the hyphen’, Progress in Human Geography 33(6): 789–806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrighi, G. (2007) Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century, London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Arsel, M. (2012) ‘Between “Marx and Markets”? The state, the “left turn” and nature in Ecuador’, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 103(2): 150–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banktrack (n.d.) El Mirador Copper Mine; accessed at http://www.banktrack.org/show/dodgydeals/el_mirador_copper_mine#tab_dodgydeals_basics, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington, A. and Bebbington, D. H. (2011) ‘An Andean Avatar: post-neoliberal and neoliberal strategies for securing the unobtainable’, New Political Economy 16(1): 131–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, U. and Wissen, M. (2013) ‘Crisis and continuity of capitalist society-nature relationships: the imperial mode of living and the limits to environmental governance’, Review of International Political Economy 20(4): 687–711.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridge, G. (2004) ‘Contested terrain: mining and the environment’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29: 205–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammack, P. (2006) ‘The politics of global competitiveness’, Papers in the Politics of Global Competitiveness No. 1; accessed at https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/6190/1/The%20Politics%20of%20Global%20Competitiveness.pdf, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Cammack, P. (2009) ‘The shape of capitalism to come’, Antipode 41(1): 262–80.
   Google Scholar
• Carmody, P. (2013) The Rise of the BRICS in Africa: The Geopolitics of South-South Relations, London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, T. and Jarvis, D. S. L. (eds) (2014) The Politics of Marketising Asia, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cerny, P. G. (1997) ‘Paradoxes of the competition state: the dynamics of political globalization’, Government and Opposition 32(2): 251–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H.-J. (2003) Globalisation, Economic Development and the Role of the State, London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Colectivo de Investigación y Acción Psicosocial (2017) La Herida Abierta del Cóndor [The Open Wound of the Condor], Quito: El Chasqui Ediciones.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2000) Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Collyns, D. (2015) ‘Was this indigenous deader killed because he fought to save Ecuador's land?’, The Guardian, 2 June; accessed at http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/02/ecuador-murder-jose-tendetza-el-mirador-mine-project, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Constante, S. (2013) ‘Ecuador cierra una ONG que respaldaba la lucha antripetrolera en el Amazonas’ [Ecuador closes down an NGO that supported the anti-oil struggle in the Amazon], El País, 11 December; accessed at http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/12/11/actualidad/1386772867_449366.html, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Constante, S. (2015) ‘Una facción del indigenismo en Ecuador se levanta contra Correa’ [A faction of Ecuadorian indigenism rises against Correa], El País, 31 July; accessed at http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/07/31/actualidad/1438302292_183383.html, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Correa, R. (2012) ‘Interview: Ecuador's path’, New Left Review 77(Sept–Nov): 89–104.
   Google Scholar
• Correa, R. (2013) ‘Busquemos sociedades con mercado, no de Mercado’ [Let's seek societies with market, not market societies], TeleSur TV; accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZi8yZS80F4, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• CRCC (n.d.) ‘Introduction’; accessed at http://english.crcc.cn/1072.html, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• DeHart, M. (2012) ‘Remodelling the global development landscape: the China model and South–South cooperation in Latin America’, Third World Quarterly 33(7): 1359–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Universo (2015a) ‘Deuda externa de Ecuador subió 31,6% y alcanza los $16.913 Millones’ [Ecuador's external debt raised 31.6% and reaches $16.913 million], 12 January; accessed at http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2015/01/12/nota/4427946/deuda-externa-subio-316-alcanza-16913-millones, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• El Universo (2015b) ‘Protestas frente a Embajada China en Quito por “injerencia de su capital”’ [Protests in front of China's Embassy in Quito for “interference of its capital”], 14 July; accessed at http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2015/07/14/nota/5019259/protestas-frente-embajada-china-injerencia-su-capital, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, A. (2010) ‘Latin America at a crossroads’, Cultural Studies 24(1): 1–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friends of the Earth (2014) Going Out, But Going Out Green? Assessing the Implementation of China's Green Credit Guidelines Overseas, Washington, DC: Friends of the Earth.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, K. P. and Myers, M. (2014) ‘China-Latin America finance database’, Washington, DC: Inter-American Dialogue.
   Google Scholar
• Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature (2013) ‘The case for rights of nature in face of the Mirador open pit copper mining project’, 26 February; accessed at http://therightsofnature.org/latin-america/the-case-for-rights-of-nature-in-face-of-the-mirador-open-pit-copper-mining-project/, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2011a) ‘China's engagement in South America and Africa's extractive sectors: new perspectives for resource curse theories’, The Pacific Review 24(1), 65–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2011b) ‘The internationalization of the Chinese state’, Political Geography 30(7), 402–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2012) ‘Mapping Chinese mining investment in Latin America: politics or market?’, The China Quarterly 209, 35–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2013a) ‘Development dynamics of Chinese resource-based investment in Peru and Ecuador’, Latin American Politics and Society 55(1): 46–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2013b) ‘The internationalization of China's mining industry: a critical political economy of Chinese mining investment in Peru’, unpublished PhD, Cambridge University, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2015) ‘The limits to China's non-interference foreign policy: pro-state intervenionism and the rescaling of economic governance’, Australian Journal of International Affairs 69(2): 205–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. (2017) ‘China and the United States in the Andes’, in D. B. H. Denoon (ed.) China, the U.S. and the Future of Latin America, New York: New York University Press, pp. 209–31.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Vicente, R. and Carroll, T. (2017) ‘Politics after national development: explaining the populist rise under late capitalism’, Globalizations, https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1316542.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, K. and Gills, B. K. (2016) ‘South-South cooperation and the rise of the Global South’, Third World Quarterly 37(4): 557–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardoon, D., Fuentes-Nieve, R. and Ayele, S. (2016) An Economy for the 1%: How Privilege and Power in the Economy Drive Extreme Inequality and How This Can Be Stopped, Oxford: Oxfam International.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (1981) ‘The spatial fix: Hegel, Von Thunen, and Marx’, Antipode 13(3): 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (2003) The New Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hassard, J., Morris, J., Sheehan, J. and Xiao, Y. (2006) ‘Downsizing the Danwei: Chinese state-enterprise reform and the surplus labour question’, International Journal of Human Resource Management 17(8): 1441–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H. (2012) ‘In Ecuador, home truths for China’, China Dialogue, 8 June; accessed at https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4966-In-Ecuador-home-truths-for-China, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. R. (2006) Chinese Nationalism in the Global Era, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund (2016) IMF Survey: The Global Economy in 2016, Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Inclusive Development International (2017) Safeguarding People and the Environment in Chinese Investments: A Guide for Community Advocates, accessed at http://www.inclusivedevelopment.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Safeguarding-People-and-the-Environment-in-Chinese-Investments.pdf, 9 May 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Jessop, B. (2016) The State: Past, Present, Future, Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, S. B. (2016) ‘Banking unconditionally: the political economy of Chinese finance in Latin America’, Review of International Political Economy 23(4): 643–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, N. (2014) This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, New York: Simon & Shuster.
   Google Scholar
• Kolmans, K. (2012) ‘China invests in Ecuador, but at what cost?’, Natural Resource Governance Institute, 14 September; accessed at http://www.resourcegovernance.org/news/china-invests-ecuador-what-cost, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus, C. and Bradsher, K. (2015) ‘China's global ambitions with loans and strings attached’, The New York Times, 24 July; accessed at http://nyti.ms/1MoUBLM, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. K. (2014) ‘The spectre of global China’, New Left Review 89 (Sept–Oct): 29–65.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, K. F. (2014) ‘“Socialism with Chinese characteristics”: uneven development, variegated neoliberalization and the dialectical differentiation of state spatiality’, Progress in Human Geography 38(2): 221–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locket, H. (2016) ‘China: strikes and protest numbers jump 20%’, Financial Times, 14 July; accessed at https://www.ft.com/content/56afb47c-23fd-3bcd-a19f-bddab6a27883, 10 May 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Mawdsley, E. (2017) ‘Development geography 1: cooperation, competition and convergence between “North” and “South”’, Progress in Human Geography 41(1): 108–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mena Erazo, P. (2012) 'China intenta lavar su imagen tras irrumpir en la minería de Ecuador' [China tries to wash its image after bursting into mining in Ecuador], El País, 16 March; accessed at http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/03/16/actualidad/1331887749_242284.html, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Mercille, J. and Murphy, E. (2016) ‘Conceptualising European privatisation processes after the great recession’, Antipode 48(3): 685–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Finanzas (2015) ‘Deuda pública del sector público del Ecuador’ [Public debt in Ecuador's public sector], 31 July; accessed at http://www.finanzas.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2015/08/DEUDA-SECTOR-PÚBLICO-DEL-ECUADOR_julio2015.pdf, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, T. (1991) ‘The limits of the state: beyond statist approaches and their critics’, The American Political Science Review 85(1): 77–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najam, A. and Thrasher, R. (eds) (2012) The Future of South-South Economic Relations, London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, P., Zhang, J. and Liu, C. (2007) ‘The global business revolution, the cascade effect, and the challenges for firms from developing countries’, Cambridge Journal of Economics 32(1): 29–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD (2011) ‘Unlocking the potential of South-South cooperation: policy recommendations from the task team on South-South cooperation’, July; accessed at http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/TT-SSC%20Policy%20Recommendations.pdf, 31 January 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Öniş, Z. and Şenses, F. (2005) ‘Rethinking the emerging post-Washington consensus’, Development and Change 32(2): 263–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz, G. (2011) ‘Petróleo-Ecuador: comienza el exilio de las transnacionales’ [Petroleum-Ecuador: the exile of transnationals starts], Inter Press Service, 25 January; accessed http://www.ipsnoticias.net/2011/01/petroleo-ecuador-comienza-el-exilio-de-las-transnacionales/, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Oviedo Freire, A. (2013). Buen Vivir vs. Sumak Kawsay: Reforma Capitalista y Revolución Alter-Nativa [Buen Vivir vs. Sumak Kawsay: Capitalist Reform and Alter-native Revolution], Buenos Aires: Ediciones Ciccus.
   Google Scholar
• Pál, N. (2013) ‘Chinese investors, labour discipline and developmental cosmopolitanism’, Development and Change 44(6): 1387–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J. and Theodore, N. (2007) ‘Variegated capitalism’, Progress in Human Geography 31(6): 731–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perreault, T. (2013) ‘Dispossession by accumulation? Mining, water and the nature of enclosure on the Bolivian Altiplano’, Antipode 45(5): 1050–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piketty, T. (2014) Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge: The Benlknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Power, M. (2012) ‘Angola 2025: the future of the “world's richest poor country” as seen through a Chinese rear-view mirror’, Antipode 44(3): 993–1014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri, H. S. (2010) ‘Rise of the Global South and its impact on South-South cooperation’, The World Bank Institute; accessed at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/213798-1286217829056/puri.pdf, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Radcliffe, S. A. (2012) ‘Development for a postneoliberal era? Sumak Kawsay, living well and the limits to decolonization in Ecuador’, Geoforum 43(2): 240–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez, R. (2015) ‘Pablo Iglesias con René Ramírez’ [Pablo Iglesias with René Ramírez], Programme number 37, 5 July; accessed at https://youtu.be/6Tq_IbJLyIQ?list=PL_TQLyNxacHuk-oAMoz6y2CPrtajtPqAX, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Ramonet, I. (2013) ‘Revolución Ciudadana’, [Citizen's Revolution], Le Monde Diplomatique 209(Mar); accessed at http://www.eldiplo.org/index.php/archivo/165-como-bajar-la-inflacion-sin-ajuste/revolucion-ciudadana/.
   Google Scholar
• Rosales, A. (2013) ‘The Banco del Sur and the return to development’, Latin American Perspectives 40(5): 27–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacher, W. (2011) Revisión Crítica Parcial del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental para la Fase de Beneficio del Proyecto Minero de Cobre Mirador de la Empresa Ecuacorriente. Ecuador [Critical Partial Revision of the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Beneficiation Phase of Ecuacorriente's Mirador Copper Mining Project], Quito: Acción Ecológica.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, B. S. (2012) ‘Public sphere and epistemologies of the South’, Africa Development 37(1): 43–67.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, B. S. (2014) Epistemologies of the South: Justice Against Epistemicide, Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Schulenberg, T. and Awbrey, K. (eds.) (1997) The Cordillera del Condor of Ecuador and Peru: A Biological Assessment, Washington, DC: Conservation International.
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn, B. (2009) ‘An historical materialist appraisal of Friedrich list and his modern-day followers’, New Political Economy 14(2): 157–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidaway, J. D. (2011) ‘Geographies of development: new maps, new visions?’, The Professional Geographer 64(2): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Sklair, L. (1997) ‘Social movements for global capitalism: the transnational capitalist class in action’, Review of International Political Economy 4(3): 514–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. (2005) ‘Neo-critical geography, or, the flat pluralist world of business class’, Antipode 37(5): 887–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Economist (2013) ‘High-speed railways: faster than a speeding bullet’, 9 November; accessed at http://www.economist.com/news/china/21589447-chinas-new-rail-network-already-worlds-longest-will-soon-stretch-considerably-farther-faster, 25th December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• The Economist (2015) ‘Bello: scrapping the barrel – will Ecuador turn into Latin America's Greece?’, 1 August; accessed at http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21660140-will-ecuador-turn-latin-americas-greece-scraping-barrel?zid=305&ah=417bd5664dc76da5d98af4f7a640fd8a, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• The Nation (2017) ‘Ecuador's left-wing success story’, 14 February; accessed at https://www.thenation.com/article/ecuadors-left-wing-success-story/, 8th May 2017.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (2011) ‘Harnessing the positive contribution of South-South co-operation for least developed countries’ development’, Background paper for the Fourth UN Conference on Least Developed Countries; accessed at http://www.un.org/en/conf/ldc/pdf/background%20paper%20on%20south-south%20cooperation%20for%20ldcs%20development-final.pdf, 5 February 2016.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2013) Handbook of Statistics, Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme (2016) Human Development Report 2016, New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Van Teijlingen, K. (2016) ‘The “will to improve” at the mining frontier: neo-extractivism, development and governmentality in the Ecuadorian Amazon’, The Extractive Industries and Society 3(4): 902–11.
   Google Scholar
• Van Teijlingen, K. and Hogenboom, B. (2016) ‘Debating alternative development at the mining frontier: Buen Vivir and the conflict around the El Mirador mine in Ecuador’, Journal of Developing Societies 32(4): 382–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villavicencio V., F. (2013) Ecuador Made in China, Quito: InterAmerican Institute for Democracy.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, R. and Buck, D. (2007) ‘The Chinese road: cities in the transition to capitalism’, New Left Review 46(Jul–Aug): 39–66.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Ozanne, A. and Xin, H. (2014) ‘The West's aid dilemma and the Chinese solution?’, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 12(1): 47–61.
   Google Scholar
• Warnaars, X. (2013) ‘Territorial transformations in El Pangui, Ecuador: understanding how mining conflict affects territorial dynamics, social mobilization and daily life’, in A. Bebbington and J. T. Bury (eds) Subterranean Struggles: New Dynamics of Mining, Oil, and Gas in Latin America, Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 149–71.
   Google Scholar
• Wildau, G., Weinland, D. and Mitchell, T. (2016) ‘China to clamp down on outbound M&A in war on capital flight’, Financial Times, 29 November 2016; accessed at https://www.ft.com/content/2511fa56-b5f8-11e6-ba85-95d1533d9a62, 20 January 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Woo, W. T. (2012) ‘China meets the middle-income trap: the large potholes in the road to catching up’, Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 10(4): 313–36.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank (2015a) ‘GDP per capita (current US$)’; accessed at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank (2015b) ‘China overview’; accessed at http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview, 25 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Xi, J. (2014) The Governance of China, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
   Google Scholar