Is ongoing ritual slaughter of livestock justifiable in modern America?

References

• Agbeniga B. 2011. Influence of conventional and kosher slaughter techniques in cattle on carcass and meat quality. B. Inst. Agrar. (Hons). Food Production and Processing. University of Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Aghwan ZA, Regenstein JM. 2019. Slaughter practices of different faiths in different countries. J Anim Sci Technol. 61(3):111–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrasso R, Bonerba E, Ceci E, Roma R, Alò A, Mottola A, Marchetti P, Celano GV, Bozzo G. 2020. Evaluation of the animal welfare during religious slaughtering. Ital J Food Saf. 9(1):8387. doi:10.4081/ijfs.2020.8387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackman NL, Cheetham K, Blackmore DK. 1986. Differences in blood supply to the cerebral cortex between sheep and calves during slaughter. Res Vet Sci. 40:252–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackmore DK. 1984. Differences in behaviour between sheep and cattle during slaughter. Res Vet Sci. 37:223–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackmore DK, Newhook JC, Grandin T. 1983. Time of onset of insensibility in four- to six-week-old calves during slaughter. Meat Sci. 9(2):145–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergamasco L. Coetzee JF, Gehring R, Murray L, Song T, Mosher RA. 2011. Effect of intravenous sodium salicylate administration prior to castration on plasma cortisol and electroencephalography parameters in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Therapeutic. 34(6):565–576.
   Google Scholar
• Bozzo G, Barrasso R, Marchetti P, Roma R, Samoilis G, Tantillo G, Ceci E. 2018. Analysis of stress indicators for evaluation of animal welfare and meat quality in traditional and Jewish slaughtering. Animals. 8(4):43. doi:10.3390/ani8040043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell WW. 2008. Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury. Clin Neurophysiology. 119(9):1951–1965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceci E, Marchetti P, Samoilis G, Sportelli S, Roma R, Barrasso R, Tantillo G, Bozzo G. 2017. Determination of plasmatic cortisol for evaluation of animal welfare during slaughter. Ital J Food Saf. 6(3):6912. doi:10.4081/ijfs.2017.6912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claudon L, Marsot J. 2006. Effect of knife sharpness on upper limb biomechanical stresses—a laboratory study. Inter J Indust Erg.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle AE, Fraser JRE, Smith PK. 1960. Effects of bretylium tosylate on blood-pressure, cardiac output, and renal function in hypertension. Br Med J. 2(5196):422–425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dukes HH. 1958. A study of blood pressure and blood flow in the vertebral arteries of ruminants. Report to the Humane Slaughter Advisory Committee, US Department of Agriculture. Ithaca, Ithaca University.
   Google Scholar
• Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC). 2003. FAWC report on the welfare of farmed animals at slaughter of killing. Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson TJ, Dadios N, Gregory NG. 2015. Effect of neck cut position on time to collapse in halal slaughtered cattle without stunning. Meat Sci. 110:310–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson TJ, Johnson CB, Murrell JC, Chambers JP, Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ. 2009a. Components of electroencephalographic responses to slaughter in halothane-anaesthetised calves: effects of cutting neck tissues compared to major vessels. N Z Vet J. 57:84–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson TJ, Johnson CB, Murrell JC, Hulls CM, Mitchinson SL, Stafford KJ, Johnstone AC, Mellor DJ. 2009b. Electrocencephalographic responses of halothane-anaesthetised calves to slaughter by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning. N Z Vet J. 57:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandin T. 1998. The feasibility of using vocalization scoring as an indicator of poor welfare during slaughter. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 56:121–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandin T. 2012. Cattle should be cut in the cervical (C1) position to improve welfare during Kosher and Halal slaughter without stunning. Grandin.com.
   Google Scholar
• Grandin T. 2014. Kosher box operations, design, and cutting technique will affect the time required for cattle to lose consciousness. Grandin.com.
   Google Scholar
• Grandin T. 2017. Discussion of research that shows that Kosher or Halal Slaughter without stunning causes pain. Grandin.com.
   Google Scholar
• Grandin T. 2018. Evaluating methods of restraint for holding animals during kosher and halal slaughter. Preparation and processing of religious and cultural foods. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, 349–358.
   Google Scholar
• Grandin T. 2019. Maintaining acceptable animal welfare during Kosher of Halal slaughter. Grandin.com.
   Google Scholar
• Grandin T, Regenstein J. 1994. Religious slaughter and animal welfare: a discussion for meat scientists. Meat Focus International, 115–123.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory N, Shaw F. 2000. Penetrating captive bolt stunning and exsanguination of cattle in abattoirs. J Appl Anim Welfare Sci. 3(3):215–230.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory NG. 2008. Physiology and behaviour of animal suffering. Germany: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory NG, Fielding HR, von Wenzlawicz M, Von Holleben K. 2010. Time to collapse following slaughter without stunning in cattle. Meat Sci. 85(1):66–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory NG, von Wenzlawowicz M, Alam RM, Anil HM, Yeşildere T, Silva-Fletcher A. 2008. False aneurysms in carotid arteries of cattle and water buffalo during shechita and halal slaughter. Meat Sci. 79(2):285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory NG, Von Wenzlawowicz M, Von Holleben K, Fielding HR, Gibson TJ, Mirabito L, Kolesar R. 2012. Complications during shechita and halal slaughter without stunning in cattle. Anim Welf. 21(Suppl 2):81–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtman R. 2005. Shehita: Jewish Ritual Slaughter. Office of Scholarly Communication, Harvard Library.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson CB, Mellor DJ, Hemsworth PH, Fisher AD. 2015. A scientific comment on the welfare of domesticated ruminants slaughtered without stunning. New Zealand veterinary journal. 63(1):58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallweit E, Ellendorf F, Daly C, Smidt D. 1989. Physiologic reactions during the slaughter of cattle and sheep with and without stunning. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 96(3):89–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kilgour R. 1978. The humane handling of stock for slaughter with particular reference to procedures in New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Klein C. 1927. Sind geschachtete tiere sofort nach dem schachtschnitt bewubtlos? Verlag Berliner Tierschutzverein, pg16.
   Google Scholar
• Lambooy E. 1982. Some aspects of the effectiveness of stunning in sheep by the captive bolt. Meat Sci. 7(1):51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinger IM. 1976. Medical aspects of shechita. In: E. Munk, M. L. Munk, editors. Shechita. Religious, historical and scientific aspects. Jerusalem: Gur Aryeh Publications; p. 147–149.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil DG Jr. 2004. Videotapes show grisly scenes at Kosher Slaughterhouse. The New York Times.
   Google Scholar
• Mellor DJ, Gibson TJ, Johnson CB. 2009. A re-evaluation of the need to stun calves prior to slaughter by ventral-neck incision: an introductory review. N Z Vet J. 57(2): 74–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintun MA, Lundstrom BN, Snyder AZ, Vlassenko AG, Shulman GL, Raichle ME. 2001. Blood flow and oxygen delivery to human brain during functional activity: theoretical modeling and experimental data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98(12):6859–6864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrell JC, Johnson CB. 2006. Neurophysciological techniques to assess pain in animals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 29(5):325–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newhook JC, Blackmore DK. 1982. Electroencephalographic studies of stunning and slaughter of sheep and calves: part 1—the onset of permanent insensibility in sheep during slaughter. Meat Sci. 6(3):221–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OIE. 2007. Guidelines for the slaughter of animals. Paris: Terrestrial Animal Health code World Organization for Animal Health.
   Google Scholar
• Petty DB, Hattingh J, Ganhao MF, Bezuidenhout L. 1994. Factors which affect blood variables of slaughtered cattle. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 65(2):41–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleiter H. 2010. Review of stunning and halal slaughter. North Sydney: Meat and Livestock Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Regenstein JM. 2012. The politics of religious slaughter—how science can be misused. Proceedings of the 65th Annual Reciprocal Meat Conference at North Dakota State University.
   Google Scholar
• Regenstein JM, Chaudry MM, Regenstein CE. 2003. The Kosher and Halal food laws. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. Institute of Food Technologists.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen SD. 2004. Physiological insights into shechita. Vet Rec. 154(24):759–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabow AB, Goh YM, Zulkifli I, Sazili AQ, Kaka U, Ab Kadi MZA, Ebrahimi M, Nakyinsige K, Adeyemi KD. 2016. Blood parameters and electroencephalographic responses of goats to slaughter without stunning. Meat Sci. 121:148–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuchman M. 2012. A cut above: Shechita in the crosshairs, again. Fall Kashrus Kurrents Meat. STAR-K.
   Google Scholar
• Unites States Department of Agriculture. 2020. FSIS Directive 6900.2 Revision 3. Humane handling and slaughter of livestock.
   Google Scholar
• Unites States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service. 2019. Humane handling verification for livestock and good commercial practices for poultry. Inspection Methods Training. https://pregunteleakaren.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/inspection/workforce-training.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Wal PG. 1978. Chemical and physiological aspects of pig stunning in relation to meat quality—a review. Meat Sci. 2(1):19–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Von Holleben KV, Von Wenzlawowicz M, Gregory N, Anil H, Velarde A, Rodriguez P, Cenci Goga B, Catanese B, Lambooij B, Lambooij B. 2010. Report on good and adverse practices-Animal welfare concerns in relation to slaughter practices from the viewpoint of veterinary sciences. Dialrel Deliverable, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Warrington R. 1974. Electrical stunning: a review of the literature. Veterinary Bulletin.
   Google Scholar
• Wotton SB, Gregory NG. 1986. Pig slaughtering procedures: time to loss of brain responsiveness after exsanguination or cardiac arrest. Res Vet Sci. 40(2):148–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zivotofsky AZ. 2012. Government regulations of Shechita (Jewish religious slaughter) in the twenty-first century: are they ethical? J Agric Environ Ethics. 25:747–763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zivotofsky AZ, Strous RD. 2012. A perspective on the electrical stunning of animals: are there lessons to be learned from human electro-convulsive therapy (ECT)? Meat Sci. 90(4):956–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulkifli I, Goh YM, Norbaiyah B, Sazili AQ, Lotfi M, Soleimani AF, Small AH. 2013. Changes in blood parameters and electroencephalogram of cattle as affected by different stunning and slaughter methods in cattle. Anim Prod Sci. 54(2):187–193.
   Google Scholar