Governance capture and socio-environmental conflict: a critical political economy of the global mining industry’s prior consultation regime

References

• Amazon Watch. (2022). The risks of investing in Belo Sun. https://amazonwatch.org/news/2022/1209-the-risks-of-investing-in-belo-sun
   Google Scholar
• Anaya, J. (2013). UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 68th Session of the General Assembly October 21, 2013. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, A. (2010). Restraining regulatory capture? Anglo-America, crisis politics and trajectories of change in global finance governance. International Affairs, 86(3), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00903.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barelli, M. (2012). Free, prior and informed consent in the aftermath of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Developments and challenges ahead. The International Journal of Human Rights, 16(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2011.597746
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington, A. (2012). Extractive Industries, Socio-Environmental Conflicts, and Political Economic Transformations in Andean America. In A. Bebbington (Ed.), Social Conflict, Economic Development, and the Extractive Industry: Evidence from South America., 3–26. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Belo Sun. (2022). Responsibility: Environment, responsibility, governance. https://belosun.com/responsibility/overview
   Google Scholar
• Birchfield, V. (1999). Contesting the hegemony of market ideology: Gramsci’s ‘good sense’ and Polanyi’s ‘double movement. Review of International Political Economy, 6(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/096922999347335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomberg. (2021). Investor alert: Belo Sun discloses misleading information to investors regarding controversial gold mining project. Bloomberg Business, July 29.
   Google Scholar
• Bowles, P., MacPhail, F., & Tetreault, D. (2019). Social license versus procedural justice: Competing narratives of (il)legitimacy at the San Xavier mine, Mexico. Resources Policy, 61, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broad, R. (2014). Responsible mining: Moving from buzzword to real responsibility. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(1), 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.01.001
   Google Scholar
• Bullard, R. (Ed.). (1993). Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cariño, J., & Colchester, M. (2010). From dams to development justice: Progress with ‘free, prior, and informed consent’ since the World Commission on Dams. Water Alternatives, 3(2), 423–437.
   Google Scholar
• Comitê Nacional Em Defesa Dos Territórios Frente À Mineração (CNDTFM). (2022). Conflitos da Mineração no Brasil 2021: Relatório Anual, publicação do Comitê Nacional em Defesa dos Territórios Frente à Mineração, no âmbito do Observatório dos Conflitos da Mineração no Brasil. Brasil, novembro de 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Conde, M., & Le Billon, P. (2017). Why do some communities resist mining while others do not? The Extractive Industries and Society, 4(3), 681–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2017.04.009
   Google Scholar
• Constanza, J. (2016). Mining conflict and the politics of obtaining a social license: Insight from Guatemala. World Development, 79, 87–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney, J. (2021). Paths of Development in the Southern Cone: Deindustrialization and Reprimarization and their Social and Environmental Consequences. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, R. (1983). Gramsci, hegemony and international relations: An essay in method. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 12(2), 162–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298830120020701
   Google Scholar
• Cox, R. (1981). Social forces, states and world orders: Beyond international relations theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 10(2), 126–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298810100020501
   Google Scholar
• Coxshall, W. (2010). ‘When they came to take our resources’: Mining conflicts in Peru and their complexity. Social Analysis, 54(1), 35–51. https://doi.org/10.3167/sa.2010.540103
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, J., & Durand, F. (2017). Peru: Elite Power and Political Capture. Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cuffe, S. (2019). Indigenous Xinka march over contested Guatemalan mine. Aljazeera, February, 27. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/2/27/indigenous-xinka-march-over-contested-guatemalan-mine
   Google Scholar
• Dal Bó, E. (2006). Regulatory capture: A review. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(2), 203–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dashwood, H. (2012). The Rise of Global Corporate Social Responsibility: Mining and the Spread of Global Norms. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dauda, S. (2022). Earning a social license to operate (SLO): A conflicted praxis in Sub-Saharan Africa’s mining landscape? The Extractive Industries and Society, 11, 101141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2022.101141
   Google Scholar
• De Echave, J., & Diez, A. (2013). Más allá de Conga. CooperAcción. https://cooperaccion.org.pe/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/00164.pdf
   Google Scholar
• De la Cadena, M. (2015). Earth Beings: Ecologies of Practice Across Andean Worlds. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Defensoría del, P. (2019). Adjuntía para la prevención de conflictos sociales y la gobernabilidad. Reporte de Conflictos Sociales No. 190 Gobierno del Perú.
   Google Scholar
• Demajorovic, J., Lopes, J. C., & Santiago, A. L. F. (2019). The Samarco dam disaster: A grave challenge to social license to operate discourse. Resources Policy, 61, 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, C. G., Dibo, A. P. A., & Sánchez, L. E. (2017). O Que Diz a Pesquisa Acadêmica Sobre Avaliação De Impacto E Licenciamento Ambiental No Brasil? Ambiente & Sociedade, 20(1), 261–292. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc20150268r1v2012017
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap, A. (2019). ‘Agro sí, mina NO!’ The Tía Maria copper mine, state terrorism and social war by every means in the Tambo Valley, Peru. Political Geography, 71, 10–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Union-United Nations Partnership (EU-UN). (2012). Extractive Industries and Conflict. EU-UN.
   Google Scholar
• Filer, C., Mahanty, S., & Potter, L. (2020). The FPIC principle meets land struggles in Cambodia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Land, 9(3), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franks, D., Davis, R., Bebbington, A., Ali, S., Kemp, D., & Scurrah, M. (2014). Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(21), 7576–7581. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405135111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale, F. (1998). Cave: ‘Cave: Hic dragones’: A neo-Gramscian deconstruction and reconstruction of international regime theory. Review of International Political Economy, 5(2), 252–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/096922998347561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, S., & Law, D. (1989). Global hegemony and the structural power of capital. International Studies Quarterly, 33(4), 475–499. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (1994). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment: Principles and Procedures, Processes, Practices and Prospects. University College London Press.
   Google Scholar
• Global Witness. (2021). Last line of defense: The industries causing the climate crisis and attacks against land and environmental defenders.
   Google Scholar
• Goldbach, R. (2015). Asymmetric influence in global banking regulation: Transnational harmonization, the competition state, and the roots of regulatory failure. Review of International Political Economy, 22(6), 1087–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2015.1050440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodland, R. (2004). Free, prior, and informed consent and the World Bank Group. Sustainable Development Law & Policy, 4(2), 66–74.
   Google Scholar
• Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. (Q. Hoare & G. Nowell, Eds. & Trans.). Lawrence & Wishart.
   Google Scholar
• Grugel, J., & Riggirozzi, P. (2012). Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and reclaiming the state after crisis. Development and Change, 43(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01746.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudynas, E. (2009). Diez Teses Urgentes Sobre el Nuevo Extractivismo: Contextos y Demandas Bajo el Progresismo Sudamericano Actual. In J. Schuldt. (Eds.), Extractivismo, Política y Sociedad., 187–225. Centro Andino de Acción Popular.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, M., & Schilling-Vacaflor, A. (2022). Indigenous peoples and multiscalar governance: The opening and closure of participatory spaces. Global Environmental Politics, 22(2), 70–94. https://doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haarstad, H., & Fløysand, A. (2007). Globalization and the power of rescaled narratives: A case of opposition to mining in Tambogrande, Peru. Political Geography, 26(3), 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.10.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, P. (2021). The micro-politics of corporate social responsibility: How companies shape protest in communities affected by mining. World Development, 139, 105322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellman, J., Jones, G., & Kaufman, D. (2000). Seize the state, seize the day: State capture, corruption, and influence in transition. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2444. World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• Hochstetler, K. (2011). The politics of environmental licensing: Energy projects of the past and future in Brazil. Studies in Comparative International Development, 46(4), 349–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-011-9092-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howse, T. (2022). Trust and the social license to operate in the Guatemalan mining sector: Escobal mine case study. Resources Policy, 78, 102888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hund, K., La Porta, D., Fabregas, T., Laing, T., & Drexhage, J. (2020). Minerals for climate action: The mineral intensity of the clean energy transition. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). (2013). Indigenous peoples and mining: Position statement. ICMM.
   Google Scholar
• International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). (2010). Good practice guide: Indigenous peoples and mining. ICMM.
   Google Scholar
• International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). (2009a). Handling and resolving local level concerns and grievances. ICMM.
   Google Scholar
• International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). (2009b). Human rights in the mining and metals industry: Overview, management approach and issues. ICMM.
   Google Scholar
• International Finance Corporation (IFC). (2012). Performance standards on environmental and social sustainability. World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• International Finance Corporation (IFC). (2006). Performance standards on environmental and social sustainability. World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• International Labour Organization (ILO). (1989). C169 – Indigenous and tribal peoples convention 1989: Convention concerning indigenous and tribal peoples in independent countries. ILO.
   Google Scholar
• Jaskoski, M. (2014). Environmental licensing and conflict in Peru’s mining sector: A path-dependent analysis. World Development, 64, 873–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junqueira, D. (2022). Camponeses e indígenas ocupam área de reforma agrária cedida para mineradora Belo Sun. Reporter Brasil, June 9. https://reporterbrasil.org.br/2022/06/camponenses-e-indigenas-ocupam-area-de-reforma-agraria-cedida-mara-mineradora-belo-sun/
   Google Scholar
• Caine, K. J., & Krogman, N. (2010). Powerful or just plain power-full? A power analysis of impact and benefits agreements in Canada’s North. Organization & Environment, 23(1), 76–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026609358969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasner, S. (1982). Structural causes and regime consequences: Regimes as intervening variables. International Organization, 36(2), 185–205. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300018920
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratochwil, F., & Ruggie, J. (1986). International organization: A state of the art on an art of the state. International Organization, 40(4), 753–775. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhani, N., & Nuño, A. (2023). Environmental defenders reel from Mexico and Central America attacks. The Guardian, April 10. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/10/environmental-defenders-mexico-central-america-attacks
   Google Scholar
• Lall, R. (2012). From failure to failure: The politics of international banking regulation. Review of International Political Economy, 19(4), 609–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2011.603669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Billon, P., & Spiegel, S. (2022). Cleaning mineral Supply chains? Political economies of exploitation and hidden costs of technical fixes. Review of International Political Economy, 29(3), 768–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2021.1899959
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Billon, P., & Lujala, P. (2020). Environmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression. Global Environmental Change, 65, 102163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, D., & Egan, D. (2003). A neo-Gramscian approach to corporate political strategy: Conflict and accommodation in the climate change negotiations. Journal of Management Studies, 40(4), 803–829. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, D., & Newell, P. (2002). Business strategy and international environmental governance: Toward a neo-Gramscian synthesis. Global Environmental Politics, 2(4), 84–101. https://doi.org/10.1162/152638002320980632
   Google Scholar
• Levy, D., & Prakash, A. (2003). Bargains old and new: Multinational corporations in global governance. Business and Politics, 5(2), 131–150. https://doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1051
   Google Scholar
• Loayza, J. (2012). El día en que Celendín perdió cuatro pobladores por oponerse a Conga. La República, July 10. http://www.larepublica.pe/08-07-2012/el-dia-en-que-celendin-perdio-4-pobladores-por-oponerse-conga
   Google Scholar
• Mallett, A., França, E., Alves, Í., & Mills, L. (2021). Environmental impacts of mining in Brazil and the environmental licensing process: Changes needed for changing times? The Extractive Industries and Society, 8(3), 100952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.100952
   Google Scholar
• Mantovanelli, T., Doyle, C., Ewill, C., & Dil, S. (2021). Brazil: The dangers of rolling back social and environmental safeguards for indigenous and forest peoples during COVID-19. An Analysis of the Consequences of Measures Taken During COVID-19 in Brazil. Instituto Sócio Ambiental. Discussion Paper.
   Google Scholar
• McDonell, E. (2015). The co-constitution of neoliberalism, extractive industries, and indigeneity: Anti-mining protests in Puno, Peru. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2(1), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.10.002
   Google Scholar
• Milanez, B., Wanderley, L., Mansur, M., Pinto, R., Gonçalves, R., Santos, R., & Coelho, T. (2016). Antes fosse mais leve a carga: Reflexões sobre o desastre da Samarco/Vale/BHP Billiton. Editorial iGuana.
   Google Scholar
• Ministério de Meio Ambiente (MMA). (2023). Portal Nacional de Licenciamento Ambiental. O que é licenciamento ambiental? Available at: https://pnla.mma.gov.br/o-que-e-licenciamento-ambiental
   Google Scholar
• Moffat, K., & Zhang, A. (2014). The paths to social license to operate: An integrative model explaining community acceptance of mining. Resources Policy, 39, 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motta, L. F. (2016). Protesto contra a Samarco em Mariana tem registro confusão entre PM e manifestantes. Estado de Minas, April 23. https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/gerais/2016/04/interna_gerais,755891/protesto-contra-a-samarco-em-mariana-tem-registro-confusao-entre-pm-e.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Muradian, R., Martinez-Alier, J., & Correa, H. (2003). International capital versus local population: The environmental conflict of the Tambogrande mining project, Peru. Society & Natural Resources, 16(9), 775–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920309166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, P. (2019). Trasformismo or transformation? The global political economy of energy transitions. Review of International Political Economy, 26(1), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2018.1511448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, P. (2008). The political economy of global environmental governance. Review of International Studies, 34(3), 507–529. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210508008140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newmont Mining Corporation. (n.d). Conga project: Fact sheet - citizen participation. http://www.yanacocha.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Citizen-Participation-Fact-Sheet.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR). (2011). Guiding principles on business and human rights. OHCHR.
   Google Scholar
• Orihuela, J., Pérez, C., & Contreras, C. (2022). Extractivism of the poor: Natural resource commodification and its discontents. The Extractive Industries and Society, 9, 100986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.100986
   Google Scholar
• Overduin, N., & Moore, M. (2017). Social license to operate: Not a proxy for accountability in water governance. Geoforum, 85, 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Özkaynak, B., Rodríguez-Labajos, B., Aydın, C., Yanez, I., & Garibay, C. (2015). Towards environmental justice success in mining conflicts: An empirical investigation. Environmental Justice Organizations, Liabilities and Trade. Report No. 14.
   Google Scholar
• Paredes, M. (2016). The glocalization of mining conflict: Cases from Peru. The Extractive Industries and Society, 3(4), 1046–1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2016.08.007
   Google Scholar
• Pimenta, A., Demajorovic, J., de Souza, M., Pedro, S., & Pisano, V. (2021). Social licence to operate model: Critical factors of social acceptance of mining in the Brazilian Amazon. Resources Policy, 74, 102237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanyi, K. (1944). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prno, J., & Slocombe, S. (2012). Exploring the origins of ‘social license to operate’ in the mining sector: Perspectives from governance and sustainability theory. Resources Policy, 37(3), 346–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, W. (2005). Gramsci and globalization: From nation-state to transnational hegemony. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 8(4), 559–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230500205243
   Google Scholar
• Ruggie, J. (2013). Just Business: Multinational Corporations and Human Rights. W.W. Norton & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggie, J. (1975). International responses to technology: Concepts and trends. International Organization, 29(3), 557–583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300031696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, R. S. P., & Milanez, B. (2017). A Construção do Desastre e a ‘Privatização’ da Regulação Mineral: Reflexões a Partir do Vale do Rio Doce. In Zhouri, A. (Ed.) Mineração: Violências e Resistências (pp. 111–154). Nova Marabá.
   Google Scholar
• Schilling-Vacaflor, A. (2013). Prior consultations in plurinational Bolivia: Democracy, rights, and real life experiences. Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, 8(2), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17442222.2013.808497
   Google Scholar
• Schilling-Vacaflor, A., & Flemmer, R. (2015). Conflict transformation through prior consultation? Lessons from Peru. Journal of Latin American Studies, 47(4), 811–839. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X15000826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, J., Powers, C., & Gunnemann, J. (1972). The Responsibilities of Corporations and Their Owners. In T. Bauchamp & N. Bowie (Eds.), Ethical Theory and Business (pp. 61–66). Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Strange, S. (1988). States and Markets. Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Strange, S. (1982). Cave! Hic dragones: A critique of regime analysis. International Organization, 36(2), 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300019020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szablowski, D. (2010). Operationalizing free, prior, and informed consent in the extractive industry sector? Examining the challenges of a negotiated model of justice. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 30(1-2), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2010.9669284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szablowski, D. (2007). Transnational Law and Local Struggles: Mining, Communities, and the World Bank. Hart Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Tannenwald, N. (2007). The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Temper, L., Del Bene, D., & Martinez-Alier, J. (2015). Mapping the frontiers and front lines of global environmental justice: The EJAtlas. Journal of Political Ecology, 22(1), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.2458/v22i1.21108
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (2007). United Nations Declaration on the Rights Of Indigenous Peoples. UNGA.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). (2014). Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and the Role of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent: A Good Practice Note Endorsed by the United Nations Global Compact Human Rights and Labour Working Group. UNGC.
   Google Scholar
• Urkidi, L., & Walter, M. (2011). Dimensions of environmental justice in anti-gold mining movements in Latin America. Geoforum, 42(6), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, J. (2018). South African community wins battle over mining rights. The Guardian, November 22. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/22/south-african-community-wins-court-battle-over-mining-rights
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2017). Peru: Systematic Country Diagnostic. World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2004). Striking a better balance: The extractive industries review. World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• You, J. (2021). The changing dynamics of state-business relations and the politics of reform and capture in South Korea. Review of International Political Economy, 28(1), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1724176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, K. (2012). Transnational regulatory capture? An empirical examination of the transnational lobbying of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Review of International Political Economy, 19(4), 663–688. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2011.624976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, O. (1989). International Co-operation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zandvliet, L., & Anderson, M. (2017). Getting It Right: Making Corporate-Community Relations Work. Routledge.
   Google Scholar