8,545
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Mechanisms of steroidal implants to improve beef cattle growth: a review

&
Pages 133-141 | Received 08 May 2019, Accepted 30 Mar 2020, Published online: 10 Apr 2020

References

  • APHIS. 2013. The use of Growth-Promoting Implants in U.S. Feedlots. USDA-APHIS report.
  • Blackwell BR, Brown TR, Broadway PR, Buser MD, Brooks JC, Johnson BJ, Cobb GP, Smith PN. 2014. Characterization of trenbolone acetate and estradiol metabolite excretion profiles in implanted steers. Environ Toxicol Chem. 33(12):2850–2858. doi:10.1002/etc.2757.
  • Brandenberger AW, Tee MK, Lee JY, Chao V, Jaffe RB. 1997. Tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha (ER-α) and beta (ER-β) mRNA in the midgestational human fetus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82(10):3509–3512. doi:10.1210/jcem.82.10.4400.
  • Bryant TC, Engle TE, Galyean ML, Wagner JJ, Tatum JD, Anthony RV, Laudert SB. 2010. Effects of ractopamine and trenbolone acetate implants with or without estradiol on growth performance, carcass characteristics, adipogenic enzyme activity, and blood metabolites in feedlot steers and heifers1,2,3. J Anim Sci. 88(12):4102–4119. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-2901.
  • Butterfield RM. 1988. New Concepts of Sheep growth. Epping, NSW, Australia: Department of Vet Anatomy, University of Sydney.
  • Butterfield RTBaRM. 1976. New concepts of cattle growth. New York: Wiley.
  • Cady SM, Macar C, Gibson JG. 2002. Extended release growth promoting two component composition. U.S. Patent 6,498,153 B1, filed March 22, 1999, and issued December 24, 2002.
  • Cleale R, Bechtol D, Drouillard J, Edmonds J, Edmonds M, Hunsaker B, Kraft L, Lawrence T, Brewbaker S, Waite A. 2012. Synovex Plus implants coated with a polymeric, porous film improve performance of beef steers and heifers fed in confinement for up to 200 days. J Anim Sci. 90(13):5056–5066.
  • Clemmons DR. 1993. IGF binding proteins and their functions. Mol Reprod Dev. 35(4):368–375. doi:10.1002/mrd.1080350409.
  • Couse JF, Lindzey J, Grandien K, Gustafsson J-Ak, Korach KS. 1997. Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) messenger ribonucleic acid in the wild-type and ERα-knockout mouse. Endocrinology. 138(11):4613–4621. doi:10.1210/endo.138.11.5496.
  • Davey RA, Grossmann M. 2016. Androgen receptor structure, function and biology: from bench to bedside. Clin Biochem Rev. 37(1):3–15.
  • Doyle E. 2000. Human safety of hormone implants used to promote growth in cattle a review of the scientific literature. Briefings: Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin. 1–24.
  • Filardo EJ, Thomas P. 2012. Minireview: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1, GPER-1: Its mechanism of action and role in female reproductive cancer, renal and vascular physiology. Endocrinology. 153(7):2953–2962. doi:10.1210/en.2012-1061.
  • FOIA. 1987. Finaplix. U.S.: FDA.
  • FOIA. 2007. Revalor-XS. U.S. FDA.
  • FOIA. 2014. Synoves ONE Grass and Feedlot. U.S. FDA.
  • FOIA. 2017a. Revalor-XH. U.S. FDA.
  • FOIA. 2017b. Revalor-XR. U.S. FDA.
  • Fu M, Xiong X-R, Lan D-l, Li J. 2014. Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of estrogen receptor genes in Domestic Yak. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 27(12):1684–1690. doi:10.5713/ajas.2014.14380.
  • Galbraith H, Watson HB. 1978. Performance, blood and carcase characteristics of finishing steers treated with trenbolone acetate and hexoestrol. Vet Rec. 103(2):28–31. doi:10.1136/vr.103.2.28.
  • Guiroy PJ, Fox DG, Tedeschi LO, Baker MJ, Cravey MD. 2001. Predicting individual feed requirements of cattle fed in groups. J Anim Sci. 79(8):1983–1995. doi:10.2527/2001.7981983x.
  • Guiroy PJ, Tedeschi LO, Fox DG, Hutcheson JP. 2002. The effects of implant strategy on finished body weight of beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 80(7):1791–1800.
  • Hayden JM, Bergen WG, Merkel RA. 1992. Skeletal muscle protein metabolism and serum growth hormone, insulin, and cortisol concentrations in growing steers implanted with estradiol-17β, trenbolone acetate, or estradiol-17β plus trenbolone acetate2. J Anim Sci. 70(7):2109–2119. doi:10.2527/1992.7072109x.
  • Heitzman RJ, Chan KH. 1974. Alterations in weight gain and levels of plasma metabolites, proteins, insulin and free fatty acids following implantation of an anabolic steroid in heifers. Br Vet J. 130(6):532–537. doi:10.1016/S0007-1935(17)35739-1.
  • Heitzman RJ, Chan KH, Hart IC. 1977. Liveweight gains, blood levels of metabolites, proteins and hormones following implantation of anabolic agents in steers. Br Vet J. 133(1):62–70. doi:10.1016/S0007-1935(17)34189-1.
  • Heitzman RJ, Harwood DJ. 1977. Residue levels of trenbolone and Oestradiol-17β in plasma and tissues of steers implanted with anabolic steroid preparations. Br Vet J. 133(6):564–571. doi:10.1016/S0007-1935(17)33935-0.
  • Hosford AD, Hergenreder JE, Kim JK, Baggerman JO, Ribeiro FRB, Anderson MJ, Spivey KS, Rounds W, Johnson BJ. 2015. Effects of supplemental lysine and methionine with zilpaterol hydrochloride on feedlot performance, carcass merit, and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics in finishing feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 93(9):4532–4544. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9047.
  • Hunter RA, Magner T. 1990. Whole-body and tissue protein synthesis in steers losing weight on a low-protein roughage diet: the effect of trenbolone acetate. J Agric Sci. 115(1):121–127. doi:10.1017/S0021859600074001.
  • Jeong S-H, Kang D, Lim M-W, Kang CS, Sung HJ. 2010. Risk assessment of growth hormones and antimicrobial residues in meat. Toxicol Res. 26(4):301–313. doi:10.5487/TR.2010.26.4.301.
  • Johnson B, Anderson P, Meiske J, Dayton W. 1996a. Effect of a combined trenbolone acetate and estradiol implant on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass composition of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 74(2):363–371.
  • Johnson BJ, Beckett J. 2014. Application of growth enhancing compounds in modern beef production executive summary. American Meat Association Reference Paper For 2014:1–15.
  • Johnson BJ, Halstead N, White ME, Hathaway MR, DiCostanzo A, Dayton WR. 1998b. Activation state of muscle satellite cells isolated from steers implanted with a combined trenbolone acetate and estradiol implant. J Anim Sci. 76(11):2779–2786. doi:10.2527/1998.76112779x.
  • Johnson B, Hathaway M, Anderson P, Meiske J, Dayton W. 1996b. Stimulation of circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) due to administration of a combined trenbolone acetate and estradiol implant in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 74(2):372–379.
  • Johnson B, White M, Hathaway M, Christians C, Dayton W. 1998a. Effect of a combined trenbolone acetate and estradiol implant on steady-state IGF-I mRNA concentrations in the liver of wethers and the longissimus muscle of steers. J Anim Sci. 76(2):491–497.
  • Johnston DM, Stewart DF, Moody WG, Boling J, Kemp JD. 1975. Effect of breed and time on feed on the size and distribution of beef muscle fiber types. J Anim Sci. 40(4):613–620. doi:10.2527/jas1975.404613x.
  • Kamanga-Sollo E, White ME, Chung KY, Johnson BJ, Dayton WR. 2008. Potential role of G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in estradiol-17β-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression in bovine satellite cell cultures. Dom Anim Endo. 35(3):254–262. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.06.001.
  • Lalmansingh AS, Uht RM. 2008. Estradiol regulates corticotropin-releasing hormone gene (crh) expression in a rapid and phasic manner that parallels estrogen receptor-α and -β recruitment to a 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate regulatory region of the proximal crh promoter. Endocrinology. 149(1):346–357. doi:10.1210/en.2007-0372.
  • Lee J, Pushpala S, Lee CE. 2000. Polymeric microporous film coated subcutaneous implant. U.S. Patent 6,055,554, filed December 15, 1997, and issued February 8, 2000.
  • Lobley GE, Connell A, Mollison GS, Brewer A, Harris CI, Buchan V, Galbraith H. 1985. The effects of a combined implant of trenbolone acetate and oestradiol-17 beta on protein and energy metabolism in growing beef steers. Br J Nutr. 54(3):681–694.
  • Mader TL. 1998. Implants. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 14(2):279–290.
  • Mauro A. 1961. Satellite cell of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophy Biochem Cyto. 9(2):493–495.
  • McLaughlin C, Bechtol D, Lawrence T, Lechtenberg K, Moseley W, Prouty F, Vanimisetti B, Waite A. 2013. Comparison of the effects of long-acting Synovex One with Revalor-XS and Synovex Plus on growth performance and carcass quality in steers. Prof Anim Sci. 29(2):147–156.
  • Moss FP, Leblond CP. 1971. Satellite cells as the source of nuclei in muscles of growing rats. Anat Rec. 170(4):421–435. doi:10.1002/ar.1091700405.
  • Nichols C, Erickson G, Vasconcelos J, Streeter M, Dicke B, Jordon D, Cooper R, Scott T, Klopfenstein T. 2014. Comparison of Revalor XS, a new single-dose implant, to a Revalor IS and Revalor S implant strategy in finishing steers1. Prof Anim Sci. 30(1):51–55.
  • Oesterreich S, Zhang Q, Hopp T, Fuqua SAW, Michaelis M, Zhao HH, Davie JR, Osborne CK, Lee AV. 2000. Tamoxifen-bound estrogen receptor (ER) Strongly Interacts with the nuclear Matrix protein HET/SAF-B, a Novel Inhibitor of ER-Mediated Transactivation. Mol Endo. 14(3):369–381. doi:10.1210/mend.14.3.0432.
  • Pampusch MS, White ME, Hathaway MR, Baxa TJ, Chung KY, Parr SL, Johnson BJ, Weber WJ, Dayton WR. 2008. Effects of implants of trenbolone acetate, estradiol, or both, on muscle insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-I receptor, estrogen receptor-α, and androgen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 86(12):3418–3423. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1085.
  • Parr S, Brown T, Ribeiro F, Chung K, Hutcheson J, Blackwell B, Smith P, Johnson B. 2014. Biological responses of beef steers to steroidal implants and zilpaterol hydrochloride. J Anim Sci. 92(8):3348–3363.
  • Parr S, Chung K, Galyean M, Hutcheson J, Dilorenzo N, Hales K, May M, Quinn M, Smith D, Johnson B. 2011a. Performance of finishing beef steers in response to anabolic implant and zilpaterol hydrochloride supplementation. J Anim Sci. 89(2):560–570.
  • Parr S, Chung K, Hutcheson J, Nichols W, Yates D, Streeter M, Swingle R, Galyean M, Johnson B. 2011b. Dose and release pattern of anabolic implants affects growth of finishing beef steers across days on feed. J Anim Sci. 89(3):863–873. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3447.
  • Pfaffl M, D LIG, and M A, D HH. 2001. Tissue-specific expression pattern of estrogen receptors (ER): Quantification of ERα and ERβ mRNA with real-time RT-PCRNote. APMIS (Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand. 109(5):345–355. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.090503.x.
  • Pottier J, Busigny M, Grandadam JA. 1975. Plasma Kinetics, excretion in Milk and tissue levels in the Cow following implantation of trenbolone acetate®. J Anim Sci. 41(3):962–968. doi:10.2527/jas1975.413962x.
  • Preston RL. 1975. Biological responses to estrogen Additives in meat Producing cattle and Lambs. J Anim Sci. 41(5):1414–1430. doi:10.2527/jas1975.4151414x.
  • Preston RL, Bartle SJ, Brake AC, Castlebury RE. 1990. Effect of anabolic growth implants on the time required to reach quality grade equivalent to nonimplanted cattle. Agricultural Sciences Technical Report Texas Tech University No. T-5-283:22-24.
  • Prossnitz ER, Maggiolini M. 2009. Mechanisms of estrogen signaling via GPR30. Mol Cell Endo. 308(1-2):32–38. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.03.026.
  • Reinhardt C. 2007. Growth-Promotant implants: Managing the tools. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 23(2):309–319. doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.03.004.
  • Reinhardt C. D., Lee T. L., Thomson D. U., Mamedova L. K., Bradford B. J. 2013. Restricted nutrient intake does not alter serum-mediated measures of implant response in cell culture. J. Anim. Sci. and Biotech. 4(1):45–45. doi:10.1186/2049-1891-4-45.
  • Revankar CM, Cimino DF, Sklar LA, Arterburn JB, Prossnitz ER. 2005. A transmembrane intracellular estrogen receptor mediates rapid cell signaling. Science. 307(5715):1625–1630. doi:10.1126/science.1106943.
  • Ribas C, Penela P, Murga C, Salcedo A, García-Hoz C, Jurado-Pueyo M, Aymerich I, Mayor F. 2007. The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) interactome: role of GRKs in GPCR regulation and signaling. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1768(4):913–922. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.09.019.
  • Rico AG. 1983. Metabolism of Endogenous and Exogenous anabolic Agents in cattle. J Anim Sci. 57(1):226–232. doi:10.2527/jas1983.571226x.
  • Samuelson K, Hubbert M, Galyean M, Löest C. 2016. Nutritional recommendations of feedlot consulting nutritionists: The 2015 New Mexico state and Texas Tech University survey. J Anim Sci. 94(6):2648–2663.
  • Sibley DR, Benovic JL, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ. 1987. Molecular mechanisms of beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization. Adv Exp Med Biol. 221:253–273.
  • Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L, Caruso A, Varone G, Genazzani AR. 2004. Genomic and non-genomic effects of estrogens on endothelial cells. Steroids. 69(8-9):537–542. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2004.05.009.
  • Sjogren K, Liu JL, Blad K, Skrtic S, Vidal O, Wallenius V, LeRoith D, Tornell J, Isaksson OG, Jansson JO, Ohlsson C. 1999. Liver-derived insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the principal source of IGF-I in blood but is not required for postnatal body growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96(12):7088–7092.
  • Smith ZK, Chung KY, Parr SL, Johnson BJ. 2017. Anabolic payout of terminal implant alters adipogenic gene expression of the longissimus muscle in beef steers. J Anim Sci. 95(3):1197–1204. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0630.
  • Smith ZK, Thompson AJ, Hutcheson JP, Nichols WT, Johnson BJ. 2018. Evaluation of coated steroidal implants containing trenbolone acetate and estradiol-17β on live performance, carcass traits, and sera metabolites in finishing steers. J Anim Sci. 96(5):1704–1723. doi:10.1093/jas/sky095.
  • Thomas P. 2012. Rapid steroid hormone actions initiated at the cell surface and the receptors that mediate them with an emphasis on recent progress in fish models. Gen Comp Endo. 175(3):367–383. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.11.032.
  • Thornton KJ, Kamanga-Sollo E, White ME, Dayton WR. 2016. Active G protein–coupled receptors (GPCR), matrix metalloproteinases 2/9 (MMP2/9), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (hbEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) are necessary for trenbolone acetate–induced alterations in protein turnover rate of fused bovine satellite cell cultures. J Anim Sci. 94(6):2332–2343. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-0178.
  • Thornton KJ, Kamange-Sollo E, White ME, Dayton WR. 2015. Role of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCR), matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor–like growth factor (hbEGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2, and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in trenbolone acetate–stimulated bovine satellite cell proliferation. J Anim Sci. 93(9):4291–4301. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9191.
  • Trenkle A. 1976. The anabolic effect of estrogens on nitrogen metabolism of growing and finishing cattle and sheep. Environ Qual Saf Suppl. 5:79–88.
  • Umayahara Y, Kawamori R, Watada H, Imano E, Iwama N, Morishima T, Yamasaki Y, Kajimoto Y, Kamada T. 1994. Estrogen regulation of the insulin-like growth factor I gene transcription involves an AP-1 enhancer. J Biol Chem. 269(23):16433–16442.
  • Vernon BG, Buttery PJ. 1978. The effect of trenbolone acetate with time on the various responses of protein synthesis of the rat. Br J Nutr. 40(3):563–572. doi:10.1079/bjn19780160.
  • Wu Y, Zhao W, Zhao J, Pan J, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Bauman WA, Cardozo CP. 2007. Identification of androgen response elements in the insulin-like growth factor I Upstream promoter. Endocrinology. 148(6):2984–2993. doi:10.1210/en.2006-1653.
  • Yakar S, Liu J-L, Stannard B, Butler A, Accili D, Sauer B, LeRoith D. 1999. Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96(13):7324–7329. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7324.
  • Yen PM. 2015. Classical nuclear hormone receptor activity as a mediator of complex biological responses: A look at health and disease. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 29(4):517–528. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.07.005.