Notes
- Paula R. Feldman & Diana Scott-Kilvert's compilation of the reading lists reveals that between 1814 and Mary Shelley's completion of Frankenstein on 14 May 1817, she had read Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent, an Hibernian Tale (8 November 1816), Smith's Letters of a Solitary Wanderer (15 September 1816), and Richardson's Clarissa; or the History of a Young Lady (1815, 20–23 September 1816, 1816), The History of Sir Charles Grandison (6–15 November 1816), and Pamela; or Virtue Rewarded (20–30 November 1816). The journals do not begin until 1814, and some 1816 journal notebooks are lost. Feldman Paula R. Scott-Kilvert Diana “The Shelleys' Reading List”, The Journals of Mary Shelley, 1814–1844 Feldman Paula Scott-Kilvert Diana Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore 1987 631 684
- Detailed discussions of the doppelganger in Frankenstein include Miyoshi Masao The Divided Self: A Perspective on the Literature of the Victorians New York University Press New York 1969 Kaplan Morton Kloss Robert “Fantasy of Paternity and the Doppelgänger: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein”, inThe Unspoken Motive: A Guide to Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism Free Press New York 1973 119 145 Hartley S. Spatt, “Mary Shelley's Last Men: The Truth of Dreams”, Studies in the Novel, 7 (1975), pp. 526–537; and Massey Irving “Singles and Doubles: Frankenstein”, in The Gaping Pig: Literature and Metamorphosis University of California Press Berkeley 1976 124 137
- Mellor Anne K. Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters Methuen New York 1988 186
- Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus Rieger James University of Chicago Press 1982 Chicago 1818 7 emphasis added. All subsequent references to Frankenstein will refer parenthetically to page numbers from this edition. In the introduction to the 1831 text of Frankenstein, Mary Shelley ascribes these words to her husband, saying, “As far as I can recollect, it was entirely written by him” (p. 229). Johanna M. Smith convincingly argues, however, that Mary Shelley did actually write the Preface: Smith Johanna M. ““Cooped Up’: Feminine Domesticity in Frankenstein” Mary Shelley: Frankenstein Smith Johanna M. St Martin's New York 1992 270 285
- Wollstonecraft Mary “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” Frankenstein: or The Modern Prometheus MacDonald D. L. Scherf K. D. Broadview Press Detroit 1994 258 The reading lists reveal that Mary Shelley read A Vindication of the Rights of Woman on 6–9 December 1816: Feldman & Scott-Kilvert, “The Shelleys' Reading List”
- Moers Ellen “Female Gothic” The Endurance of “Frankenstein” Levine George Knoepflmacher U. C. University of California Press Berkeley 1979 77 87 p. 87. See also Robert D. Hume, “Gothic Versus Romantic: A Revaluation of the Gothic Novel”, PMLA, 84 (1969), pp. 282–290; Sedgwick Eve Kosofsky The Coherence of Gothic Conventions Methuen New York 1986 Heller Lee E. “Frankenstein and the Cultural Uses of Gothic”, in Smith,Mary Shelley: Frankenstein 1992 325 341 For the remaining references in this paragraph, see Janet M. Todd, “Frankenstein's Daughter: Mary Shelley and Mary Wollstonecraft”, Women and Literature, 4 (1976), pp. 18–27; Mellor Anne K. “Possessing Nature: The Female in Frankenstein” Romanticism and Feminism Mellor Anne K. Indiana University Press Bloomington 1988 220 222 Gilbert Sandra M. Gubar Susan “Horror's Twin: Mary Shelley's Monstrous Eve”, in Sandra M. Gilbert & Susan Gubar,The Madwoman in the Attic Yale University Press New Haven 1979 213 247
- Gilbert & Gubar, “Horror's Twin”; Mellor, “Possessing Nature”; Mellor, Mary Shelley; Ellis Katherine “Monsters in the Garden: Mary Shelley and the Bourgeois Family”, in Levine & Knoepflemacher,The Endurance of “Frankenstein” 1979 123 142 Johanna M. Smith, “Cooped Up”
- Davidoff Leonore Hall Catherine Family Fortunes University of Chicago Press Chicago 1987 321 322 Unless otherwise stated, all information concerning the demographics of the typical early nineteenth-century English middle-class family is from Davidoff & Hall
- Ibid., 322 329 , 342, 353
- Ibid., 392 394
- Ibid., 322
- Ibid., 330 335 , 339, 340–341
- Gilbert Gubar “Horror's Twin'; Susan Winnett, “Coming Unstrung: Women, Men, Narrative, and Principles of Pleasure” PMLA 105 1990 505 518 Mellor “Possessing Nature”; Colleen Hobbs, “Reading the Symptoms: An Exploration of Repression and Hysteria in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein” Studies in the Novel 25 1993 152 169 See also Waxman Barbara Frey “Victor Frankenstein's Romantic Fate: The Tragedy of the Promethean Overreacher as Woman” Papers on Language and Literature 23 1987 14 26
- For a brief account, see Sunstein Emily W. Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality Little Boston 1989 280 289 See also Bennett Betty T. Mary Diana Dods, a Gentleman and a Scholar Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore 1994
- Davidoff Hall Family Fortunes 329
- Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Rambles in Germany and Italy, in 1840, 1842, and 1843 Folcroft Library Editions 1975 Folcroft, PA 1844 3 107
- Davidoff Hall Family Fortunes 330 332
- Several critics, most notably William Veeder and Johanna M. Smith, have observed Victor's hostilities towards his father. Smith argues that Victor's conflicts with Alphonse result from him being a “Good Father”, and thus enforcing the patriarchy (pp. 278–280). This reading, however, does not explain the places where Alphonse does not fulfill his duties, and it conflicts with Mary Shelley's statements in Rambles. See Veeder William “The Negative Oedipus: Father, Frankenstein, and the Shelleys” Critical Inquiry 12 1986 365 387 Smith “Cooped Up”
- Mellor “Possessing Nature” 23
- See, for example, Tropp Martin Mary Shelley's Monster: The Story of “Frankenstein” Houghton Boston 1976 26 Veeder “The Negative Oedipus” 374 384
- Supporting this reading, Kaplan & Kloss and Gilbert & Gubar discuss the elements of incest in Walton and Margaret's relationship: Kloss Kaplan “Fantasy of Paternity and the Doppelgänger” 134 135 Gubar Gilbert “Horror's Twin” 228
- Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft “Matilda” The Mary Shelley Reader Bennett Betty T. Robinson Charles E. Oxford University Press 1990 New York 1819; pub. 1959 177 Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Valperga Whittaker London 1823 1 120 Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Lodore Silas Andrus 1846 Hartford 1835 1 12
- Mellor Mary Shelley 100
- Veeder, “The Negative Oedipus”, p. 385. Sharon L. Jowell discusses in detail the theme of the absent mother in Mary Shelley's later works: Jowell Sharon L. “Mary Shelley's Mother's: The Weak, the Absent, and the Silent Mothers in Lodore and Falkner” European Romantic Review 1997 8 3 298 322
- Veeder “The Negative Oedipus” 386
- Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Falkner Saunder & Otley London 1837 169
- Davidoff Hall Family Fortunes 341
- Jane Gallop's reading of Lacan is particularly useful here: Gallop Jane Reading Lacan Cornell University Press Ithaca 1985 especially 59
- Massey “Singles and Doubles: Frankenstein” 125 134 and McInerney Peter “Frankenstein and the Godlike Science of Letters” Genre 13 1980 467
- See, for example, Sir Walter Scott's review in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, 2 (1818), pp. 613–620, which Macdonald & Scherf reprint in their edition of Frankenstein
- Shelley Rambles in Germany and Italy
- Behrendt Steven C. “Language and Style in Frankenstein” Approaches to Teaching Shelley's Frankenstein Behrendt Steven C. Modern Language Association of America 1990 New York 1990 81 Richard J. Dunn, “Narrative Distance in Frankenstein”, Studies in the Novel, 6 (1974), p. 417; and Peter Brooks, “Godlike Science/Unhallowed Arts: Language and Monstrosity in Frankenstein”, New Literary History, 9 (1978), pp. 591–605
- Peake Richard Brinsley “Presumptin; or, The Fate of Frankenstein” , in Hideous Prgenies: Dramatizatins of “Frankenstein”frm Mary Shelley to the Present Forry Steven Earl Johns Hokins University Press, 1990 Beltimore 1823 135 160
- Shelley to Leigh Hunt, 9 September 1823, in The Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Bennett Betty T. Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore 1980 1 378
- Shelley Rambles in Germany and Italy 174
- Mellor “Possessing Nature” 23
- See in particular the following early descriptions of the novel's narrative structure: Hirsch “The Monster Was a Lady”; Gerhard Joseph, “Frankenstein's Dream: The Child as Father of the Monster” Hartford Studies in Literature 7 1975 97 115 and Schug Charles “The Romantic Form of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein”, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900 17 1977 607 619
- Mellor Mary Shelley 54
- Although one might expect her to assume her maiden and married names, Mary Shelley never signs herself “Mary Godwin Shelley”. Rather, her mother's name always appears in the middle, as she signs herself “Mary W. G.” and, after her marriage, “M. W. S.”
- See Bennett The Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 1 n. 3 10
- Mellor Mary Shelley 57 69
- Gilbert Gubar “Horror's Twin” 238 Moers “Female Gothic” 94 and Collings David “The Monster and the Imaginary Mother: A Lacanian Reading of Frankenstein” in Smith,Mary Shelley: Frankenstein 1992 253
- Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft “Valerius: The Reanimated Roman” Collected Tales and Stories Robinson Charles E. Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore 1976 337 342
- Behrendt “Language and Style inFrankenstein” 80
- See Sunstein Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality 19 20 for an account of the public response
- See Feldman Scott-Kilvert The Journals of Mary Shelley 40
- Armstrong Nancy Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel Oxford University Press New York 1987 6
- Ibid., 23 24