421
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Delayed cooperation: political systems, elections, and the outcomes of trade negotiations

ORCID Icon

References

  • Allee, T., & Elsig, M. (2019). Are the contents of International Treaties copied and pasted? Evidence from preferential trade agreements. International Studies Quarterly, 63(3), 603–613. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz029
  • Baccini, L. (2012). Democratization and trade policy: An empirical analysis of developing countries. European Journal of International Relations, 18(3), 455–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066110391307
  • Baccini, L. (2014). Cheap talk: Transaction costs, quality of institutions, and trade agreements. European Journal of International Relations, 20(1), 80–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066112443272
  • Baccini, L., & Chow, W. M. (2018). The politics of preferential trade liberalization in Authoritarian Countries. International Interactions, 44(2), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2017.1373352
  • Baccini, L., & Dür, A. (2012). The new regionalism and policy interdependence. British Journal of Political Science, 42(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123411000238
  • Baccini, L., Dür, A., & Elsig, M. (2015). The politics of trade agreement design: revisiting the depth-flexibility nexus. International Studies Quarterly, 59(4), 765–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12188
  • Bak, D. (2016). Political investment cycles in democracies and autocracies. International Interactions, 42(5), 797–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2016.1173547
  • Bardwell, K. (2000). The puzzling decline in house support for free trade: Was fast track a referendum on NAFTA? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 25(4), 591–610. https://doi.org/10.2307/440436
  • Bearce, D. H., Floros, K. M., & McKibben, H. E. (2009). The shadow of the future and international bargaining: The occurrence of bargaining in a three-phase cooperation framework. The Journal of Politics, 71(2), 719–732. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381609090562
  • Betz, T. (2017). Trading interests: Domestic institutions, international negotiations, and the politics of trade. The Journal of Politics, 79(4), 1237–1252. https://doi.org/10.1086/692476
  • Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., & Jones, B. S. (2011). Event history modeling: A guide for social scientists. Cambridge University Press.
  • Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., Reiter, D., & Zorn, C. (2003). Nonproportional hazards and event history analysis in international relations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(1), 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002702239510
  • Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., & Zorn, C. J. W. (2001). Duration models and proportional hazards in political science. American Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 972. https://doi.org/10.2307/2669335
  • Buisseret, P., & Bernhardt, D. (2018). Reelection and renegotiation: International agreements in the shadow of the polls. American Political Science Review, 112(4), 1016–1035. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000400
  • Campbell, J. E. (1983). The electoral consequences of issue ambiguity: An examination of the presidential candidates’ issue positions from 1968 to 1980. Political Behavior, 5(3), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988578
  • Chang, E. C. C., & Wu, W.-C. (2016). Preferential trade agreements, income inequality, and authoritarian survival. Political Research Quarterly, 69(2), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916636688
  • Chaudoin, S. (2014). Audience features and the strategic timing of trade disputes. International Organization, 68(4), 877–911. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818314000174
  • Cheibub, J. A. (2006). Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813344
  • Copelovitch, M. S., & Putnam, T. L. (2014). Design in context: Existing international agreements and new cooperation. International Organization, 68(2), 471–493. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818313000441
  • Cruz, C., Keefer, P., & Scartascini, C. (2021). The Database of Political Institutions 2020 (DPI2020). Inter-American Development Bank Research Department. https://doi.org/10.18235/0003049
  • Dai, X. (2002). Political regimes and international trade: The democratic difference revisited. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305540200429X
  • Dent, C. M. (2006). New free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dür, A., Baccini, L., & Elsig, M. (2014). The design of international trade agreements: Introducing a new dataset. The Review of International Organizations, 9(3), 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-013-9179-8
  • Elms, D. (2016). The origins and evolution of the trans-pacific partnership trade negotiations. Asian Survey, 56(6), 1017–1039. https://doi.org/10.2307/26364401
  • Fearon, J. (1998). Bargaining, enforcement, and international cooperation. International Organization, 52(2), 269–305. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898753162820
  • Gandhi, J., & Lust-Okar, E. (2009). Elections under authoritarianism. Annual Review of Political Science, 12(1), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434
  • Garriga, A. C. (2009). Regime type and bilateral treaty formalization: Do too many cooks spoil the soup? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 53(5), 698–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002709341403
  • Gartzke, E., & Gleditsch, K. S. (2006). Identity and conflict: Ties that bind and differences that divide. European Journal of International Relations, 12(1), 53–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066106061330
  • Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2014). Autocratic breakdown and regime transitions: A new data set. Perspectives on Politics, 12(2), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714000851
  • Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2018). How dictatorships work: Power, personalization, and collapse. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316336182
  • Goldstein, J., & Martin, L. L. (2000). Legalization, trade liberalization, and domestic politics: A cautionary note. International Organization, 54(3), 603–632. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551226
  • Gray, J. (2018). Life, death, or zombie? The vitality of international organizations. International Studies Quarterly, 62(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx086
  • Gray, J., & Kucik, J. (2017). Leadership turnover and the durability of international trade commitments. Comparative Political Studies, 50(14), 1941–1972. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017695330
  • Guisinger, A. (2009). Determining trade policy: Do voters hold politicians accountable? International Organization, 63(3), 533–557. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818309090183
  • Guisinger, A. (2017). American opinion on trade: Preferences without politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Haftel, Y. Z., & Thompson, A. (2013). Delayed ratification: The domestic fate of bilateral investment treaties. International Organization, 67(2), 355–387. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818313000052
  • Hamanaka, S. (2020). Why breakup? Looking into unsuccessful free trade agreement negotiations. International Politics, 57(4), 634–662. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-019-00195-7
  • Hathaway, O. A. (2008). Treaties’ end: The past, present, and future of international lawmaking in the United States. The Yale Law Journal, 117(7), 1236–1372. https://doi.org/10.2307/20454683
  • Henisz, W. J. (2002). The institutional environment for infrastructure investment. Industrial and Corporate Change, 11(2), 355–389. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/11.2.355
  • Henisz, W., & Mansfield, E. D. (2006). Votes and vetoes: The political determinants of commercial openness. International Studies Quarterly, 50(1), 189–212. https://doi.org/10.2307/3693557
  • Hicks, R., & Kim, S. Y. (2012). Reciprocal trade agreements in Asia: Credible commitment to trade liberalization or paper tigers? Journal of East Asian Studies, 12(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800007608
  • Howard, M. M., & Roessler, P. G. (2006). Liberalizing electoral outcomes in authoritarian regimes. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00189.x
  • Iida, K. (1993). When and how do domestic constraints matter? Two-level games with uncertainty. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 37(3), 403–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002793037003001
  • Iida, K. (1996). Involuntary defection in two-level games. Public Choice, 89(3-4), 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00159360
  • International Monetary Fund. (2021). Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS). International Monetary Fund.
  • Kayser, M. A. (2006). Trade and the timing of elections. British Journal of Political Science, 36(3), 437–457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123406000238
  • Kleine, M., & Minaudier, C. (2019). Negotiating under political uncertainty: National elections and the dynamics of international co-operation. British Journal of Political Science, 49(1), 315–337. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341600051X
  • Kono, D. Y. (2009). Market structure, electoral institutions, and trade policy. International Studies Quarterly, 53(4), 885–906. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00561.x
  • Koo, M. G., & Jho, W. (2013). Linking domestic decision-making and international bargaining results: Beef and automobile negotiations between South Korea and the United States. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 13(1), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcs016
  • Koremenos, B. (2005). Contracting around international uncertainty. American Political Science Review, 99(4), 549–565. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051877
  • Kucik, J., & Reinhardt, E. (2008). Does flexibility promote cooperation? An application to the global trade regime. International Organization, 62(3), 477–505. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818308080168
  • Laver, M. (1999). Divided parties, divided government. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 14(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/440298
  • Laver, M. (2006). Legislatures and parliaments in comparative context. In D. A. Wittman & B. R. Weingast (Eds.), The oxford handbook of political economy (pp. 121–140). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0007
  • Lechner, L. (2016). The domestic battle over the design of non-trade issues in preferential trade agreements. Review of International Political Economy, 23(5), 840–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2016.1231130
  • Lechner, L. (2018). Good for some, bad for others: US investors and non-trade issues in preferential trade agreements. The Review of International Organizations, 13(2), 163–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-018-9299-2
  • Lechner, L., & Wüthrich, S. (2018). Seal the deal: Bargaining positions, institutional design, and the duration of preferential trade negotiations. International Interactions, 44(5), 833–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2018.1500367
  • Leeds, B. A. (1999). Domestic political institutions, credible commitments, and international cooperation. American Journal of Political Science, 43(4), 979–1002. https://doi.org/10.2307/2991814
  • Leeds, B. A., Ritter, J., Mitchell, S., & Long, A. (2002). Alliance treaty obligations and provisions, 1815-1944. International Interactions, 28(3), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050620213653
  • Levitsky, S., & Way, L. A. (2010). Competitive authoritarian: Hybrid regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lohmann, S., & O'Halloran, S. (1994). Divided government and US Trade Policy: Theory and evidence. International Organization, 48(4), 595–632. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300028320
  • Manger, M. S. (2014). The economic logic of Asian preferential trade agreements: The role of intra-industry trade. Journal of East Asian Studies, 14(2), 151–184. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1598240800008894
  • Manger, M. S., & Shadlen, K. C. (2014). Political trade dependence and North-South trade agreements. International Studies Quarterly, 58(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12048
  • Mansfield, E. D., & Milner, H. V. (1999). The new wave of regionalism. International Organization, 53(3), 589–627. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081899551002
  • Mansfield, E. D., & Milner, H. V. (2012). Votes, vetoes, and the political economy of international trade agreements. Princeton University Press.
  • Mansfield, E. D., Milner, H. V., & Pevehouse, J. C. (2007). Vetoing cooperation: The impact of Veto players on preferential trading arrangements. British Journal of Political Science, 37(3), 403–432. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123407000221
  • Mansfield, E. D., Milner, H. V., & Pevehouse, J. C. (2008). Democracy, Veto players and the depth of regional integration. World Economy, 31(1), 67–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01082.x
  • Mansfield, E. D., Milner, H. V., & Rosendorff, B. P. (2002). Why democracies cooperate more: Electoral control and international trade agreements. International Organization, 56(3), 477–513. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802760199863
  • Marshall, M. G., & Gurr, T. R. (2020). Polity5: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2018.
  • Milner, H. V., & Kubota, K. (2005). Why the move to free trade ? Democracy and trade policy in the developing countries. International Organization, 59(01), 107–143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002081830505006X
  • Milner, H. V., & Rosendorff, B. P. (1996). Trade negotiations, information and domestic politics: The role of domestic groups. Economics & Politics, 8(2), 145–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1996.tb00126.x
  • Milner, H. V., & Rosendorff, B. P. (1997). Democratic politics and international trade negotiations: Elections and divided government as constraints on trade liberalization. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 41(1), 117–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002797041001006
  • Milner, H. V., & Tingley, D. H. (2011). Who supports global economic engagement? The sources of preferences in American foreign economic policy. International Organization, 65(1), 37–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818310000317
  • Mölders, F. (2016). On the path to trade liberalisation: Political regimes in trade negotiations. The World Economy, 39(7), 890–924. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12280
  • Morrow, J. D. (1999). The strategic setting of choices: Signaling, commitment, and negotiation in international politics. In D. A. Lake & R. Powell (Eds.), Strategic choice and international relations (pp. 77–114). Princeton University Press.
  • Moser, C., & Rose, A. K. (2012). Why do trade negotiations take so long? Journal of Economic Integration, 27(2), 280–290. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2012.27.2.280
  • O’Reilly, R. F. (2005). Veto points, Veto players, and international trade policy. Comparative Political Studies, 38(6), 652–675. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004274379
  • Orefice, G., & Rocha, N. (2014). Deep integration and production networks: An empirical analysis. World Economy, 37(1), 106–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12076
  • Peacock, C., Milewicz, K., & Snidal, D. (2019). Boilerplate in international trade agreements. International Studies Quarterly, 63(4), 923–937. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz069
  • Pervez, F. (2015). Waiting for election season: The timing of international trade disputes. The Review of International Organizations, 10(2), 265–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-015-9221-0
  • Plott, C. R. (1976). Axiomatic social choice theory: An overview and interpretation. American Journal of Political Science, 20(3), 511–596. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110686
  • Putnam, R. D. (1988). Diplomacy and domestic politics: The logic of two-level games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027697
  • Rickard, S. J. (2010). Democratic differences: Electoral institutions and compliance with GATT/WTO agreements. European Journal of International Relations, 16(4), 711–729. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066109346890
  • Rickard, S. J. (2012). A non-tariff protectionist bias in majoritarian politics: Government subsidies and electoral institutions. International Studies Quarterly, 56(4), 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2012.00760.x
  • Rickard, S. J., & Caraway, T. (2014). International negotiations in the shadow of national elections. International Organization, 68(3), 701–720. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818314000058
  • Riker, W. H. (1980). Implications from the disequilibrium of majority rule for the study of institutions. American Political Science Review, 74(2), 432–446. https://doi.org/10.2307/1960638
  • Rosendorff, B. P., & Milner, H. V. (2001). The optimal design of international trade institutions: Uncertainty and escape. International Organization, 55(4), 829–857. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081801317193619
  • Rosendorff, B. P., & Shin, K. J. (2015). Regime type and international commercial agreements. International Journal of Economic Theory, 11(1), 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijet.12055
  • Schedler, A. (2002). The menu of manipulation. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2002.0031
  • Schneider, C. J. (2013). Globalizing electoral politics: Political competence and distributional bargaining in the European Union. World Politics, 65(3), 452–490. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887113000129
  • Shepsle, K. A. (1979). Institutional arrangements and equilibrium in multidimensional voting models. American Journal of Political Science, 23(1), 27–59. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110770
  • Simonelli, N. M. (2011). Bargaining over international multilateral agreements: The duration of negotiations. International Interactions, 37(2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2011.568845
  • Smith, A., & Hayes, D. R. (1997). The shadow of the polls: Electoral effects on international agreements. International Interactions, 23(1), 79–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629708434902
  • Solís, M., Stallings, B., & Katada, S. (Eds.). (2009). Competitive regionalism: FTA diffusion in the Pacific Rim. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Spilker, G., Bernauer, T., & Umaña, V. (2016). Selecting partner countries for preferential trade agreements: Experimental evidence from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Vietnam. International Studies Quarterly, 60(4), 706–718. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqv024
  • Stinnett, D. M., Tir, J., Schafer, P., Diehl, P. F., & Gochman, C. (2002). The correlates of war project direct contiguity data, version 3. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 19(2), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/073889420201900203
  • Strøm, K. (2004). Parliamentary democracy and delegation. In K. Strøm, W. C. Müller, & T. Bergman (Eds.), Delegation and accountability in parliamentary democracies. Oxford University Press.
  • Tomz, M., & van Houweling, R. P. (2009). The electoral implications of candidate ambiguity. American Political Science Review, 103(01), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409090066
  • World Bank. (2021). World development indicators. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators
  • Wüthrich, S. (2020). Seeking domestic approval: Determinants of ratification duration in international trade. Swiss Political Science Review, 26(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12393

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.