2,065
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Adoption of adaptation protocols and feed additives to improve performance of feedlot cattle

, &
Pages 282-299 | Received 02 Jun 2022, Accepted 13 Mar 2023, Published online: 31 Mar 2023

References

  • Adesogan AT, Ma ZX, Romero JJ, Arriola KG. 2014. Ruminant nutrition symposium: improving cell wall digestion and animal performance with fibrolytic enzymes. J Anim Sci. 92(4):1317–1330. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-7273.
  • Allen MS. 1997. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. J Dairy Sci. 80(7):1447–1462. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76074-0.
  • Allison MJ, Bucklin JA, Dougherty RW. 1964. Ruminal changes after overfeeding with wheat and the effect of intraruminal inoculation on adaptation to a ration containing wheat. J Anim Sci. 23(4):1164–1171. doi:10.2527/jas1964.2341164x.
  • Asanuma N, Hino T. 2002. Regulation of fermentation in a ruminal bacterium,streptococcus bovis, with special reference to rumen acidosis. Anim Sci J. 73(5):313–325. doi:10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00044.x.
  • Asanuma N, Iwamoto M, Hino T. 1999. Structure and transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding pyruvate formate-lyase of a ruminal bacterium, streptococcus bovis. Microbiology (Reading). 145(Pt 1):151–157. doi:10.1099/13500872-145-1-151.
  • Ávila SC, Kozloski GV, Orlandi T, Mezzomo MP, Stefanello S. 2015. Impact of a tannin extract on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow of amino acids in steers Fed maize silage and concentrate containing soybean meal or canola meal as protein source. J Agric Sci. 153(5):943–953. doi:10.1017/s0021859615000064.
  • Bannink A, France J, Lopez S, Gerrits WJJ, Kebreab E, Tamminga S, Dijkstra J. 2008. Modelling the implications of feeding strategy on rumen fermentation and functioning of the rumen wall. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 143(1-4):3–26. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.002.
  • Barducci RS, Sarti LMN, Millen DD, Putarov TC, Franzói MCS, Ribeiro FA, et al. 2019. Restricted versus step-up dietary adaptation in Nellore bulls: effects over periods of 9 and 14 days on feedlot performance, feeding behavior and rumen morphometrics. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 247:222–233. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.11.012.
  • Bartle SJ, Preston RL. 1992. Roughage level and limited maximum intake regimens for feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 70(11):3293–3303. doi:10.2527/1992.70113293x.
  • Beauchemin KA, Colombatto D, Morgavi DP, Yang WZ, Rode LM. 2004. Mode of action of exogenous cell wall degrading enzymes for ruminants. Can J Anim Sci. 84(1):13–22. doi:10.4141/a02-102.
  • Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ, Rode LM. 2001. Effects of barley grain processing on the site and extent of digestion of beef feedlot finishing diets. J Anim Sci. 79(7):1925–1936. doi:10.2527/2001.7971925x.
  • Beauchemin KA, Yang WZ. 2005. Effects of physically effective fiber on intake, chewing activity, and ruminal acidosis for dairy cows Fed diets based on corn silage. J Dairy Sci. 88(6):2117–2129. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72888-5.
  • Benatti JMB, Alves Neto JA, de Oliveira IM, de Resende FD, Siqueira GR. 2017. Effect of increasing monensin sodium levels in diets with virginiamycin on the finishing of Nellore cattle. Anim Sci J. 88(11):1709–1714. doi:10.1111/asj.12831.
  • Berchielli TTP, Pires AV, Oliveira SG. 2006. Nutrição De Ruminantes. Jaboticabal: FUNEP. 583 p.
  • Berger LL, Ricke SC, Fahey GC. 1981. Comparison of Two forms and two levels of lasalocid with monensin on feedlot cattle performance. J Anim Sci. 53(6):1440–1445. doi:10.2527/jas1982.5361440x.
  • Besharati M, Maggiolino A, Palangi V, Kaya A, Jabbar M, Eseceli H, De Palo P, Lorenzo JM. 2022. Tannin in ruminant nutrition: review. Molecules. 27(23):8273. doi:10.3390/molecules27238273.
  • Bevans DW, Beauchemin KA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA. 2005. Effect of rapid or gradual grain adaptation on subacute acidosis and feed intake by feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 83(5):1116–1132. doi:10.2527/2005.8351116x.
  • Bierman SP, Pritchard RH. 1996. Effect of feed delivery management on yearling steer performance. South Dakota Beef Report. South Dakota: South Dakota State University. p. 96–5.
  • Blanch M, Calsamiglia S, DiLorenzo N, DiCostanzo A, Muetzel S, Wallace RJ. 2009. Physiological changes in rumen fermentation during acidosis induction and its control using a multivalent polyclonal antibody preparation in heifers. J Anim Sci. 87(5):1722–1730. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1184.
  • Blaxter K. 1962. The energy metabolism of ruminants. In: Blaxter K, editor. The energy metabolism of ruminants. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; p. 197–200.
  • Britton RS, Stock R. 1989. Acidosis: a continual problem in cattle fed high grain diets. Proc Cornell Nutr Conf Feed Manuf. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ p. 8–15.
  • Brown MS, Ponce CH, Pulikanti R. 2006. Adaptation of beef cattle to high-concentrate diets: performance and ruminal metabolism. J Anim Sci. 84(Suppl):E25–E33. doi:10.2527/2006.8413_supple25x.
  • Burrin DG, Stock RA, Britton RA. 1988. Monensin level during grain adaptation and finishing performance in cattle. J Anim Sci. 66(2):513–521. doi:10.2527/jas1988.662513x.
  • Caetano M, Goulart RS, Silva SL, Drouillard JS, Leme PR, Lanna DP. 2015. Effect of flint corn processing method and roughage level on finishing performance of Nellore-based cattle. J Anim Sci. 93(8):4023–4033. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9051.
  • Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo PW, Castillejos L, Ferret A. 2007. Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J Dairy Sci. 90(6):2580–2595. doi:10.3168/jds.2006-644.
  • Carrasco R, Arrizon AA, Plascencia A, Torrentera NG, Zinn RA. 2013. Comparative feeding value of distillers dried grains plus solubles as a partial replacement for steam-flaked corn in diets for calf-Fed Holstein steers: characteristics of digestion, growth performance, and dietary energetics. J Anim Sci. 91(4):1801–1810. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-5260.
  • Carulla JE, Kreuzer M, Machmüller A, Hess HD. 2005. Supplementation of acacia mearnsii tannins decreases methanogenesis and urinary nitrogen in forage-Fed sheep. Aust J Agric Res. 56(9):961–970. doi:10.1071/ar05022.
  • Casey NW RH, Meissner HH. 1994. Feedlot growth performance of steers on salinomycin, monensin and a daily rotation between the Two. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 65(4):160–163.
  • Cassiano ECO, Junior FP, Barros TA, Marino CT, Pacheco RDL, Ferreira FA, et al. 2021. Evaluation of liquid and powdered forms of polyclonal antibody preparation against Streptococcus bovis and fusobacterium necrophorum in cattle adapted or Not adapted to highly fermentable carbohydrate diets. Anim Biosci. 34(1):74–84. doi:10.5713/ajas.19.0761.
  • Castillo C, Benedito JL, Méndez J, Pereira V, López-Alonso M, Miranda M, et al. 2004. Organic acids as a substitute for monensin in diets for beef cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 115(1-2):101–116. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.02.001.
  • Chao SC, Young DG, Oberg CJ. 2011. Screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on selected bacteria, fungi and viruses. J Essential Oil Res. 12(5):639–649. doi:10.1080/10412905.2000.9712177.
  • Cheng KJ, McAllister TA, Popp JD, Hristov AN, Mir Z, Shin HT. 1998. A review of bloat in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 76(1):299–308. doi:10.2527/1998.761299x.
  • Cocito C. 1979. Antibiotics of the virginiamycin family, inhibitors which contain synergistic components. Microbiol Rev. 43(2):145–192. doi:10.1128/mr.43.2.145-192.1979.
  • Corona L, Owens FN, Zinn RA. 2006. Impact of corn vitreousness and processing on site and extent of digestion by feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 84(11):3020–3031. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-603.
  • Correa CE, Shaver RD, Pereira MN, Lauer JG, Kohn K. 2002. Relationship between corn vitreousness and ruminal in situ starch degradability. J Dairy Sci. 85(11):3008–3012. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74386-5.
  • Counotte GH, Prins RA, Janssen RH, Debie MJ. 1981. Role of Megasphaera elsdenii in the fermentation of Dl-[2-C]lactate in the rumen of dairy cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol. 42(4):649–655. doi:10.1128/aem.42.4.649-655.1981.
  • Cruz OTB, Valero MV, Zawadzki F, Rivaroli DC, do Prado RM, Lima BS, do Prado IN. 2016. Effect of glycerine and essential oils (anacardium occidentaleandricinus communis)on animal performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of crossbred bulls finished in a feedlot system. Ital J Anim Sci. 13(4):3492. doi:10.4081/ijas.2014.3492.
  • Delfino J, Mathison GW, Smith MW. 1988. Effect of lasalocid on feedlot performance and energy partitioning in cattle. J Anim Sci. 66(1):136–150. doi:10.2527/jas1988.661136x.
  • Depenbusch BE, Drouillard JS, Loe ER, Higgins JJ, Corrigan ME, Quinn MJ. 2008. Efficacy of monensin and tylosin in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn with and without corn Wet distillers grains with solubles. J Anim Sci. 86(9):2270–2276. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0017.
  • DiLorenzo N, Dahlen CR, Diez-Gonzalez F, Lamb GC, Larson JE, DiCostanzo A. 2008. Effects of feeding polyclonal antibody preparations on rumen fermentation patterns, performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 86(11):3023–3032. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-0859.
  • DiLorenzo N, Diez-Gonzalez F, DiCostanzo A. 2006. Effects of feeding polyclonal antibody preparations on ruminal bacterial populations and ruminal Ph of steers Fed high-grain diets. J Anim Sci. 84(8):2178–2185. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-489.
  • DiLorenzo N, Galyean ML. 2010. Applying technology with newer feed ingredients in feedlot diets: Do the Old paradigms apply? J Anim Sci. 88(13 Suppl):E123-32. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-2362.
  • DiLorenzo N, Smith DR, Quinn MJ, May ML, Ponce CH, Steinberg W, et al. 2011. Effects of grain processing and supplementation with exogenous amylase on nutrient digestibility in feedlot diets. Livestock Science. 137(1-3):178–184. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.11.003.
  • Dorman HJ, Deans SG. 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol. 88(2):308–316. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x.
  • Duffield TF, Merrill JK, Bagg RN. 2012. Meta-ANALYSIS of the effects of monensin in beef cattle on feed efficiency, body weight gain, and dry matter intake. J Anim Sci. 90(12):4583–4592. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-5018.
  • Ebert PJ, Bailey EA, Shreck AL, Jennings JS, Cole NA. 2017. Effect of condensed tannin extract supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen balance, Gas emissions, and energetic losses of beef steers. J Anim Sci. 95(3):1345–1355. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.0341.
  • Edwards JE, Bequette BJ, McKain N, McEwan NR, Wallace RJ. 2005. Influence of flavomycin on microbial numbers, microbial metabolism and gut tissue protein turnover in the digestive tract of sheep. Br J Nutr. 94(1):64–70. doi:10.1079/bjn20051444.
  • Elghandour MMY, Kholif AE, Hernández J, Mariezcurrena MD, López S, Camacho LM, et al. 2016. Influence of the addition of exogenous xylanase with or without Pre-incubation on the in vitro ruminal fermentation of three fibrous feeds. Czech J Anim Sci. 61(6):262–272. doi:10.17221/52/2015-cjas.
  • Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Kebreab E, Hook SE, Archibeque S, et al. 2012. Quantifying the effect of monensin dose on the rumen volatile fatty acid profile in high-grain-Fed beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 90(8):2717–2726. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-3966.
  • Erasmus LJ, Muya C, Erasmus S, Coertze RF, Catton DG. 2008. Effect of virginiamycin and monensin supplementation on performance of multiparous Holstein cows. Livestock Sci. 119(1-3):107–115. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.005.
  • Estevam DD, Pereira IC, Rigueiro ALN, Perdigao A, da Costa CF, Rizzieri RA, et al. 2020. Feedlot performance and rumen morphometrics of Nellore cattle adapted to high-concentrate diets over periods of 6, 9, 14 and 21 days. Animal. 14(11):2298–2307. doi:10.1017/S1751731120001147.
  • Fraga-Corral M, Garcia-Oliveira P, Pereira AG, Lourenco-Lopes C, Jimenez-Lopez C, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J. 2020. Technological application of tannin-based extracts. Molecules. 25(3):614. doi:10.3390/molecules25030614.
  • Galyean MG, Gleghorn JF. 2002. Summary of the 2000 Texas Tech University Consulting Nutritionist Survey. Plains Nutr Council Spring Conf Publ No Arec 05-20 Amarillo.: Texas A&M Research and Extension Center. p. 1–10.
  • Gibb DJ, Moustafa SMS, Wiedmeier RD, McAllister TA. 2001. Effect of salinomycin or monensin on performance and feeding behavior of cattle fed wheat- or barley-based diets. Can J Anim Sci. 81(2):253–261. doi:10.4141/a00-057.
  • Gill HS, Shu Q, Leng RA. 2000. Immunization with streptococcus bovis protects against lactic acidosis in sheep. Vaccine. 18(23):2541–2548. doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00017-7.
  • Golder HM, Lean IJ. 2016. A meta-analysis of lasalocid effects on rumen measures, beef and dairy performance, and carcass traits in cattle. J Anim Sci. 94(1):306–326. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9694.
  • Grainger C, Clarke T, Auldist MJ, Beauchemin KA, McGinn SM, Waghorn GC, et al. 2009. Potential Use of acacia mearnsii condensed tannins to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from grazing dairy cows. Can J Anim Sci. 89(2):241–251. doi:10.4141/cjas08110.
  • Guan H, Wittenberg KM, Ominski KH, Krause DO. 2006. Efficacy of ionophores in cattle diets for mitigation of enteric methane. J Anim Sci. 84(7):1896–1906. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-652.
  • Habib K, Drouillard J, de Aguiar Veloso V, Huynh G, Trinetta V, Gragg SE. 2022. The Use of probiotic megasphaera elsdenii as a Pre-harvest intervention to reduce salmonella in finishing beef cattle: An in vitro model. Microorganisms. 10(7):1400. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10071400.
  • Hagerman A. 2012. Fifty years of polyphenol-protein complexes. In: Véronique Cheynier PS-M, Stéphane Quideau, editor. Recent advances in polyphenol research. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Wiley and Sons; p. 71–97.
  • Hales KE, Wells JE, Berry ED, Kalchayanand N, Bono JL, Kim M. 2017. The effects of monensin in diets Fed to finishing beef steers and heifers on growth performance and fecal shedding of escherichia coli O157:H7. J Anim Sci. 95(8):3738–3744. doi:10.2527/jas.2017.1528.
  • He ZX, He ML, Walker ND, McAllister TA, Yang WZ. 2014. Using a fibrolytic enzyme in barley-based diets containing wheat dried distillers grains with solubles: ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and growth performance of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 92(9):3978–3987. doi:10.2527/jas.2014-7707.
  • He ZX, Walker ND, McAllister TA, Yang WZ. 2015. Effect of wheat dried distillers grains with solubles and fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, growth performance, and feeding behavior of beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 93(3):1218–1228. doi:10.2527/jas.2014-8412.
  • Helander IM, Alakomi H-L, Latva-Kala K, Mattila-Sandholm T, Pol I, Smid EJ, et al. 1998. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria. J Agric Food Chem. 46(9):3590–3595. doi:10.1021/jf980154m.
  • Hino T, Kuroda S. 1993. Presence of lactate dehydrogenase and lactate racemase in Megasphaera elsdenii grown on glucose or lactate. Appl Environ Microbiol. 59(1):255–259. doi:10.1128/aem.59.1.255-259.1993.
  • Hofmann R. 1988. Morphophysiological evolutionary adaptations of the ruminant digestive system. In: Marjorie JD, editor. Comparative aspects of physiology of digestion in ruminants. Cornell Univ Press; p. 1–20.
  • Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Van Herk FH, Cheng KJ, Newbold CJ, Cheeke PR. 1999. Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers. J Anim Sci. 77(9):2554–2563. doi:10.2527/1999.7792554x.
  • Huber TC JH, Goetsch DD, Das NK. 1976. Lactic acid-utilizing bacteria in ruminal fluid of a steer adapted from Hay feeding to a high-grain ration. Am J Vet Res. 37:611–613.
  • Hungate RE, Dougherty RW, Bryant MP, Cello RM. 1952. Microbiological and physiological changes associated with acute indigestion in sheep. Cornell Vet. 42:423–447.
  • Ikemori Y, Ohta M, Umeda K, Icatlo FC, Kuroki M, Yokoyama H, et al. 1997. Passive protection of neonatal calves against bovine coronavirus-induced diarrhea by administration of Egg yolk or colostrum antibody powder. Vet Microbiol. 58(2-4):105–111. doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00144-2.
  • Janssen PH. 2010. Influence of hydrogen on rumen methane formation and fermentation balances through microbial growth kinetics and fermentation thermodynamics. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 160(1-2):1–22. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.07.002.
  • Jayanegara A, Goel G, Makkar HPS, Becker K. 2015. Divergence between purified hydrolysable and condensed tannin effects on methane emission, rumen fermentation and microbial population in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 209:60–68. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.002.
  • Johnson KA, Johnson DE. 1995. Methane emissions from cattle. J Anim Sci. 73(8):2483–2492. doi:10.2527/1995.7382483x.
  • Kelley KW, Lewin HA. 1986. Monoclonal antibodies: pragmatic application of immunology and cell biology. J Anim Sci. 63(1):288–309. doi:10.2527/jas1986.631288x.
  • Koenig KM, Beauchemin KA, McGinn SM. 2018. Feeding condensed tannins to mitigate ammonia emissions from beef feedlot cattle Fed high-protein finishing diets containing distillers grains. J Anim Sci. 96(10):4414–4430. doi:10.1093/jas/sky274.
  • Koenig KM, Beauchemin KA. 2018. Effect of feeding condensed tannins in high protein finishing diets containing corn distillers grains on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and route of nitrogen excretion in beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 96(10):4398–4413. doi:10.1093/jas/sky273.
  • Krause KM, Oetzel GR. 2006. Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 126(3-4):215–236. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.004.
  • Krueger WK, Gutierrez-Bañuelos H, Carstens GE, Min BR, Pinchak WE, Gomez RR, et al. 2010. Effects of dietary tannin source on performance, feed efficiency, ruminal fermentation, and carcass and Non-carcass traits in steers Fed a high-grain diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 159(1-2):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.05.003.
  • Lana RP, Fox DG, Russell JB, Perry TC. 1997. Influence of monensin on Holstein steers Fed high-concentrate diets containing soybean meal or urea. J Anim Sci. 75(10):2571–2579. doi:10.2527/1997.75102571x.
  • Latack BC, Buenabad L, Zinn RA. 2019. Influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and liver abscess incidence, with 2 different implant strategies in calf-Fed Holstein steers. Appl Anim Sci. 35(6):628–633. doi:10.15232/aas.2019-01894.
  • Lemos BJ, Castro FG, Santos LS, Mendonca BP, Couto VR, Fernandes JJ. 2016. Monensin, virginiamycin, and flavomycin in a No-roughage finishing diet Fed to zebu cattle. J Anim Sci. 94(10):4307–4314. doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0504.
  • Llonch L, Castillejos L, Ferret A. 2020. Increasing the content of physically effective fiber in high-concentrate diets Fed to beef heifers affects intake, sorting behavior, time spent ruminating, and rumen Ph. J Anim Sci. 98(6):skaa192. doi:10.1093/jas/skaa192.
  • Loor JJ, Elolimy AA, McCann JC. 2016. Dietary impacts on rumen microbiota in beef and dairy production. Animal Frontiers. 6(3):22–29. doi:10.2527/af.2016-0030.
  • Mader TL, Lomas LW, Rush IG. 1985. Lasalocid in liquid supplements for finishing feedlot cattle. Can J Anim Sci. 65(4):891–896. doi:10.4141/cjas85-104.
  • Maekawa M, Beauchemin KA, Christensen DA. 2002. Chewing activity, saliva production, and ruminal Ph of primiparous and multiparous lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 85(5):1176–1182. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74180-5.
  • MAPA. 2004. Ministério Da Agricultura. Departamento De Fomento E Fiscalização Da Produção Animal/Secretaria De Apoio Rural E Cooperativismo/Ministério Da Agricultura, Pecuraria E Abastecimento. Brasil: DFPA/SARC/MAPA.
  • McAllister TA, Oosting SJ, Popp JD, Mir Z, Yanke LJ, Hristov AN, et al. 1999. Effect of exogenous enzymes on digestibility of barley silage and growth performance of feedlot cattle. Can J Anim Sci. 79(3):353–360. doi:10.4141/a98-099.
  • McCann JC, Luan S, Cardoso FC, Derakhshani H, Khafipour E, Loor JJ. 2016. Induction of subacute ruminal acidosis affects the ruminal microbiome and epithelium. Front Microbiol. 7(701). doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00701.
  • McCartney E. 2002. Understanding E.U. Feed Additive Regulations and a Look into the Future. Proceedings of the Alltech’s 16th Annual European. Middle Eastern and African Lecture Tour. p. 96–107.
  • McIntosh FM, Williams P, Losa R, Wallace RJ, Beever DA, Newbold CJ. 2003. Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Appl Environ Microbiol. 69(8):5011–5014. doi:10.1128/AEM.69.8.5011-5014.2003.
  • Meale SJ, Beauchemin KA, Hristov AN, Chaves AV, McAllister TA. 2014. Board-Invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve ruminant production. J Anim Sci. 92(2):427–442. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6869.
  • Melo ACB, Pereira MCS, Rigueiro ALN, Estevam DD, Toledo AF, Assumpção AHPM, et al. 2020. Impacts of adding functional oils or sodium monensin in high-concentrate diets on performance, feeding behaviour and rumen morphometrics of finishing Nellore cattle. J Agric Sci. 158(1-2):136–142. doi:10.1017/s002185962000026x.
  • Melo LQ, Costa SF, Lopes F, Guerreiro MC, Armentano LE, Pereira MN. 2013. Rumen morphometrics and the effect of digesta Ph and volume on volatile fatty acid absorption. J Anim Sci. 91(4):1775–1783. doi:10.2527/jas.2011-4999.
  • Mendoza GD, Loera-Corral O, Plata-Perez FX, Hernandez-Garcia PA, Ramirez-Mella M. 2014. Considerations on the Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve forage utilization. Sci World J. 2014:247437. doi:10.1155/2014/247437.
  • Merchen NR, Berger LL. 1985. Effect of salinomycin level on nutrient digestibility and ruminal characteristics of sheep and feedlot performance of cattle. J Anim Sci. 60(5):1338–1346. doi:10.2527/jas1985.6051338x.
  • Mertens D. 2002. Measuring fiber and its effectiveness in ruminant diets. Proceedings of the Plains Nutrition Council Spring Meeting,. San Antonio, TX: Texas A&M Research and Extension Center Publication No. AREC 01-20. p. 40–66.
  • Meschiatti MAP, Gouvea VN, Pellarin LA, Batalha CDA, Biehl MV, Acedo TS, et al. 2019. Feeding the combination of essential oils and exogenous alpha-amylase increases performance and carcass production of finishing beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 97(1):456–471. doi:10.1093/jas/sky415.
  • Meyer NF, Erickson GE, Klopfenstein TJ, Greenquist MA, Luebbe MK, Williams P, et al. 2009. Effect of essential oils, tylosin, and monensin on finishing steer performance, carcass characteristics, liver abscesses, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility. J Anim Sci. 87(7):2346–2354. doi:10.2527/jas.2008-1493.
  • Millen DD, Pacheco RD, Arrigoni MD, Galyean ML, Vasconcelos JT. 2009. A snapshot of management practices and nutritional recommendations used by feedlot nutritionists in Brazil. J Anim Sci. 87(10):3427–3439. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1880.
  • Millen DD, Pacheco RD, DiLorenzo N, Martins CL, Marino CT, Bastos JP, et al. 2015. Effects of feeding a spray-dried multivalent polyclonal antibody preparation on feedlot performance, feeding behavior, carcass characteristics, rumenitis, and blood Gas profile of Brangus and Nellore yearling bulls. J Anim Sci. 93(9):4387–4400. doi:10.2527/jas.2015-9227.
  • Min BR, Barry TN, Attwood GT, McNabb WC. 2003. The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants Fed fresh temperate forages: A review. Animal Feed Sci Technol. 106(1-4):3–19. doi:10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00041-5.
  • Mir PS, Mir Z. 1994. Effect of live-yeast culture and lasalocid supplementation on performance of growing–finishing steers Fed alfalfa-silage, corn-silage and high-grain diets sequentially. Can J Anim Sci. 74(3):563–566. doi:10.4141/cjas94-080.
  • Missio RL, Brondani IL, Alves Filho DC, Silveira MFD, LdS F, Restle J. 2010. Ingestive behavior of feedlot finished young bulls Fed different concentrate levels in the diet. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 39(7):1571–1578. doi:10.1590/s1516-35982010000700025.
  • Montano MF, Carvalho PHV, Chirino-Romero JO, Latack BC, Salinas-Chavira J, Zinn RA. 2022. Influence of supplemental condensed tannins on initial 112-D feedlot growth-performance and characteristics of digestion of calf-Fed Holstein steers. Transl Anim Sci. 6(1):txac024. doi:10.1093/tas/txac024.
  • Montano MF, Manriquez OM, Salinas-Chavira J, Torrentera N, Zinn RA. 2014. Effects of monensin and virginiamycin supplementation in finishing diets with distiller dried grains plus solubles on growth performance and digestive function of steers. J Appl Anim Res. 43(4):417–425. doi:10.1080/09712119.2014.978785.
  • Morris FE, Branine ME, Galyean ML, Hubbert ME, Freeman AS, Lofgreen GP. 1990. Effect of rotating monensin plus tylosin and lasalocid on performance, ruminal fermentation, and site and extent of digestion in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 68(10):3069–3078. doi:10.2527/1990.68103069x.
  • Nagaraja TG, Taylor MB. 1987. Susceptibility and resistance of ruminal bacteria to antimicrobial feed additives. Appl Environ Microbiol. 53(7):1620–1625. doi:10.1128/aem.53.7.1620-1625.1987.
  • Nagaraja TG, Titgemeyer EC. 2007. Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: The current microbiological and nutritional outlook. J Dairy Sci. 90(Suppl 1):E17–E38. doi:10.3168/jds.2006-478.
  • NASEM-National Academies of Sciences E, and Medicine. 2016. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle: eighth revised edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Naumann HD, Tedeschi LO, Zeller WE, Huntley NF. 2017. The role of condensed tannins in ruminant animal production: advances. Limitations and future directions. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 46(12):929–949. doi:10.1590/s1806-92902017001200009.
  • Navarrete JD, Montano MF, Raymundo C, Salinas-Chavira J, Torrentera N, Zinn RA. 2017. Effect of energy density and virginiamycin supplementation in diets on growth performance and digestive function of finishing steers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 30(10):1396–1404. doi:10.5713/ajas.16.0826.
  • Neumann M, Ueno RK, Horst EH, Kowalski LH, Eto AK, Barcellos JOJ, et al. 2016. Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished with salinomycin in the diet. Semina: Ciências Agrárias. 37(6):4221. doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p4221.
  • Oliveira CA, Millen DD. 2014. Survey of the nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by feedlot cattle nutritionists in Brazil. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 197:64–75. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.010.
  • Orlandi T, Kozloski GV, Alves TP, Mesquita FR, Digestibility ÁS. 2015. Ruminal fermentation and duodenal flux of amino acids in steers Fed grass forage plus concentrate containing increasing levels of acacia mearnsii tannin extract. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 210:37–45. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.012.
  • Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR. 1997. The effect of grain source and grain processing on performance of feedlot cattle: A review. J Anim Sci. 75(3):868–879. doi:10.2527/1997.753868x.
  • Owens FN, Secrist DS, Hill WJ, Gill DR. 1998. Acidosis in cattle: A review. J Anim Sci. 76(1):275–286. doi:10.2527/1998.761275x.
  • Pacheco RD, Millen DD, DiLorenzo N, Martins CL, Marino CT, Fossa MV, et al. 2012. Effects of feeding a multivalent polyclonal antibody preparation on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, rumenitis, and blood Gas profile in Bos indicus biotype yearling bulls. J Anim Sci. 90(6):1898–1909. doi:10.2527/jas.2010-3521.
  • Parker DS, Tapper H, Mason H, Tuer H. 2017. The effect of inclusion of virginiamycin in feed on glucose and alanine transport by intestinal brush border membrane vesicles of sheep. Proc British Soc Anim Prod. 1972:108–108. doi:10.1017/s0308229600018894.
  • Parra FS, Ronchesel JR, Martins CL, Perdigão A, Pereira MCS, Millen DD, et al. 2019. Nellore bulls in Brazilian feedlots Can Be safely adapted to high-concentrate diets using 14-Day restriction and step-up protocols. Anim Prod Sci. 59(10):1858–1867. doi:10.1071/an18207.
  • Penner GB KA. 2010. Variation in the susceptibility to ruminal acidosis: challenge or opportunity? Advanced Dairy Technol. 22:173–187.
  • Penner GB, Aschenbach JR, Gabel G, Rackwitz R, Oba M. 2009. Epithelial capacity for apical uptake of short chain fatty acids Is a Key determinant for intraruminal Ph and the susceptibility to subacute ruminal acidosis in sheep. J Nutr. 139(9):1714–1720. doi:10.3945/jn.109.108506.
  • Perdigao A, Millen DD, Brichi ALC, Vicari DVF, Franzoi MCS, Barducci RS, et al. 2018. Effects of restricted vs. step up dietary adaptation for 6 or 9 days on feedlot performance, feeding behaviour, ruminal and blood variables of Nellore cattle. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 102(1):224–234. doi:10.1111/jpn.12681.
  • Pereira MCS, Dellaqua JVT, Sousa OA, Santi PF, Felizari LD, Reis BQ, Pinto ACJ, Bertoldi GP, Silvestre AM, Watanabe DHM, et al. 2020. Feedlot performance, feeding behavior, carcass and rumen morphometrics characteristics of Nellore cattle submitted to strategic diets prior the adaptation period. Livestock Science. 234:103985. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103985.
  • Philippeau C, Michalet-Doreau B. 1998. Influence of genotype and ensiling of corn grain on in situ degradation of starch in the rumen. J Dairy Sci. 81(8):2178–2184. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75796-0.
  • Pinto ACJ, Millen DD, Plaizier J. 2019. Nutritional recommendations and management practices adopted by feedlot cattle nutritionists: The 2016 Brazilian survey. Can J Anim Sci. 99(2):392–407. doi:10.1139/cjas-2018-0031.
  • Plaizier JC, Li S, Danscher AM, Derakshani H, Andersen PH, Khafipour E. 2017. Changes in microbiota in rumen digesta and feces Due to a grain-based subacute ruminal acidosis (sara) challenge. Microb Ecol. 74(2):485–495. doi:10.1007/s00248-017-0940-z.
  • Rigueiro ALN, Pereira MCS, Squizatti MM, Ferreira MM, Dondé SC, Luiz FP, Silvestre AM, Muller LR, Garcia CP, Bueno APD, et al. 2020. Different combinations of sodium monensin and virginiamycin during feedlot finishing of Nellore cattle. Anim Prod Sci. 60(8):1061–1072. doi:10.1071/an18657.
  • Rigueiro ALN, Squizatti MM, Silvestre AM, Pinto ACJ, Estevam DD, Felizari LD, Dias EFF, Demartini BL, Nunes ABPC, Costa VCM, et al. 2021. The potential of shortening the adaptation of Nellore cattle to high-concentrate diets using only virginiamycin as sole feed additive. Front Vet Sci. 8:692705. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.692705.
  • Rivaroli DC, Guerrero A, Velandia Valero M, Zawadzki F, Eiras CE, Campo MDM, et al. 2016. Effect of essential oils on meat and Fat qualities of crossbred young bulls finished in feedlots. Meat Sci. 121:278–284. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.06.017.
  • Rivera-Méndez C, Plascencia A, Torrentera N, Zinn RA. 2016. Effect of level and source of supplemental tannin on growth performance of steers during the late finishing phase. J Appl Anim Res. 45(1):199–203. doi:10.1080/09712119.2016.1141776.
  • Rodrigues É, Arrigoni MDB, Andrade CRM, Martins CL, Millen DD, Parra FS, et al. 2013. Performance, carcass characteristics and gain cost of feedlot cattle Fed a high level of concentrate and different feed additives. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 42(1):61–69. doi:10.1590/s1516-35982013000100009.
  • Rogers JA, Branine ME, Miller CR, Wray MI, Bartle SJ, Preston RL, et al. 1995. Effects of dietary virginiamycin on performance and liver abscess incidence in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 73(1):9–20. doi:10.2527/1995.7319.
  • Romero JJ, Zarate MA, Arriola KG, Gonzalez CF, Silva-Sanchez C, Staples CR, et al. 2015. Screening exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparations for improved in vitro digestibility of bermudagrass haylage. J Dairy Sci. 98(4):2555–2567. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8059.
  • Russell JR, Hino T. 1985. Regulation of lactate production in streptococcus bovis: A spiraling effect that contributes to rumen acidosis. J Dairy Sci. 68(7):1712–1721. doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81017-1.
  • Salinas-Chavira J, Barreras A, Plascencia A, Montano MF, Navarrete JD, Torrentera N, et al. 2016. Influence of protein nutrition and virginiamycin supplementation on feedlot growth performance and digestive function of calf-Fed Holstein steers. J Anim Sci. 94(10):4276–4286. doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0576.
  • Salinas-Chavira J, Lenin J, Ponce E, Sanchez U, Torrentera N, Zinn RA. 2009. Comparative effects of virginiamycin supplementation on characteristics of growth-performance, dietary energetics, and digestion of calf-Fed Holstein steers. J Anim Sci. 87(12):4101–4108. doi:10.2527/jas.2009-1959.
  • Samuelson KL, Hubbert ME, Galyean ML, Loest CA. 2016. Nutritional recommendations of feedlot consulting nutritionists: The 2015 New Mexico state and Texas tech university survey. J Anim Sci. 94(6):2648–2663. doi:10.2527/jas.2016-0282.
  • Shimizu M, Fitzsimmons RC, Nakai S. 1988. Anti-E. coli lmmunoglobulin Y isolated from Egg yolk of immunized chickens as a potential food ingredient. Journal of Food Science. 53(5):1360–1368. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb09277.x.
  • Shu Q, Gill HS, Hennessy DW, Leng RA, Bird SH, Rowe JB. 1999. Immunisation against lactic acidosis in cattle. Res Vet Sci. 67(1):65–71. doi:10.1053/rvsc.1998.0284.
  • Silva APS, Zotti CA, Carvalho RF, Corte RR, Cônsolo NRB, e Silva SDL, et al. 2019. Effect of replacing antibiotics with functional oils following an abrupt transition to high-concentrate diets on performance and carcass traits of Nellore cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 247:53–62. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.015.
  • Silvestre AM, Millen DD. 2021. The 2019 Brazilian survey on nutritional practices provided by feedlot cattle consulting nutritionists. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 50:e20200189. doi:10.37496/rbz5020200189.
  • Souza JM, Souza JCSM, Sousa DO, Del Valle TA, Ghizzi LG, Alcântara AHD, et al. 2021. The effects of compound treatment of aspergillus oryzae and fibrolytic enzyme on in vitro degradation, Gas production and fermentative profile of maize silage and sugarcane silage. J Agric Sci. 159(1-2):147–158. doi:10.1017/s002185962100037x.
  • Stock RA, Laudert SB, Stroup WW, Larson EM, Parrott JC, Britton RA. 1995. Effect of monensin and monensin and tylosin combination on feed intake variation of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 73(1):39–44. doi:10.2527/1995.73139x.
  • Stone WC. 2004. Nutritional approaches to minimize subacute ruminal acidosis and laminitis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 87:E13–E26. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70057-0.
  • Therion JJ, Kistner A, Kornelius JH. 1982. Effect of Ph on growth rates of rumen amylolytic and lactilytic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 44(2):428–434. doi:10.1128/aem.44.2.428-434.1982.
  • 23rd CoS. 2003. [Decision No. 1786/Ec of the European parliament and of the council of September 23rd, concerning the adoption of a program of community action in the field of public health (2003-2008)]. An Sist Sanit Navar. 26(1):109–119. doi:10.23938/ASSN.0466.
  • USDA. 2022. United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. BR2022-0054. Brasilia: Livestock and Products Annual, p.35.
  • Vakili AR, Khorrami B, Mesgaran MD, Parand E. 2013. The effects of thyme and cinnamon essential oils on performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in Holstein calves consuming high concentrate diet. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 26(7):935–944. doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.12636.
  • Van Soest PJ. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
  • Volke F, Waschipky R, Pampel A, Donnerstag A, Lantzsch G, Pfeiffer H, et al. 1997. Characterisation of antibiotic moenomycin a interaction with phospholipid model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids. 85(2):115–123. doi:10.1016/s0009-3084(96)02649-7.
  • Wallace RJ, McEwan NR, McIntosh FM, Teferedegne B, Newbold CJ. 2002. Natural products as manipulators of rumen fermentation. Asian-Australasian J Anim Sci. 15(10):1458–1468. doi:10.5713/ajas.2002.1458.
  • Watanabe DHM, Bertoldi GP, Dos Santos AA, da Silva Filho WI, de Oliveira LFR, Pinto ACJ, et al. 2022. Growth performance and rumen morphometrics of Nellore and (1/2) Angus/Nellore feedlot cattle adapted over 9 and 14 days to high-concentrate diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 106(1):12–23. doi:10.1111/jpn.13542.
  • Weiss CP, Gentry WW, Meredith CM, Meyer BE, Cole NA, Tedeschi LO, et al. 2017. Effects of roughage inclusion and particle size on digestion and ruminal fermentation characteristics of beef steers. J Anim Sci. 95(4):1707–1714. doi:10.2527/jas.2016.1330.
  • Wolin MJ. 1960. A theoretical rumen fermentation balance. Journal of Dairy Science. 43(10):1452–1459. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(60)90348-9.
  • Ye H, Liu J, Feng P, Zhu W, Mao S. 2016. Grain-Rich diets altered the colonic fermentation and mucosa-associated bacterial communities and induced mucosal injuries in goats. Sci Rep. 6:20329. doi:10.1038/srep20329.
  • Zeoula LM, Beleze JRF, Geron LJV, Maeda EM, Prado IND, Paula MCD. 2008. Digestibilidade parcial E total De rações Com a inclusão De ionóforo Ou probiótico para bubalinos E bovinos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 37(3):563–571. doi:10.1590/s1516-35982008000300023.
  • Zinn RA, Alvarez EG, Montano MF, Ramirez JE. 2000. Interaction of protein nutrition and laidlomycin on feedlot growth performance and digestive function in Holstein steers. J Anim Sci. 78(7):1768–1778. doi:10.2527/2000.7871768x.
  • Zinn RA, Borques JL. 1993. Influence of sodium bicarbonate and monensin on utilization of a Fat-supplemented, high-energy growing-finishing diet by feedlot steers. J Anim Sci. 71(1):18–25. doi:10.2527/1993.71118x.
  • Zinn RA. 1986. Effect of salinomycin supplementation on characteristics of digestion and feedlot performance of cattle. J Anim Sci. 63(6):1996–2004. doi:10.2527/jas1986.6361996x.
  • Zinn RA. 1987. Influence of lasalocid and monensin plus tylosin on comparative feeding value of steam-flaked versus dry-rolled corn in diets for feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 65(1):256–266. doi:10.2527/jas1987.651256x.
  • Zotti CA, Silva AP, Carvalho R, Marino CT, Rodrigues PHM, Silva LFP, et al. 2017. Monensin and a blend of castor oil and cashew nut shell liquid used in a high-concentrate diet abruptly fed to Nellore cattle. J Anim Sci. 95(9):4124–4138. doi:10.2527/jas2017.1580.