References
- Mayer, F.L., Wilson, D. and Hube, B. (2013). Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence. 4(2): 119-128. doi: 10.4161/viru.22913
- Oliveira, W.F., Silva, P.M., Silva, R.C., Silva, G.M., Machado, G., Coelho, L.C., Correia, M.T. (2018). Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis infections on implants. J. Hosp. Infect. 98(2): 111-117. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.11.008
- Jabra-Rizk, M.A. (2011). Pathogenesis of polymicrobial biofilms. Open Mycol. J. 5: 1. doi: 10.2174/1874437001105010039
- Carolus, H., Van Dyck, K. and Van Dijck, P. (2019). Candida albicans and Staphylococcus species: a threatening twosome. Front. Microbiol. 10: 2162. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02162
- Siegman-Igra, Y., Schwartz, D., Konforti, N. (1998). Polymicrobial bacteremia. Med. Microbiol. Immun. 177: 169-179.
- Smith, A.J., Robertson, D., Tang, M.K., Jackson, M.S., MacKenzie, D. and Bagg, J. (2003). Staphylococcus aureus in the oral cavity: a three-year retrospective analysis of clinical laboratory data. Brit. Dent. J. 195: 701-703.
- Valenza, G., Tappe, D., Turnwald, D., Frosch, M., König, C., Hebestreit, H., Abele-Horn, M. (2008). Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from sputa of patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Cyst. Fibros. 7(2): 123-127. doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2007.06.006
- Lin, Y.J., Alsad, L., Vogel, F., Koppar, S., Nevarez, L., Auguste, F., Seymour, J., Syed, A., Christoph, K. and Loomis, J.S. (2013). Interactions between Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus within mixed-species biofilms. Bios. 84(1): 30-39. doi: 10.1893/0005-3155-84.1.30
- Budzyñska, A., Rózalska, S., Sadowska, B. and Rózalska, B. (2017). Candida albicans/ Staphylococcus aureus dual-species biofilm as a target for the combination of essential oils and fluconazole or mupirocin. Mycopathologia. 182: 989-995. doi: 10.1007/s11046-017-0192-y
- Abe, S., Ishihara, K. and Okuda, K. (2001). Prevalence of potential respiratory pathogens in the mouths of elderly patients and effects of professional oral care. Arch. Gerontol. Geriat. 32: 45-55. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4943(00)00091-1
- Baena-Monroy, T., Moreno-Maldonado, V., Franco-Martinez, F., Aldape-Barrios, B., Quindos, G. and Sánchez-Vargas, L.O. (2005). Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans colonization in patients wearing dental prosthesis. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 10: E27-39.
- Harriott, M.M., Noverr, M.C. (2009). Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus form polymicrobial biofilms: effects on antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53(9): 3914-3922. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00657-09
- Cavalheiro, M., Teixeira, M.C. (2018). Candida biofilms: threats, challenges and promising strategies. Front. med. 5: 28. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00028
- Jafri, H., Ansari, F.A., Ahmad, I. (2019). Prospects of essential oils in controlling pathogenic biofilm. In New look to phytomedicine. Academic Press. 203-236. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814619-4.00009-4
- Khan, M.S.A., Malik, A., Ahmad, I. (2012). The anti-Candidal activity of essential oils alone and in combination with amphotericin B or fluconazole against multidrug-resistant isolates of Candida albicans. Med. Mycol. 50(1):33-42. doi: 10.3109/13693786.2011.582890
- Sadekuzzaman, M., Yang, S., Mizan, M.F.R., Ha, S.D. (2015). Current and recent advanced strategies for combating bioûlms. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 14: 491-509. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12144
- Yap, P.S.X., Yiap, B.C., Ping, H.C., Lim, S.H.E. (2014). Essential oils, a new horizon in combating bacterial antibiotic resistance. Open Microbiol. J. 8: 6-14. doi: 10.2174/1874285801408010006
- Chouhan, S., Sharma, K., Guleria, S. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils- present status and future perspectives. Medicines (Basel). 4(3): 58. doi: 10.3390/medicines4030058
- Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in the foods-a review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94(3): 223-253. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
- Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., De Martino, L., Coppola, R. and De Feo, V. (2013). Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 6 (12): 1451-1474. doi: 10.3390/ph6121451
- Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G.C., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Tundis, R., Sharifi-Rad, M., Loizzo, M.R., Ademiluyi, A.O., Sharifi-Rad, R., Ayatollahi, S.A. and Iriti, M. (2017). Biological Activities of Essential Oils: From Plant Chemoecology to Traditional Healing Systems. Molecules. 22(1): 70. doi: 10.3390/molecules22010070
- Vostinaru, O., Heghes, S.C., Filip, L. (2020). Safety Profile of Essential Oils. In Essential Oils-Bioactive Compounds, New Perspectives and Applications. Intech. Open.
- Jafri, H. and Ahmad, I. (2019). Thymus vulgaris essential oil and thymol inhibit biofilms and interact synergistically with antifungal drugs against drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. J. Mycol. Méd. 100911.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) (2008). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Third Edition. M27-A3, Wayne, PA, USA.
- Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) (2011). Method for dilution anti microbial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard. Eighth Edition. M07-A8, Wayne, PA, USA.
- Thosar, N., Basak, S., Bahadure, R.N. and Rajurkar, M. (2013). Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study. Eur. J. Dent 7. (Suppl 1): S71-S77.
- Li, H., Zhang, C., Liu, P., Liu, W., Gao, Y. and Sun, S. (2015). In vitro interactions between fluconazole and minocycline against mixed cultures of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 48(6): 655-661. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.03.010
- Fernandes, R.A., Monteiro, D.R., Arias, L.S., Fernandes, G.L., Delbem, A.C.B. and Barbosa, D.B. (2016). Biofilm formation by Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans in the presence of farnesol: a quantitative evaluation. Biofouling. 32(3): 329-338. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1144053
- Jafri, H., Khan, M.S. and Ahmad, I. (2019). In vitro efficacy of eugenol in inhibiting single and mixed-biofilms of drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Phytomed. 5, 54: 206-213. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.005
- Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D. and Lightfoot, D. (2017). Phyto chemicals: Extraction, isolation and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants. 6(4): 42. doi: 10.3390/plants6040042
- Swamy, M.K., Arumugam, G., Kaur, R., Ghasemzadeh, A., Yusoff, M.M. and Sinniah, U.R. (2017). GC-MS based metabolite profiling, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of different solvent extracts of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus leaves. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. Article ID 1517683.
- Durgawale, P.P., Patil, M.N., Joshi, S.A., Korabu, K.S. and Datkhile, K.D. (2019). Studies on phytoconstituents, in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antimicrobial and anticancer potential of medicinal plant Lasiosiphon eriocephalus decne (Family: Thymelaeaceae). J. Nat. Sc. Biol. Med. 10(1): 38. doi: 10.4103/jnsbm.JNSBM_183_18
- Pan, S.Y., Zhou, S.F., Gao, S.H., Yu, Z.L., Zhang, S.F., Tang, M.K., Sun, J.N., Ma, D.L., Han, Y.F., Fong, W.F. and Ko, K.M. (2013). New perspectives on how to discover drugs from herbal medicines: CAM’s outstanding contribution to modern therapeutics. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. 2013.
- Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L. and Piao, G. (2016). Traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural products. Molecules. 21(5): 559. doi: 10.3390/molecules21050559
- Cheesman, M.J., Ilanko, A., Blonk, B. and Cock, I.E. (2017). Developing new antimicrobial therapies: Are synergistic combinations of plant extracts/compounds with conventional antibiotics the solution. Pharmacogn. Rev. 11(22): 57 doi: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_21_17
- Borges, A., Abreu, A., Dias, C., Saavedra, M., Borges, F. and Simões, M. (2016). New perspectives on the use of phytochemicals as an emergent strategy to control bacterial infections including biofilms. Molecules. 21(7): 877. doi: 10.3390/molecules21070877
- Roy, R., Tiwari, M., Donelli, G. and Tiwari, V. (2018). Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action. Virulence. 9(1): 522-554. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1313372
- Peters, B.M., Jabra-Rizk, M.A., O’May, G.A., Costerton, J.W. and Shirtliff, M.E. (2012). Polymicrobial interactions: impact on pathogenesis and human disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25(1): 193-213. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00013-11
- Gabrilska, R.A. and Rumbaugh, K.P. (2015). Biofilm models of polymicrobial infection. Future Microbiol. 10(12): 1997-2015. doi: 10.2217/fmb.15.109
- Khan, M.S. and Ahmad, I. (2013). Cameotra SS. Phenyl aldehyde and propanoids exert multiple sites of action towards cell membrane and cell wall targeting ergosterol in Candida albicans. AMB Express. 1: 54. doi: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-54
- Khan, M.S., Ahmad, I. and Cameotra, S.S. (2014). Carum copticum and Thymus vulgaris oils inhibit virulence in Trichophyton rubrum and Aspergillus spp. Braz. J. Microbiol. 45(2): 523-31. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822014000200021
- Zhou, K., Li, C., Chen, D., Pan, Y., Tao, Y., Qu, W., Liu, Z., Wang, X. and Xie, S. (2018). A review on nanosystems as an effective approach against infections of Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 13: 7333. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S169935
- Craft, K.M., Nguyen, J.M., Berg, L.J. and Townsend, S.D. (2019). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): antibiotic-resistance and the biofilm phenotype. Med. Chem. Comm. 10(8): 1231-1241. doi: 10.1039/C9MD00044E
- Kong, E.F., Tsui, C., Kucharíková, S., Andes, D., Van Dijck, P. and Jabra-Rizk, M.A. (2016). Commensal protection of Staphylococcus aureus against antimicrobials by Candida albicans biofilm matrix. MBio. 7: 5. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01365-16
- de Castro, R.D., de Souza, T.M.P.A., Bezerra, L.M.D., Ferreira, G.L.S., Costa, E.M.M. DeB. and Cavalcanti, A.L. (2015). Antifungal activity and mode of action of thymol and its synergism with nystatin against Candida species involved with infections in the oral cavity: an in vitro study. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 15: 417. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0947-2
- Doke, S.K., Raut, J.S., Dhawale, S. and Karuppayil, S.M. (2014). Sensitization of Candida albicans biofilms to fluconazole by terpenoids of plant origin. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 60(5): 163- 168. doi: 10.2323/jgam.60.163
- Hemaiswarya, S. and Doble, M. (2009). Synergistic interaction of eugenol with antibiotics against Gram negative bacteria. Phytomed. 16: 1997-1005. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.04.006
- Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., Coppola, R. and De Feo, V. (2017). Essential oils and antifungal activity. Pharmaceuticals. 10(4): 86. doi: 10.3390/ph10040086
- Scorzoni, L., de Paula e Silva, A.C., Marcos, C.M., Assato, P.A., de Melo, W.C., de Oliveira, H.C., Costa-Orlandi, C.B., Mendes-Giannini, M.J. and Fusco-Almeida, A.M. (2017). Antifungal therapy: new advances in the understanding and treatment of mycosis. Front Microbiol. 8: 36. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00036
- McGuinness, W.A., Malachowa, N. and DeLeo, F.R. (2017). Focus: infectious diseases: vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Yale J. Biol. Med. 90(2): 269-81.
- Mahboubi, M. and Bidgoli, F.G. (2010). Antistaphylococcal activity of Zataria multiflora essential oil and its synergy with vancomycin. Phytomed. 17(7): 548-50. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.11.004