Chemical constituent and Biological potency of Chrysopogon zizanoides L. root essential oil grown in North-East India with special consideration to acidic soil

References

• Banerjee, R., Goswami, P., Pathak, K. and Mukherjee, A. (2016). Vetiver grass: an environment clean-up tool for heavy metal contaminated iron ore mine soil. Ecol. Eng. 90: 25-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chahal, K.K., Bhardwaj, U., Kaushal, S. and Sandhu, A.K. (2015). Chemical composition and biological properties of Chrysopogon zizanioides(L.) Roberty syn. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash- a review. Indian J. Nat. Prod. Res. 6(4): 251-60.
   Google Scholar
• Grover, M., Behl, T., Bungau, S. and Aleya. L. (2021). Potential therapeutic effect of Chrysopogon zizanioides (Vetiver) as an anti-inflammatory agent. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28: 15597-15606. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-12652-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council. (1993). Vetiver grass: a thin green line against erosion. National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moula, M.G., Dey, T., Mian, M.A.Q. and Bachar, B.K. (2020). Effect of NPK fertilizer on the root, shoot and tiller increment of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash). Asian J. Crop. Soil Plan. Nutri. 3(1): 80-86. doi: 10.18801/ajcsp.030120.11
   Google Scholar
• Maffei, M. (2002). Introduction to the Genus Vetiveria. In Vetiveria. The Genus Vetiveria; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles; Taylor and Francis: London, UK; New York, NY, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, B.M. (2016). Progress in essential oils. Perfum. Flavorist Available online: http://www.perfumerflavorist.com/fragrance/rawmaterials/natural/Progress-in-Essential-Oils.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M.M., Islam, M.A. Rashid, S.H., Mia, M.M.K. and Rahman, M.H. (1996). Study on the distribution and potential of Vetiver grass in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 3(2): 1-16.
   Google Scholar
• Pareek, A. and Kumar, A. (2013). Ethnobotanical and pharmaceutical uses of Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn) Nash: a medicinal plant of Rajasthan. Int. J. Life Sci. Pharm. Sci. 50: L12-L18.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, X.W., Wong, J.T.F., Wang, J.J. and Wong, M.H. (2021). Vetiver grass-microbe interactions for soil remediation. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51(9): 897-938. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2020.1738193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang, J., Bae, H., Jordi, S., Dao, Q. M., Dossenbach, S., Dehn, S. and List, B. (2021). The smelling principle of vetiver oil, unveiled by chemical synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60(11): 5666-5672. doi: 10.1002/anie.202014609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavania, U.C. (2003). Vetiver Root- Oil and Its Utilization. PRVN Tech. Bull. No. 2003/1, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. (1976). The Wealth of India 10: 451-457. CSIR, New Delhi, India
   Google Scholar
• Burger, P., Landreau, A., Watson, M., Janci, L., Cassisa, V., Kempf, M. and Fernandez, X. (2017). Vetiver essential oil in cosmetics: What is new? Medicines. 4(2): 41 doi: 10.3390/medicines4020041
   Google Scholar
• Lal, R.K., Gupta, P. and Sarkar, S. (2018a). Phylogenetic relationships, path, and principal component analysis for genetic variability and high oil yielding clone selection in khus (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) Nash. J. Plant Genet. Breed. 2(1): 105-113.
   Google Scholar
• Lal, R.K., Chanotiya, C.S., Dhawan, S.S., Gupta, P. and Sarkar, S. (2018b). Genotypic and morphological appearance of the traits in relation to genetic diversity of essential oil yield in khus grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides Roberty). Acta Sci. Agric. 2(8): 62-72.
   Google Scholar
• Lal, R.K., Chanotiya, C.S., Gupta, P., Mishra, A., Srivastava, S., Yadav, A. and Bisht, D. (2022). Genetic variability and stability pattern in Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty). Acta Ecol. Sin. 42(3): 233-242 doi: 10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.06.004
   Google Scholar
• Slinger, V. (1997). Spreading the slips of vetiver grass technology: A lesson in technology diffusion from Latin America. TVN Newsl., 18. Available online: ww.vetiver.org/TVN_Slinger%20.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu, K.K., Ye, Z.H. and Wong, M.H. (2006). Growth of Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmites australis on Pb/Zn and Cu mine tailings amended with manure compost and sewage sludge: A greenhouse study. Bioresour. Technol. 97: 158-170. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, H.Y., Lai, C.C. Lin, C.C. and Chou, S.T. (2014). Effect of Vetiveria zizanioides essential oil on melanogenesis in melanoma cells: Downregulation of tyrosinase expression and suppression of oxidative stress. Sci. World J. e213013.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, R.P. (1991). Cedarwood oil analysis and properties. In: Modern Methods of Plant Analysis: Essential Oils and Waxes; Linskens, H. F., Jackson, J. F., Eds.; SpringerVerlag: Berlin, Germany: 153-173.
   Google Scholar
• Kivrak, I., Duru, M.E., Ozturk, M., Mercan, N., Harmandar, M. and Topcu, G. (2009). Anti-oxidant, anticholinesterase and anti-microbial constituents from the essential oil and ethanol extract of Salvia potentillifolia. Food Chem. 116: 470-9 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilles, M., Zhao, J., An, M. and Agboola S. (2010). Chemical composition and anti-microbial properties of essential oils of three Australian Eucalyptus species. Food Chem. 119: 731-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsouna, A.B., Trigui, M., Mansour, R.B., Jarraya, R.M., Damak, M. and Jaoua, S. (2011). Chemical composition, cytotoxicity effect and anti-microbial activity of Ceratonia siliqua essential oil with preservative effects against Listeria inoculated in minced beef meat. Int. J. Food. Micr. 148: 66-72 doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soidrou, S.H., Farah, A., Satrani, B., Ghanmi, M., Lachkar, M. and Mohamed, A.S. (2020). Chemical composition, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity of Vetiveria zizanioides roots essential oil harvested in Ndzuwani, Comoros. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 1(10): 82-95.
   Google Scholar
• Grover, M., Behl, T., Virmani, T., Bhatia, S., Al-Harrasi, A. and Aleya, L. (2021). Chrysopogon zizanioides-A review on its pharmacognosy, chemical composition and pharmacological activities. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28(33): 44667-44692. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-15145-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, M., Paul, J., Jana, A., De, A. and Mukherjee, A. (2015). Use of the grass, Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash for detoxification and phytoremediation of soils contaminated with fly ash from thermal power plants. Ecol. Eng. 74: 258-265. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grover, M., Behl, T., Virmani, T., Sanduja, M., Makeen, H.A., Albratty, M. and Bungau, S.G. (2022). Exploration of Cytotoxic Potential of Longifolene/Junipene Isolated from Chrysopogon zizanioides. Molecules. 27(18): 5764. doi: 10.3390/molecules27185764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, T.A., Vieira, T.M., Esperandim, V.R., Martins, C.H., Magalhães, L.G., Miranda, M.L. and Crotti, A.E. (2022). Anti-bacterial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of chemical characterized essential oil of Chrysopogon zizanioides roots. Pharmaceuticals. 15(8): 967. doi: 10.3390/ph15080967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram, G.D., Kumar, S.P., Srinivasan, T.K., Aravind, T., Ramya, S., Lingaraja, D. and Bhuvaneshwari, G. (2023). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Chrysopogon zizanioides root extract and their anti-bacterial activities. Materials Today. Proceedings.
   Google Scholar
• Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1989). Free radicals in biology and medicine (2nd ed., pp. 416-494). Calarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Borah, A., Paw, M., Gogoi, R., Loying, R., Sarma, N., Munda, S. and Lal, M. (2019). Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and in-vitro cytotoxic efficacy of essential oil of Curcuma caesia Roxb. leaves An endangered medicinal plant of North East India. Ind. Crops Prod. 129: 448-454. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogoi, R., Sarma, N., Begum, T., Pandey, S.K. and Lal, M. (2020). North-East Indian Chromolaena odorata (L. King Robinson) aerial part essential oil chemical composition, pharmacological activities-neurodegenerative inhibitory and toxicity study. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants. 23(6): 1173-1191 doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2020.1867009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, J., Zhang, X., Bi, Y., Miao, R., Zhang, Z. and Su, H. (2015). Anti-inflammatory effects of Cumin essential oil by blocking JNK, ERK, and NF-kappa B signaling pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW 264. 7 cells. Evid.-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2: 474509.
   Google Scholar
• James, S.K., Oldgren, J., Lindback, J., Johnston, N., Siegbahn, A. and Wallentin, L. (2005). An acute inflammatory reaction induced by myocardial damage is superimposed on a chronic inflammation in unstable coronary artery disease. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 149: 619-626. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.08.026
   Google Scholar
• Begum, T., Gogoi, R., Sarma, N., Pandey, S. K. and Lal, M. (2023). Novel ethyl p-methoxy cinnamate rich Kaempferia galanga (L.) essential oil and its pharmacological applications: special emphasis on anticholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, α-amylase inhibitory, and genotoxic efficiencies. PeerJ. 11: e14606. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begum, T., Munda, S., Baruah, J., Sarma, N., Tamang, R., Saikia, S. and Lal, M. (2022). The Rhizome Essential Oil Composition of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Core Collection from Northeast Indian Germplasm. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants. 25(4): 811-834. doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2022.2107405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovats, E. (1965). Gas chromatographic characterization of organic substances in the retention index system. Adv. Chromatogr. 1: 229-247.
   Google Scholar
• Noumi, E., Snoussi, M., Hajlaoui, H., Trabelsi, N., Ksouri, R., Valentin, E. and Bakhrouf, A. (2011). Chemical composition, anti-oxidant and anti-fungal potential of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils against oral Candida species. J. Med. Plants Res. 5(17): 4147-4156.
   Google Scholar
• Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Anti-oxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26(9-10): 1231-1237. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begum, T., Gogoi, R., Sarma, N., Pandey, S.K. and Lal, M. (2022). Direct sunlight and partial shading alter the quality, quantity, and biochemical activities of Kaempferia parviflora Wall., ex Baker rhizome essential oil: a highly industrially important species. Ind. Crops Prod. 180:114765 doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogoi, R., Begum, T., Sarma, N., Kumar Pandey, S. and Lal, M. (2021). Chemical composition of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels aerial part essential oil and its pharmacological applications, neurodegenerative inhibitory, and genotoxic efficiencies. J. Food Biochem. 45(7): e13767. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.13767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja, M.B., Rajamani, K., Suresh, J., Joel, A.J. and Uma, D. (2018). Chemical composition of Vetiver root oil obtained by using GC/MS analysis. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 7(6): 1709-1713.
   Google Scholar
• Pripdeevech, P., Wongpornchai, S. and Marriott, P.J. (2010). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of volatile constituents in Thai vetiver root oils obtained by using different extraction methods. Phytochem. Anal. 21(2): 163-173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaan, M., Ebid, M. and Thabet, M. (2022). GC-MS Analysis, Anti-oxidant Capacity and Antimicrobic Action of Vetiveria zizanioides. Essential Oil Cultivated in North Egypt. J. Plant Prod. 13(9): 699-704
   Google Scholar
• Kusuma, H.S., Altway, A. and Mahfud, M. (2017). Alternative to conventional extraction of vetiver oil: Microwave hydro-distillation of essential oil from vetiver roots (Vetiveria zizanioides). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 101, No. 1, p. 012015). IOP Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H.J., Chen, F., Wang, X., Chung, H. Y. and Jin, Z. (2005). Evaluation of anti-oxidant activity of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) oil and identification of its anti-oxidant constituents. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(20): 7691-7695. doi: 10.1021/jf050833e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, A., Wang, F., Sun, X., Li, H., Lin, J., Li, P. and Deng, G. (2019). Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial activities of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) nash essential oil extracted by carbon dioxide expanded ethanol. Molecules. 24(10): 1897. doi: 10.3390/molecules24101897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champagnat, P., Figueredo, G., Chalchat, J.C., Carnat, A.P. and Bessière, J.M. (2006). A study on the composition of commercial Vetiveria zizanioides oils from different geographical origins. J. Essent. Oil Res. 18(4): 416-422. doi: 10.1080/10412905.2006.9699129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey, N., Raghav, C.S., Gupta, R.L. and Chhonkar, S.S. (2010). Chemical composition and anti-fungal activity of vetiver oil of North and South India against Rhizoctonia solani. Pestic. Res. J. 22(1): 63-67.
   Google Scholar
• Muthukrishnan, S. and Manogaran, P. (2018). Phytochemical analysis and free radical scavenging potential activity of Vetiveria zizanioides Linn. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 7(2): 1955-1960.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Humaidia, J.Y., Al-Qudah, M.A., Al-Saleem, M.S. and Alotaibi, S.M. (2019). Anti-oxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils of selected Cleome species growing in Saudi Arabia. Jordan J. Chem. 14(1): 29-37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh, S., Shaikh, S., Sayyed, F., Khan, P., Shaikh, S. and Jamkhedkar, S. (2020). Traditional plants: in vitro analysis of medicinal properties. Int. J. Pharm. Res. 1: 2449-2458.
   Google Scholar
• Sadeghi, Z., Akaberi, M. and Valizadeh, J. (2014). Otostegia persica (Lamiaceae): A review on its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Avicenna J. Phytomedicine. 4(2): 79-88.
   Google Scholar
• El Hachlafi, N., Benkhaira, N., Al-Mijalli, S.H., Mrabti, H.N., Abdnim, R., Abdallah, E.M. and Fikri-Benbrahim, K. (2023). Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic activities of essential oils from Moroccan medicinal plants: Mentha suaveolens, Lavandula stoechas, and Ammi visnaga. Biomed. Pharmacother. 164: 114937. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narkhede, M.B., Wagh, A.E. and Rathi, A.M. (2012). Anti-inflammatory ativity of Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) root. J. Pharm. Res. 5(4): 2016-7.
   Google Scholar
• Chou, S.T., Lai, C.P., Lin, C.C. and Shih, Y. (2012). Study of the chemical composition, anti-oxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory activity of essential oil from Vetiveria zizanioides. Food Chem. 134(1): 262-268. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, X. and Parker, T.L. (2017). Biological activity of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) essential oil in human dermal fibroblasts. Cogent. Med. 4(1): 1298176. doi: 10.1080/2331205X.2017.1298176
   Google Scholar
• Suganya, P., Jeyaprakash, K., Mallavarapu, G.R. and Murugan, R. (2015). Comparison of the chemical composition, tyrosinase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils of Pogostemon plectranthoides from India. Ind. Crops Prod. 69: 300-307. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.02.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aissa, I., Znati, M., Zardi-Bergaoui, A., Flamini, G., Ascrizzi, R. and Jannet, H.B. (2019). GC and GC-MS integrated analyses and in vitro anti-bacterial, anticholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-5-lipoxygenase potential of Inula viscosa root fractionated essential oil. South Afr. J. Bot. 125: 386-392. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munakata, Y., Heuson, E., Daboudet, T., Deracinois, B., Duban, M., Hehn, A. and Slezack-Deschaumes, S. (2022). Screening of anti-microbial activities and lipopeptide production of endophytic bacteria isolated from vetiver roots. Microorganisms. 10(2): 209. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10020209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soni, A. and Dahiya, P. (2015). Screening of phytochemicals and anti-microbial potential of extracts of Vetiver zizanoides and Phragmites karka against clinical isolates. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 22-24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar