References
- Abbott , D. , Broadfoot , P. , Croll , P. , Osborn , M. and Pollard , A. 1994 . Some sink, some float: National Curriculum assessment and accountability . British Educational Research Journal , 20 (2) : 155 – 174 .
- Alderson , J. C. and Hamp‐Lyons , L. 1996 . TOEFL preparation courses: a study of washback . Language Testing , 13 (3) : 280 – 297 .
- Alderson , J. C. and Wall , D. 1993 . Does washback exist? . Applied Linguistics , 14 (2) : 115 – 129 .
- Andrews , S. 2004 . “ Washback and curriculum innovation ” . In Washback in Language testing: research contexts and methods , Edited by: Cheng , L. , Watanabe , Y. and Curtis , A. 37 – 50 . Mahwah : NJ and London, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Ashby , J. and Sainsbury , M. 2001 . How do schools use national curriculum test results? A survey of the use of national curriculum test results in the management and planning of the curriculum at Key Stages 1 and 2 Available online at: http://www.nfer.ac.uk/htmldocs/html/Outcome_AIC.html (accessed 24 January 2002)
- Bailey , K. M. 1996 . Working for washback: a review of the washback concept in language testing . Language Testing , 13 (3) : 257 – 279 .
- Bourne , J. Multilingualism in English primary schools . Paper presented at Scottish CILT Conference ‘Languages Policy in the Isles’ . January 22–23 2001 . Available online at: http://www.scilt.stir.ac.uk/Archive/EYL/January%20Conference/Conference%20papers/Bourne.html (accessed 22 January 2002).
- Broadfoot , P. , Dockrell , B. , Gipps , C. , Harlen , W. and Nuttall , D. 1992 . Policy issues in national assessment: BERA dialogues no. 7 , Clevedon : Multilingual Matters Ltd .
- Brown , M. , McCallum , B. , Taggart , B. and Gipps , C. 1997 . The validity of national testing at age 11: the teacher’s view . Assessment in Education , 4 (2) : 271 – 293 .
- Burrows , C. 2001 . “ Searching for washback: the impact of assessment in the Certificate in Spoken and Written English ” . In Studies in immigrant English language assessment: volume 2 , Edited by: Brindley , G. and Burrows , C. 95 – 187 . Sydney : National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research .
- Castellon‐Wellington , M. 2000 . The impact of preference for accommodations: the performance of English Language Learners on large‐scale academic achievement tests. CSE Technical Report 524 , Los Angeles : University of California, Center for the Study of Evaluation/National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing . Available online at: http://www.cse.ucla.edu/CRESST/pages/reports.htm (accessed 17 June 2004).
- Chapman , D. W. and Snyder , C. W. 2000 . Can high‐stakes national testing improve instruction: re‐examining conventional wisdom . International Journal of Educational Development , 20 : 457 – 474 .
- Cheng , L. 1997 . How does washback influence teaching? Implications for Hong Kong . Language and Education , 11 (1) : 38 – 54 .
- Cheng , L. 1999 . Changing assessment: washback on teacher perceptions and actions . Teaching and Teacher Education , 15 : 253 – 271 .
- Clarke , C. 1997 . The impact of national curriculum statutory testing at Key Stages 1 and 2 on teaching and learning and the curriculum . British Journal of Curriculum and Assessment , 7 (1) : 12 – 18 .
- Clarke , S. 1992 . “ Developing SATs for 7‐year‐olds ” . In Developing assessment for the National Curriculum , Edited by: Gipps , C. 51 – 61 . London : Kogan Page Ltd, in association with the Institute of Education, University of London .
- Clarke , S. 1998 . Targeting assessment in the primary classroom: strategies for planning, assessment, pupil feedback and target setting , London : Hodder & Stoughton .
- Cohen , L. and Manion , L. 1994 . Research methods in education , (4th edn.) , London : Routledge .
- Cohen , L. , Manion , L. and Morrison , K. 2001 . Research methods in education , (5th edn.) , London : RoutledgeFalmer .
- Daugherty , R. 1995 . National Curriculum assessment: a review of policy 1987–1994 , London : Falmer Press .
- Daugherty , R. 2004a . Learning pathways through statutory assessment: Key Stages 2 and 3: interim report of the Daugherty Assessment Review Group , Cardiff : Welsh Assembly Government .
- Daugherty , R. 2004b . Learning pathways through statutory assessment: Key Stages 2 and 3. Final report of the Daugherty Assessment Review Group , Cardiff : Welsh Assembly Government .
- Desforges , C. , Hughes , M. and Holden , C. 1994 . “ Parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of assessment at Key Stage 1 ” . In Perceptions of teaching and learning , Edited by: Hughes , M. 26 – 34 . Clevedon : Philadelphia, Adelaide, Multilingual Matters .
- DES . 1987 . National Curriculum: Task Group on Assessment and Testing: a report , London : HMSO .
- DFEE . 1997 . From targets to action , London : Standards and Effectiveness Unit .
- DFEE . 2000 . Removing the barriers: raising achievement levels for minority ethnic pupils , London : DFEE .
- Earl , L. , Levin , B. , Leithwood , K. , Fullan , M. , Watson , N. , Torrance , N. , Jantzi , D. and Mascall , B. 2001 . Watching and learning 2: OISE/UT evaluation of the implementation of the National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies , London : DFES Publications .
- Earl , L. , Watson , N. , Levin , B. , Leithwood , K. , Fullan , M. , Torrance , N. , Jantzi , D. , Mascall , B. and Volante , L. 2003 . Watching and learning 3: final report of the external evaluation of England’s National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies , London : DFES Publications .
- Emery , H. , Wilmut , J. and Fox , R. 1998 . Monitoring assessment at Key Stage 2 in 1998: report to the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority , University of Nottingham School of Education, University College Worcester School of Education .
- Gardner , S. and Rea‐Dickins , P. 1999 . “ Literacy and oracy assessment in an early years intervention project ” . In Language and literacies: selected papers from the Annual Meeting of the British Association for Applied Linguistics held at the University of Manchester, September 1998 , Edited by: O’Brien , T. 14 – 25 . Clevedon : British Association for Applied Linguistics in association with Multilingual Matters Ltd .
- Gipps , C. 1992 . National Curriculum assessment: a research agenda . British Educational Research Journal , 18 (3) : 277 – 286 .
- Gipps , C. V. 1994 . Beyond testing: towards a theory of educational assessment , London : The Falmer Press .
- Gipps , C. , McCallum , B. , McAlister , S. and Brown , M. 1992 . “ National assessment at 7: some emerging themes ” . In Developing assessment for the National Curriculum , Edited by: Gipps , C. 62 – 80 . London : Kogan Page Ltd in association with the Institute of Education, University of London .
- Gipps , C. , Brown , M. , McCallum , B. and McAlister , S. 1995 . Intuition or evidence? Teachers and national assessment of seven‐year‐olds , Buckingham : Open University Press .
- Goldstein , H. 2001 . Using pupil performance data for judging schools and teachers: scope and limitations . British Educational Research Journal , 27 (4) : 433 – 442 .
- Harlen , W. and Deakin Crick , R. 2003 . Testing and motivation for learning . Assessment in Education , 10 (2) : 169 – 207 .
- Harlen , W. and James , M. 1997 . Assessment and learning: differences and relationships between formative and summative assessment . Assessment in Education , 4 (3) : 365 – 379 .
- Herman , J. L. and Golan , S. 1991 . Effects of standardized testing on teachers and learning—another look. CSE technical report 334 , Los Angeles : University of California, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing . Available online at: http://www.cse.ucla.edu/CRESST/pages/reports.htm (accessed 24 November 2001).
- Holliday , A. 2002 . Doing and writing qualitative research , London : Thousand Oaks CA and New Delhi, Sage Publications .
- Hughes , A. 1993 . Backwash and TOEFL 2000 , University of Reading . Unpublished manuscript,
- James , M. 2000 . Measured lives: the rise of assessment as the engine of change in English schools . The Curriculum Journal , 11 (3) : 343 – 364 .
- Jeffrey , B. and Troman , G. 2004 . Time for ethnography . British Educational Research Journal , 30 (4) : 535 – 548 .
- Kirkland , M. C. 1971 . The effect of tests on students and schools . Review of Educational Research , 41 (4) : 303 – 350 .
- Kuckartz , U. 1998 . WinMAX software for qualitative data analysis , London : Scolari Sage .
- Lamprianou , I. , Nelson , N. and Boyle , B. 2002 . “ Accuracy of measurement in the context of mathematics National Curriculum tests in England for ethnic minority pupils and pupils that speak English as an additional language ” . Available online at: http://www.education.man.ac.uk/cfas/respub.htm (accessed 3 March 2004).
- Leung , C. 2001a . “ Evaluation of content‐language learning in the mainstream classroom ” . In English as a second language in the mainstream: teaching, learning and identity , Edited by: Mohan , B. , Leung , C. and Davison , C. 177 – 198 . Harlow : Pearson Education Limited .
- Leung , C. and Harris , R. 1997 . Language and ethnic minority educational achievement: initiating a new debate: NALDIC occasional paper 11 , Watford : NALDIC Publications Group .
- Linn , R. 2000 . Assessments and accountability . Educational Researcher , 29 : 4 – 16 .
- Madaus , G. F. and Kellaghan , T. 1993 . The British experience with ‘authentic’ testing . Phi Delta Kappan , 74 (6) : 458 – 469 .
- McNess , E. , Broadfoot , P. and Osborn , M. 2003 . Is the effective compromising the affective? . British Educational Research Journal , 29 (2) : 243 – 257 .
- Mohan , B. 2001 . “ The second language as a medium of learning ” . In English as a second language in the mainstream: teaching, learning and identity , Edited by: Mohan , B. , Leung , C. and Davison , C. 107 – 137 . Harlow : Pearson Education Limited .
- Nakagawa , K. 2000 . Unthreading the ties that bind: questioning the discourse of parent involvement . Educational Policy , 14 (4) : 443 – 472 .
- Osborn , M. , McNess , E. , Broadfoot , P. , Pollard , A. and Triggs , P. 2000 . What teachers do: changing policy and practice in primary education , London : Continuum .
- Patton , M. 1987 . How to use qualitative methods in evaluation , Newbury Park : Sage Publications .
- Pollard , A. and Filer , A. 1996 . The social world of children’s learning: case studies of pupils from four to seven , London : Cassell .
- Pollard , A. , Broadfoot , P. , Croll , P. , Osborn , M. and Abbott , D. 1994 . Changing English primary schools? The impact of the Education Reform Act at Key Stage One , London : Cassell .
- Pollard , A. , Triggs , P. , Broadfoot , P. , McNess , E. and Osborn , M. 2000 . What pupils say: changing policy and practice in primary education , London : Continuum .
- Punch , K. 1998 . Introduction to social research , London : Sage .
- QCA . 2002a . 2003 Key Stage 1 assessment and reporting arrangements , London : QCA .
- QCA . 2002b . 2003 Key Stage 2 assessment and reporting arrangements , London : QCA .
- Qi , L. 2004 . “ Has a high‐stakes test produced the intended changes? ” . In Washback in language testing: research contexts and methods , Edited by: Cheng , L. , Watanabe , Y. and Curtis , A. 171 – 190 . Mahwah, NJ and London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Rampton , B. , Harris , R. and Leung , C. 2001 . Education in England and speakers of languages other than English. Working papers in urban language and literacies: paper 18 , London : King’s College London .
- Rea‐Dickins , P. 1997 . So, why do we need relationships with stakeholders in language testing? A view from the UK . Language Testing , 14 (3) : 304 – 314 .
- Rea‐Dickins , P. 2000 . Assessment in early years language learning contexts . Language Testing , 17 (2) : 115 – 122 .
- Rea‐Dickins , P. 2007 . “ Learning or measuring? Exploring teacher decision‐making in planning for classroom‐based assessment ” . In Studies in honour of Rod Ellis , Edited by: Fotos , S. and Nassaji , N. 193 – 210 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Rose , J. 1999 . Weighing the baby: the report of the Independent Scrutiny Panel on the 1999 Key Stage 2 National Curriculum tests in English and mathematics , London : DFEE .
- Scott , C. 2005 . Washback in the UK primary context with EAL learners: exploratory case studies , University of Bristol . Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
- Shepard , L. A. and Bliem , C. L. 1993 . Parent opinions about standardized tests, teacher’s information and performance assessments: a case study of the effects of alternative assessment in instruction, student learning and accountability practices. CSE Technical Report 367. , Los Angeles : University of California, Center for the Study of Evaluation/National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards and Student Testing . Available online at: http://www.cse.ucla.edu/CRESST/pages/reports.htm (accessed 17 June 2004).
- Singh , B. Formative assessment: which way now? . Paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference . September 2–5 1999 , University of Sussex at Brighton.
- Smith , M. L. 1991 . Put to the test: the effects of external testing on teachers . Educational Researcher , 20 (5) : 8 – 11 .
- Stake , R. E. 1995 . The art of case study research , Thousand Oaks, CA, London and Delhi : Sage Publications Inc. .
- Stake , R. E. 2000 . “ Case studies ” . In Handbook of qualitative research , (2nd edn) , Edited by: Denzin , N. and Lincoln , Y. 435 – 454 . Thousand Oaks, CA : London and New Delhi, Sage Publications Inc. .
- Stobart , G. The validity of national curriculum assessment . Paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, . September 2–5 , Brighton. University of Sussex
- Tymms , P. 2004 . Are standards rising in English primary schools? . British Educational Research Journal , 30 (4) : 477 – 494 .
- Wall , D. 1997 . “ Impact and washback in language testing ” . In Encyclopedia of language and education: Vol 7. Language testing and assessment , Edited by: Clapham , C. and Corson , D. 291 – 302 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic .
- Ward , H. 2003 . “ Primaries told ‘optional’ Year 5 tests are a must ” . In Times Educational Supplement 2 17 January 2003, Issue 4515, News & Opinion,
- Watanabe , Y. 2004 . “ Methodology in washback studies ” . In Washback in language testing: research contexts and methods , Edited by: Cheng , L. , Watanabe , Y. and Curtis , A. Mahwah, NJ and London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Whetton , C. , Twist , L. and Sainsbury , M. National tests and target setting: maintaining consistent standards . Paper presented at American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, . April 24–28 , New Orleans.
- Wyse , D. grounded theory and WINMAX PRO . Paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, . September 11–14 . University of York