An Investigation of Imagery, Intrinsic Motivation, Self-efficacy and Performance in Athletes

References

• Adams JS1965. Inequity in social exchange. In: L Berkowitz (Ed.): Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Volume 2. New York: Academic Press, pp. 267-299.
   Google Scholar
• Afzal H, Imran A, Aslam KM, Kashif H 2010. A study of university students’ motivation and its Relationship with their academic performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5 (4): 80–88.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadi M, Namazizadeh M, Mokhtari P 2012. Perceived motivational climate, basic psychological needs and self determined motivation in youth male athletes. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16 (9): 1189–1195.
   Google Scholar
• Akandere M, Bastug G, Akdogan Z 2009. The effects of the social environment and economical state on their towards sports in the male marathon racers. Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 22: 459–466.
   Google Scholar
• Aldemir YG, Bicer T, Kale EK 2014. The effect of imagery interventions on problem solving skill in elite athletes. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 5 (2): 37–45.
   Google Scholar
• Alderfer CP 1972. Existence, Relatedness, and Growth: Human Needs in Organizational Settings. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Altintas A, Akalan C 2008. Mental training and high performance. Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 6 (1): 39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Amorose AJ, Horn TS 2000. Intrinsic motivation: relationships with collegiate athletes’ gender, scholarship status, and perceptions of their coaches’ Behavior. J Sport Exercise Psy, 22: 63–84.
   Google Scholar
• Badami R, Vaez Mousavi M, Wulf G, Namazizadeh M 2011. Feedback after good versus poor trials affects intrinsic motivation. Res Q Exercise Sport, 82 (2): 360–364.
   Google Scholar
• Banack HR, Sabiston CM, Bloom GA 2011. Coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation of paralympic athletes. Res Q Exercise Sport, 82 (4): 722–730.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura A 1978. The self-system in reciprocal determinism. Am Psycho, 33 (4): 344–358.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura A 1977. Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying Theory of behavior change. Psychol Rev, 84 (2): 191–215.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura A 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura A 1989. Social cognitive theory. In: R Vasta (Ed.): Annals of Child Development. Volume 6. Greenwich, C. T.: Jai Press Ltd., pp. 1-60.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura A 1993.Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educ Psychol, 28 (2): 117–148.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura A 2011. Social Cognitive Theory and Media Production. In Using the Media to Achieve Reproductive Health and Gender Equity (pp. 30-38). Shelburne, VT: Population Media Center. From http://www.populationmedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/unfpa-english-web-ready-low-res.pdf (Retrieved on 17 May 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Bandura A 1997. Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Banks J, Mhunpiew N 2012. Authentic leadership, Social cognitive theory, and character education: The transforming of theories into practices. US-China Education Review B, 12: 1002–1006.
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Eli M, Dreshman R, Blumenstein B, Weinstein Y 2001. The effect of mental training with biofeed-back on the performance of young swimmers. Appl Psychol-Int Rev, 51 (4): 567–581.
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp M, Bray S, Albinson J 2002. Precompeti-tive imagery, self-efficacy and performance in collegiate golfers. J Sport Sci, 20 (9): 697–705.
   Google Scholar
• Bong M 2001. Role of self-efficacy and task-value in predicting college students’ course performance and future enrollment intentions. Contemp Educ Psychol, 26 (4): 553–570.
   Google Scholar
• Bouffard-Bouchard T 1989. Influence of self-efficacy on performance in a cognitive task. J Soc Psycho, 130 (3): 353–363.
   Google Scholar
• Broeck A, Vansteenkiste M, Witte H, Soenens B, Lens W 2010. Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial Validation of the Work related Basic Need Satisfaction scale. J Occup Organ Psych, 83 (4): 981–1002.
   Google Scholar
• Brouwers A, Tomic W 2000. A longitudinal study of teacher burnout and perceived self-efficacy in class-room management. Teach Teach Educ, 16 (2): 239–253.
   Google Scholar
• Caliskan S, Selcuk GS, Ozcan 0 2010. Self-efficacy Beliefs of physics student teachers’: Effects of gender, class level and academic achievement. Kastamonu Education Journal, 18 (2): 449-466.
   Google Scholar
• Canpolat AM, Cetinkalp ZK 2011. Relationship Between perception of success and self-efficacy of secondary school student-athlete. Selcuk University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 13 (1): 14–19.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter WB 1894. Principles of Mental Physiology. 41h Edition. New York: Appleton.
   Google Scholar
• Carter L 2013. Running in the Zone: Mental Toughness, Imagery, and Flow in First Time Marathon Runners. PhD Thesis, Philadelphia: Temple University.
   Google Scholar
• Church AT, Katigbak MS, Locke KD, Zhang H, Shen J, de Jesus Vargas-Flores J et al. 2013. Need satisfAction and well-being testing self-determination Theory in eight cultures. J Cross Cult Psychol, 44 (4): 507-534.
   Google Scholar
• Cicek D 2005. Motivation and Quality of Work Life (QWL) in Organizations: A Research About by Determining the Motivation Level of Managers in Public Organization and Developing Their QWL. PhD Thesis. Turkey: Cukurova University.
   Google Scholar
• De Pero R, Minganti C, Pesce C, Capranica L, Piacentini MF 2013. The relationships between Precompetition anxiety, self-efficacy, and fear of injury in elite team gym athletes. Kinesiology, 45 (1): 63–72.
   Google Scholar
• Deci EL, Ryan RM 2008. Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Can Psychol, 49 (3): 182–185.
   Google Scholar
• Deci EL, Ryan RM 2000. The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-Determination of behavior. Psychoanal Inq, 11 (4): 227–268.
   Google Scholar
• Deci EL, Ryan RM 1985. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• DeFreese JD, Smith AL 2013. Teammate social Support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc, 14 (2): 258–265.
   Google Scholar
• Dysvik A, Kuvaas B 2011. Intrinsic motivation as a moderator on the relationship between perceived job autonomy and work performance. Eur J Work Organ Psy, 20 (3): 367–387.
   Google Scholar
• Emir S, Kanli E 2009. Examining primary school Teachers’ strategies to attain students’ motivation. Hasan Ali Yficel Egitim Fakfiltesi Dergisi, 12 (2): 63–79.
   Google Scholar
• Giacobbi Jr PR, Hausenblas HA, Penfield RD 2005. Further refinements in the measurement of exercise imagery: The exercise imagery inventory. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 9 (4): 251–266.
   Google Scholar
• Gillet N, Vallerand RJ, Amoura S, Baldes B 2010. Influence of coaches’ autonomy support on athletes’ motivation and sport performance: A test of the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Psychol Sport Exerc, 11 (2): 155–161.
   Google Scholar
• Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NL 2007. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Exercise and Sport. Champaigne, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Hall CR, Mack D, Paivio A, Hausenblas H 1998. Imagery use by athletes: Development of the sport Imagery questionnaire. Int J Sport Psychol, 29 (1): 73–89.
   Google Scholar
• Hall CR, Munroe-Chandler KJ, Cumming J, Law B, Ramsey R, Murphy L 2009. Imagery and observational learning use and their relationship to sport confidence. J Sport Sci, 27 (4): 327–337.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison AW, Rainer RK, Hochwarter WA, Hompson KR 1997. Testing the self-efficacy-performance linkage of social-cognitive theory. J Soc Psychol, 137 (1): 79–87.
   Google Scholar
• Heider F 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Henson RK, Kogan LR, Vacha-Haase T 2001. A reliability generalization study of the teacher efficacy scale and related instruments. Educ Psychol Meas, 61 (3): 404–420.
   Google Scholar
• Hepler T, Chase MA 2008. Relationship between Decision-making self-efficacy, task self-efficacy, and the performance of a sport skill. J Sport Sci, 26 (6): 603–610.
   Google Scholar
• Herzberg Fredrick 1966. Work and the Nature of Man. New York: World Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hollembeak J, Amorose AJ 2005. Perceived coaching behaviors and college athletes’ intrinsic motivation: A test of self-determination theory. J Appl Sport Psychol, 17 (1): 20–36.
   Google Scholar
• Hull CL 1951. Essentials of Behavior New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ikizler C, Karagozoglu C 1997. Sporda Basarinin Psikolojisi. 3rd Edition. Turkey: Alfa Basim Yayim Dagitim.
   Google Scholar
• Ingledew DK, Markland D, Medley AR 1998. Exercise motives and stages of change. J Health Psychol, 3 (4): 477–489.
   Google Scholar
• Jeannerod M 1994. The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behav Brain Sci, 17 (02): 187–202.
   Google Scholar
• Jenny 0, Munroe-Chandler KJ, Hall CR, Hall ND 2014. Using motivational generalmastery imagery to improve the self-efficacy of youth squash players. J Appl Sport Psychol, 26 (1): 66-81.
   Google Scholar
• Jones L, Viamontes GI 2010. Practical applications of mind-body phenomena: The modulation of motor performance by action visualization. Psychiat Ann, 40 (8): 381–387.
   Google Scholar
• Kanthack TFD, Bigliassi M, Vieira LF, Altimari LR 2014. Acute effect of motor imagery on basketball players’ free throw performance and self-efficacy. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria and Desempenho Humano, 16 (1): 47–57.
   Google Scholar
• Karageorghis CI, Terry PC 2010. Inside Sport Psychology. Champaign/USA: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Kazak Z 2004. A study on reliability and validity of “The sport motivation scale-SMS-” for Turkish athletes. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 15 (4): 191–206.
   Google Scholar
• Keegan R, Spray C, Harwood C, Lavallee D 2010. The motivational atmosphere in youth sport: Coach, parent, and peer influences on motivation in Specializing sport participants. J Appl Sport Psychol, 22 (1): 87–105.
   Google Scholar
• Kiremit HO, Gokler I 2010. Comparison of preservice science teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs in teaching biology. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 27: 41–54.
   Google Scholar
• Kizildag E 2007. Imagery types of athletes from different sports. Master Thesis. Turkey: Mersin University.
   Google Scholar
• Konter E 1995. Sporda Motivasyon. Izmir/Turkey: Saray Medical Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lane A, Hall R, Lane J 2004. Self-efficacy and statistics performance among sport studies students. Teach High Educ, 9 (4): 435–448.
   Google Scholar
• Lane AM, Devonport TJ, Milton KE, Williams LC 2003. Self-efficacy and dissertation performance among sport students. J Hosp Leis Sport To, 2 (2): 59–66.
   Google Scholar
• Lang PJ 1977. Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behav Ther, 8 (5): 862–886.
   Google Scholar
• Leaper C, Friedman CK 2007. The socialization of Gender. In: JE Grusec, PD Hastings (Eds.): Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research. New York: Guil-ford, pp. 561e587.
   Google Scholar
• Li F, Harmer P 1996. Testing the simplex assumption underlying the sport motivation scale: A structural equation modeling analysis. Res Q Exercise Sport, 67 (4): 396–405.
   Google Scholar
• Lirgg CD 1991. Gender differences in self-confidence in physical activity: A meta-analysis of recent Studies. J Sport Exercise Psy, 13 (3): 294–310.
   Google Scholar
• Locke EA 1968. Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organ Behav Hum Perf, 3 (2): 157–189.
   Google Scholar
• Logan S, Medford E, Hughes N 2011. The importance of intrinsic motivation for high and low ability read-ers’ reading comprehension performance. Learn Individ Differ, 21 (1): 124–128.
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre TE, Moran AP 2007. A qualitative Investigation of meta-imagery processes and imagery Direction among elite athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 2 (1): 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Mamassis G, Dogamis G 2004. The effects of a mental training program on juniors Precompetitive Anxiety, self-confidence, and tennis performance. J Appl Sport Psychol, 16 (2): 118–137.
   Google Scholar
• Martin KA, Hall CR 1995. Using mental imagery to enhance intrinsic motivation. J Sport Exercise Psy, 17 (1): 54–69.
   Google Scholar
• Maslow AH 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• McClelland DC 1961. Achieving Society. New York: Van Nostrand-Rheinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Moraru CE, Radu LE, Grosu EF, Puni AR 2015. Influence of mental training on the execution technique in rhythmic gymnastics. Global Journal on Human-ities and Social Sciences, 1: 176–181.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno JA, González-Cutre D, Martín-Albo J, Cervelló 2010. Motivation and performance in Physical education: An experimental test. J Sport Sci Med, 9 (1): 79-85.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz S, Hall C, Martin K, Vadocz E 1996. What are confident athletes imaging? An examination of image content. Sport Psychol, 10: 171–179.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz SE, Feltz DL, Fahrbach KR, Mack DE 2000. Therelation of self-efficacy measures to sport Performance: A meta-analytic review. Res Q Exercise Sport, 71 (3): 280–294.
   Google Scholar
• Morris T, Summers J 1995. Sport Psychology: Theory, Applications and Issues. Queensland/Australia: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Morris T, Spittle M, Watt AP 2005. Imagery in Sport. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Mouratidis A, Michou A 2011. Perfectionism, self-de-termined motivation, and coping among adolescent athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc, 12 (4): 355–367.
   Google Scholar
• Munroe-Chandler K, Hall C, Fishburne G 2008. Playing with confidence: The relationship between imagery use and self-confidence and self-efficacy in youth soccer players. J Sport Sci, 26 (14): 1539–1546.
   Google Scholar
• Murray HA 1938. Exploration in Personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nyberg L, Eriksson J, Larsson A, Marklund P 2006 Learning by doing versus learning by thinking: An fMRI study of motor and mental training. Neurop-sychologia, 44 (5): 711–717.
   Google Scholar
• Ozdal M, Akcan F, Abakay U, Daglioglu 0 2013. Effect of video-assisted mental training program on shooting skills in soccer. Journal of Sports and Performance Researches, 4 (2): 40-46.
   Google Scholar
• Paivio A 1975. Coding distinctions and repetition Effects in memory. In: GH Bower (Ed.): The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. New York: Academic Press, pp. 179-214.
   Google Scholar
• Pajares F 2002. Gender and perceived self-efficacy in self-regulated learning. Theor Pract, 41 (2): 116–125.
   Google Scholar
• Parkerson E 2015. Using a Motivational General-Mastery Imagery Intervention to Improve the Self-Efficacy of Youth Gymnasts. Master Dissertation Sub-mitted to West Virginia University. From http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd. (Re-trieved on 17 May 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Pelletie, LG, Fortier M, Vallerand R, Tuson K, Briere N, Blais M 1995. Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivational Scale (SMS). J Sport Exercise Psy, 17: 35–53.
   Google Scholar
• Porter LW, Lawler EE 1968. Managerial Attitudes and Performance. Homewood: Irwin-Dorsey.
   Google Scholar
• Porter LW, Lawler EE, Hackman JR 1975. Behavior in Organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson A 1967. Mental practice: A review and Discussion part II. Res Q Exercise Sport, 38 (2): 263–273.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Juan F, Sancho AZ 2012. Predictor variables of motivation on Spanish master athletes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 7 (3): 617–628.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan RM, Connell JP, Plant RW 1990. Emotions in non-directed text learning. Learn Individ Differ, 2 (1): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan RM, Deci EL 2002. An overview of self-Determination theory: An organismic dialectical Perspective. In: EL Deci, RM Ryan (Eds.): Handbook of Self-determination Research. Rochester, NY: The University of Rochester Press, pp. 3e33.
   Google Scholar
• Sackett RS 1934. The influence of symbolic rehearsal upon the retention of a maze habit. J Gen Psychol, 10 (2): 376–398.
   Google Scholar
• Schunk D, Pajares F 2001.The development of Academic self-efficacy. In: A Wigfield, J Eccles (Eds.): Development of Achievement Motivation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 16-31.
   Google Scholar
• Sherer M, Maddux JE, Mercandante B, Prentice-Dunn S, Jacobs B, Rogers RW 1982. The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychol Rep, 51 (2): 663–671.
   Google Scholar
• Short SE, Afremow J, Overby L 2001. Using mental imagery to enhance children’s motor performance. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 72 (2): 19–23.
   Google Scholar
• Solso RL 1991.Cognitive Psychology. 3rd Edition. Boston/USA: Allyn and Bacon
   Google Scholar
• Stanley DM, Cumming J, Standage M, Duda JL 2012. Images of exercising: Exploring the links between exercise imagery use, autonomous and controlled motivation to exercise, and exercise intention and behavior. Psychol Sport Exerc, 13 (2): 133–141.
   Google Scholar
• Start KB, Richardson A 1964. Imagery and mental Practice. Brit J Educ Psychol, 34 (3): 280–284.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand RJ 2004. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Encyclopaedia of Applied Psychology, 2: 427–435.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand RJ, Bissonnette R 1992. Intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior: A prospective study. J Pers, 60 (3): 599–620.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand RJ, Losier GF 1999. An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. J Appl Sport Psychol, 11 (1): 142–169.
   Google Scholar
• Vealey RS, Greenleaf CA 2001. Seeing is believing: Understanding and using imagery in sport. In: JM Williams (Ed.): Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance. 4th Edition. Mountain View/USA: Mayfield Publishing Company, pp. 247-283.
   Google Scholar
• Vealey RS, Walter SM 1993. Imagery training for Performance enhancement and personal development. In: JM Williams (Ed.): Applied Sport Psychology. 2nd Edition. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, pp. 220-224.
   Google Scholar
• Vroom VH 1964. Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg R 2008. Does imagery work? Effects on Performance and mental skills. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 3 (1): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg RS, Gould D 2003. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Williams SE, Cumming J 2015. Athlete imagery ability: A predictor of confidence and anxiety intensity and direction. Int J Sports Psychol, (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Williams SE, Cumming J 2012. Sport imagery ability predicts trait confidence, and challenge and threat appraisal tendencies. Eur J Sport Sci, 12 (6): 499–508.
   Google Scholar
• Wright BJ, O’Halloran PD 2013. Perceived success, auditory feedback, and mental imagery: What best predicts improved efficacy and motor performance? Res Q Exercise Sport, 84 (2): 139–146.
   Google Scholar
• Yelverton J 2014. Effect of Mental Training on the Performance of College Age Distance Runners. The Sport Journal. From http://thesportjournal.org/ar-ticle/effect-of-mental-training-on-the-performance-of-college-age-distance-runners (Retrieved on 16 May 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Yijing Z, Xiaoping D, Fang L, Xiaolu J, Bin W 2015. The effects of guided imagery on heart rate variability in simulated spaceflight emergency tasks performers. BioMed Research International, Article ID: 687020, (In Press).
   Google Scholar
• Yildirim F, Ilhan OI 2010. The validity and reliability of the general self-efficacy scale-Turkish form. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 21 (4): 301–308.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz G, Yilmaz B, Tiirk B 2010. Over-graduate thesis physical education and sports teacher’s self efficacy of their jobs (Nevsehir City Model). Selcuk University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 12 (2): 85–90.
   Google Scholar
• Zajacova A, Lynch SM, Espenshade TJ 2005. Self-efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Res High Educ, 46 (6): 677–706.
   Google Scholar