Review on InSAR based displacement monitoring of Indian Himalayas: issues, challenges and possible advanced alternatives

References

• Amelung F, Galloway DL, Bell JW, Zebker HA, Laczniak RJ. 1999. Sensing the ups and downs of Las Vegas: InSAR reveals structural control of land subsidence and aquifer system deformation. Geology. 27:483–486.10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0483:STUADO>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amelung F, Jonsson S, Zebker HA, Segall P. 2000. Widespread uplift and trapdoor faulting on Galapagos volcanoes observed with radar interferometry. Nature. 407:993–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker DM, Lillie RJ, Yeats RS, Johnson GD, Yousuf M, Zamin ASH. 1988. Development of the Himalayan frontal thrust zone: Salt Range, Pakistan. Geology. 16:3–7.10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0003:DOTHFT>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzter H. 2001. Forest mapping and monitoring with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Prog Phys Geogr. 25:159–177.10.1177/030913330102500201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamler R, Hartl P. 1998. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Inverse Probl. 14:R1–R54.10.1088/0266-5611/14/4/001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee P, Burgmann R. 2002. Convergence across the northwest Himalaya from GPS measurements. Geophys Res Lett. 29:1652–1655.10.1029/2002GL015184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berardino P, Fornaro G, Lanari R, Sansosti E. 2002. A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 40:2375–2383.10.1109/TGRS.2002.803792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besse J, Courtillot V. 1988. Paleogeographic maps of the continents bordering the Indian Ocean since the Early Jurassic. J Geophys Res. 93:11791–11808.10.1029/JB093iB10p11791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Arora MK, Sharma ML. 2010. Application of SAR Interferometry for DEM generation: case studies in two regions with varied terrain conditions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Remote Sensing and GIS for Environmental Management (RSGIS-EM2010). Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Arora MK, Sharma ML. 2011. Landslide monitoring using Small Baseline SAR Interferometry technique. Int J Earth Sci Eng. 4:309–314.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Arora MK, Sharma ML. 2012a. Usefulness of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry for digital elevation model (DEM) generation and estimation of land surface displacement in Jharia coal field area. Geocarto Int. 27:57–77.10.1080/10106049.2011.614358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Arora MK, Sharma ML. 2012b. Improved digital elevation model creation using SAR Interferometry in plane and undulating terrains. Himalayan Geol. 33:29–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Sharma ML, Arora MK. 2012c. Surface displacement estimation along Himalayan frontal fault using differential SAR interferometry. Nat Hazards. 64:1105–1123.10.1007/s11069-012-0292-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Arora MK, Sharma ML. 2013a. Usefulness of adaptive filtering for improved Digital Elevation Model generation. J Geol Soc India. 82:153–161.10.1007/s12594-013-0133-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Vöge M, Arora MK, Sharma ML, Bhasin R. 2013b. Surface displacement estimation using multi-temporal SAR Interferometry in a seismically active region on Himalayas. Georisk: Assess Manage Risk Eng Syst Geohazards. 7:184–197.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Arora MK, Sharma ML, Vöge M, Bhasin R. 2014. Surface displacement estimation using space-borne SAR interferometry in a small portion along Himalayan Frontal Fault. Opt Laser Eng. 53:164–178.10.1016/j.optlaseng.2013.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya A, Mukherjee K, Kuri M, Vöge M, Sharma ML, Arora MK, Bhasin RK. 2015. Potential of SAR intensity tracking technique to estimate displacement rate in a landslide prone area in Haridwar Region. 79:2101–2121. Natural Hazards.79:2101–2121.doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1949-6.
   Google Scholar
• Bilham R, Gaur VK. 2000. Geodetic contributions to the study of seismotectonics in India. Current Sci. 79:1259–1269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilham R, Larson K, Freymueller J. 1997. GPS measurements of present-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya. Nature. 386:61–64.10.1038/386061a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnec C, Massonnet D, King C. 1996. Two examples of the use of SAR interferometry on displacement fields of small spatial extent. Geophys Res Lett. 23:3579–3582.10.1029/96GL03042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catani F, Farina P, Moretti S, Nico G, Strozzi T. 2005. On the application of SAR interferometry to geomorphological studies: estimation of landform attributes and mass movements. Geomorphology. 66:119–131.10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee RS, Fruneau B, Rudant JP, Roy PS, Frison PL, Lakhera RC, Dadhwal VK, Saha R. 2006. Subsidence of Kolkata (Calcutta) City, India during the 1990s as observed from space by differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (D-InSAR) technique. Remote Sens Environ. 102:176–185.10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorowicz J, Luxey P, Rudant JP, Lyberis N, Yurur T, Gundogdu N. 1995. Slip-motion estimation along the Ovacik fault near Erzincan (Turkey) using ERS-1 radar image: evidence of important deformation inside the Turkish plate. Remote Sens Environ. 52:66–70.10.1016/0034-4257(95)00014-R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciappa A, Pietranera L, Battazza F. 2010. Perito Moreno Glacier (Argentina) flow estimation by COSMO SkyMed sequence of high-resolution SAR-X imagery. Remote Sens Environ. 114:2088–2096.10.1016/j.rse.2010.04.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colesanti C, Ferretti A, Prati C, Rocca F. 2003. Monitoring landslides and tectonic motions with the Permanent Scatterers Technique. Eng Geol. 68:3–14.10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00195-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosetto M, Castillo M, Arbiol R. 2003. Urban subsidence monitoring using radar interferometry. Photogramm Eng Remote Sen. 69:775–783.10.14358/PERS.69.7.775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosetto M, Pasquali P. 2008. DSM Generation and deformation measurement from SAR data. In: Z. Li, E. Baltsavias, and J. Chen, editors. Advances in photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences. ISPRS Congress Book, ISBN 978-0-415-47805-2. London: Taylor & Francis; p. 157–167.
   Google Scholar
• Delacourt C, Allemand P, Squarzoni C, Picard F, Raucoules D, Carnec C. 2004. Potential and limitation of ERS-differential SAR Interferometry for landslide studies in the French Alps and Pyrenees. Proceedings of Fringe Workshop, SP-550, ESA (cd-rom), Frascati, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• De Lange R, Luckman A, Murray T. 2007. Improvement of satellite radar feature tracking for ice velocity derivation by spatial frequency filtering. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 45:2309–2318.10.1109/TGRS.2007.896615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’errico M, Fasano G. 2008. Design of interferometric and bistatic mission phases of COSMO/SKYMED constellation. Acta Astronaut. 62:97–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey JF, Cande S, Pitman WC. 1989. The tectonic evolution of the India/Eurasia collision zone. Ecolgae Geologicae Halvetiae. 82:717–734.
   Google Scholar
• Duchossois G, Martin P. 1995. ERS-1 and ERS-2 tandem operations. ESA Bull. 83:54–60.
   Google Scholar
• Erten E, Reigber A, Hellwich O, Prats P. 2009. Glacier velocity monitoring by maximum likelihood texture tracking. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 47:394–405.10.1109/TGRS.2008.2009932
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DL, Alpers W, Cazenave A, Elachi C, Farr T, Glackin D, Holt B, Jones L, Liu WT, McCandless W, et al. 2005. Seasat – A 25-year legacy of success. Remote Sens Environ. 94:384–404.10.1016/j.rse.2004.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallourd R, Harant O, Trouve E, Nicolas J, Gay M, Walpersdorf A, Mugnier J, Serafini J, Rosu D, Bombrun L, et al. 2011. Monitoring temperate glacier displacement by multi-temporal TerraSAR-X images and continuous GPS measurements. Appl Earth Obser Remote Sens. 4:372–386.10.1109/JSTARS.2010.2096200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigl KL, Agnew DC, Bock Y, Dong D, Donnellan A, Hager BH, Herring TA, Jackson DD, Jordan TH, King RW. 1993. Space geodetic measurement of crustal deformation in central and southern California, 1984–1992. J Geophys Res. 98:21677–21712.10.1029/93JB02405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferretti A, Prati C, Rocca F. 2000a. Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatterers in differential SAR interferometry. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 38:2202–2212.10.1109/36.868878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferretti A, Prati C, Rocca F. 2000b. Permanent scatterers in SAR Interferometry. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 39:8–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferretti A, Prati C, Rocca F. 2001. Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 30:950–959.
   Google Scholar
• Floricioiu D, Eineder M, Rott H, Nagler T. 2008. Velocities of major outlet glaciers of the Patagonia Icefield observed by TERRASAR-X. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Boston, MA.10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4779729
   Google Scholar
• Fruneau B, Achache J, Delacourt C. 1996. Observation and modelling of the Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée landslide using SAR interferometry. Tectonophysics. 265:181–190.10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00047-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel AK, Goldstein RM, Zebker HA. 1989. Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: differential radar interferometry. J Geophys Res. 94:9183–9191.10.1029/JB094iB07p09183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway DL, Hudnut KW, Ingebritsen SE, Phillips SP, Peltzer G, Rogez F, Rosen PA. 1998. Detection of aquifer system compaction and land subsidence using interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California. Water Resour Res. 34:2573–2585.10.1029/98WR01285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantayat P, Kulkarni AV, Srinivasan J. 2014. Estimation of ice thickness using surface velocities and slope: case study at Gangotri Glacier, India. J Glaciol. 60:277–282.10.3189/2014JoG13J078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gens R. 1999. SAR interferometry: software, data format, and data quality. Photogramm Eng Remote Sen. 65:1375–1378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gens R. 2003. Two-dimensional phase unwrapping for radar interferometry: developments and new challenges. Int J Remote Sens. 24:703–710.10.1080/0143116021000016725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gens R, Genderen JL. 1996. Review article SAR interferometry-issues, techniques, applications. Int J Remote Sens. 17:1803–1835.10.1080/01431169608948741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein RM, Engelhardt H, Kamb B, Frolich RM. 1993. Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring ice sheet motion: application to an Antarctic ice stream. Science. 262:1525–1530.10.1126/science.262.5139.1525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein RM, Werner CL. 1998. Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications. Geophys Res Lett. 25:4035–4038.10.1029/1998GL900033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanssen RF. 2001. Radar interferometry: data interpretation and error analysis. Vol: 2. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 308p.
   Google Scholar
• Hilley GE, Burgmann R, Ferretti A, Novali F, Rocca F. 2004. Dynamics of slow-moving landslides from permanent scatterer analysis. Science. 304:1952–1955.10.1126/science.1098821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann J, Zebker HA, Galloway D, Amelung F. 2001. Seasonal subsidence and rebound in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, observed by synthetic aperture radar interferometry. Water Resour Res. 37:1551–1566.10.1029/2000WR900404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper A. 2006. Persistent scatterer radar interferometry for crustal deformation studies and modeling of volcanic deformation [ unpublished PhD thesis]. Department of Geophysics, Stanford University., Stanford, CA, USA
   Google Scholar
• Hooper A. 2008. A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches. Geophys Res Lett. 35:6302–6306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper A, Zebker H. 2007. Phase unwrapping in three dimensions with application to InSAR time series. J Opt Soc Am. 24:2737–2747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper A, Segall P, Zebker HA. 2007. Persistent scatterer InSAR for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volcàn Alcedo, Galàpagos. J Geophys Res. 112:b07407. doi:10.1029/2006JB004763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper A, Zebker HA, Segall P, Kampes B. 2004. A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers. Geophys Res Lett. 31:l23611. doi:10.1029/2004GL021737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idrees MO, Saeidi V, Pradhan B, Yusuf YA. 2014. Advanced differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar techniques for deformation monitoring: a review on sensors and recent research development. Geocarto Int. 29(5):536–553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayaprasad P, Narender B, Pathan SK, Ajai. 2008. Generation and validation of DEM using SAR interferometry and differential GPS supported by multispectral optical data. J Indian Soc Remote Sens. 36:313–322.10.1007/s12524-008-0032-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jónsson S, Adam N, Björnsson H. 1998. Effects of subglacial geothermal activity observed by satellite radar interferometry. Geophys Res Lett. 25:1059–1062.10.1029/98GL50567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jónsson S, Segall P, Pedersen R, Björnsson G. 2003. Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients. Nature. 424:179–183.10.1038/nature01776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joughin I, Fahnestock M, Kwok R, Gogineni P, Allen C. 1999. Ice flow of Humboldt, Petermann, and Ryder Gletscher, northern Greenland. J Glaciol. 45:231–241.10.3189/002214399793377284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joughin IR, Kwok R, Fahnestock MA. 1998. Interferometric estimation of three-dimensional ice-flow using ascending and descending passes. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 36:25–37.10.1109/36.655315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joughin IR, Winebrenner DP, Fahnestock MA. 1995. Observations of ice-sheet motion in Greenland using satellite radar interferometry. Geophys Res Lett. 22:571–574.10.1029/95GL00264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joughin I, Winebrenner D, Fahnestock M, Kwok R, Krabill W. 1996. Measurement of ice-sheet topography using satellite radar interferometry. J Glaciology. 42:10–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kääb A, Vollmer M. 2000. Surface geometry, thickness changes and flow fields on Creeping Mountain Permafrost: automatic extraction by digital image analysis. Permafr Periglac Processes. 11:315–326.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampes BM. 2006. Radar interferometry permsistent scatterer technique. 1st ed. Dordrecht: Springer 211p.
   Google Scholar
• Kampes BM, Adam N. 2004. Deformation parameter inversion using permanent scatterers in interferogram time series. European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar, ULM, Germany, 25–27 May, 341–344.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Rao YS, Singh G, Venkataraman G, Snehmani A. 2008. Spaceborne InSAR technique for study of Himalayan glaciers using ENVISAT ASAR and ERS data. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 6–11 July, Bostan, USA, vol. 4, 1085–1088.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Venkataraman G. 2011. SAR interferometric coherence analysis for snow cover mapping in the western Himalayan region. Int J Digit Earth. 4:78–90.10.1080/17538940903521591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar V, Venkataraman G, Larsen Y, Høgda KL. 2011. SAR Interferometry and offset tracking approaches for glacier movement estimation in the Himalaya. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 3175–3178, Vancouver, BC.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Wesnousky SG, Rockwell TK. 2003. The Himalayan frontal thrust (HFT) is not blind. Earthquake geology in reverse faulting terrains. Seattle Annual Meeting, Session 24, paper-3, Washington, DC, 2–5 November.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Wesnousky SG, Rockwell TH, Ragona D, Thakur VC, Seitz GG. 2001. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan Frontal Thrust, India. Science. 294:2328–2331.10.1126/science.1066195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok R, Fahnestock MA. 1996. Ice sheet motion and topography from radar interferometry. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 34:189–200.10.1109/36.481903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanari R, Casu F, Manzo M, Zeni G, Berardino P, Manunta M, Pepe A. 2007. An overview of the small baseline subset algorithm: a DInSAR technique for surface deformation analysis. Pure Appl Geophys. 164:637–661.10.1007/s00024-007-0192-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanari R, Mora O, Manunta M, Mallorqui JJ, Berardino P, Sansosti E. 2004. A small-baseline approach for investigating deformations on full resolution differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 42:1377–1386.10.1109/TGRS.2004.828196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange RD, Luckman A, Murray T. 2007. Improvement of satellite radar feature tracking for ice velocity derivation by spatial frequency filtering. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 45:2309–2318.10.1109/TGRS.2007.896615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauknes TR. 2010. Rockslide mapping in Norway by means of interferometric SAR time series analysis [ unpublished PhD thesis]. Department of Physics and Technology, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway.
   Google Scholar
• Lauknes TR, Agram PS, Dehls JF, Zebker HA, Henderson IHC, Larsen Y. 2010. Detailed rockslide mapping in northern Norway with small baseline and persistent scatterer interferometric SAR time series methods. Remote Sens Environ. 114:2097–2109.10.1016/j.rse.2010.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leathers M. 1987. Balanced structural crosssection of the western Salt Range and Potwar Plateau: deformation near the strike slip terminus of an over thrust sheet [ unpublished master thesis]. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Li ZW, Zhu JJ, Ding XL, Wang CC. 2013. Deriving surface motion of mountain glaciers in the Tuomuer-Khan Tengri Mountain Ranges from PALSAR images. Global Planet Change. 101:61–71.10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Z, Mann D, Freymueller JT, Meyer DJ. 2000. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: radar observations. J Geophys Res. 105:10791–10806.10.1029/2000JB900034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckman A, Quincey D, Bevan S. 2007. The potential of satellite radar interferometry and feature tracking for monitoring flow rates of Himalayan glaciers. Remote Sens Environ. 111:172–181.10.1016/j.rse.2007.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luscombe AP, Ferguson I, Shepherd N, Zimcik DG, Naraine P. 1993. The RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar development. Can J Remote Sens. 19:298–310.10.1080/07038992.1993.10874565
   Google Scholar
• Luzi G, Pieraccini M, Mecatti D, Noferini L, Guidi G, Moia F, Atzeni C. 2004. Ground-based radar interferometry for landslides monitoring: atmospheric and instrumental decorrelation sources on experimental data. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 42:2454–2466.10.1109/TGRS.2004.836792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzo M, Ricciardi GP, Casu F, Ventura G, Zeni G, Borgström S, Berardino P, Del Gaudio C, Lanari R. 2006. Surface deformation analysis in the Ischia Island (Italy) based on spaceborne radar interferometry. J Volcanol Geotherm Res. 151:399–416.10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massonnet D, Briole P, Arnaud A. 1995. Deflation of Mount Etna monitored by spaceborne radar interferometry. Nature. 375:567–570.10.1038/375567a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massonnet D, Feigl KL. 1998. Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth’s surface. Rev Geophys. 36:441–500.10.1029/97RG03139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massonnet D, Holzer T, Vadon H. 1997. Land subsidence caused by the East Mesa geothermal field, California, observed using SAR interferometry. Geophys Res Lett. 24:901–904.10.1029/97GL00817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massonnet D, Rossi M, Carmona C, Adragna F, Peltzer G, Feigl K, Rabaute T. 1993. The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry. Nature. 364:138–142.10.1038/364138a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massonnet D, Sigmundsson F. 2000. Remote sensing of volcano deformation by radar interferometry from various satellites. In: MouginisMark PJ, Crisp JA, Fink JH, editors. Remote Sensing of Active Volcanism. Washington (DC): Geophysical Monographs 116, American Geophysical Union; p. 207–221.
   Google Scholar
• Massonnet D, Thatcher W, Vadon H. 1996. Detection of postseismic fault zone collapse following the Landers earthquake. Nature. 382:489–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr JJ, Reeh N, Madsen SN. 1998. Three-dimensional glacial flow and surface elevation measured with radar interferometry. Nature. 391:273–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar P. 1990. A review of the seismicity and the rates of active under-thrusting and the deformation of the Himalaya. J Himalayan Geol. 1:131–154.
   Google Scholar
• Nico G, Leva D, Antonello G, Tarchi D. 2004. Ground-based SAR interferometry for terrain mapping: theory and sensitivity analysis. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 42:1344–1350.10.1109/TGRS.2004.826556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nico G, Leva D, Fortuny-Guasch J, Antonello G, Tarchi D. 2005. Generation of digital terrain models with a ground-based SAR system. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 43:45–49.10.1109/TGRS.2004.838354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noferini L, Pieraccini M, Mecatti D, Macaluso G, Luzi G, Atzeni C. 2007. DEM by ground based SAR Interferometry. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett. 4:659–663.10.1109/LGRS.2007.905118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noferini L, Takayama T, Pieraccini M, Mecatti D, Macaluso G, Luzi G, Atzeni C. 2008. Analysis of ground-based SAR data with diverse temporal baselines. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 46:1614–1623.10.1109/TGRS.2008.916216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onn F, Zebker HA. 2006. Correlation for interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric phase artifacts using time series of zenith wet delay observations from a GPS network. J Geophys Res. 111:102–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkash B, Rathor RS, Pati P, Jakhmola RP, Singh S. 2011. Convergence rates along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust inferred from terraces at Chandidevi temple hill, Hardwar, Northwestern Himalaya. Current Sci. 100:1426–1432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul J, Bürgmann R, Gaur VK, Bilham R, Larson KM, Ananda MB, Jade S, Mukul M, Anupama TS, Satyal G, Kumar D. 2001. The motion and active deformation of India. Geophys Res Lett. 28:647–650.10.1029/2000GL011832
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen R, Sigmundsson F, Feigl KL, Árnadóttir T. 2001. Coseismic interferograms of two Ms =6.6 earthquakes in the south Iceland seismic zone, June 2000. Geophys Res Lett. 28:3341–3344.10.1029/2001GL013235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer G, Crampe F, King G. 1999. Evidence of the nonlinear elasticity of the crust from Mw7.6 Manyi (Tibet) earthquake. Science. 286:272–276.10.1126/science.286.5438.272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer G, Rosen P. 1995. Surface displacement of the 171 h may 1993, Eureka valley, California, earthquake observed by SAR Interferometry. Science. 268:1333–1336.10.1126/science.268.5215.1333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer G, Rosen P, Rogez F, Hudnut K. 1996. Postseismic rebound in fault step-overs caused by pore fluid flow. Science. 273:1202–1204.10.1126/science.273.5279.1202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieraccini M, Luzi G, Atzeni C. 2001. Terrain mapping by ground-based interferometric radar. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 39:2176–2181.10.1109/36.957280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieraccini M, Tarchi D, Rudolf H, Leva D, Luzi G, Atzeni C. 2000. Interferometric radar for remote monitoring of building deformations. Electron Lett. 36:569–570.10.1049/el:20000475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers PM, Lillie RJ, Yeats RS. 1998. Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, Sub-Himalaya, India. Geolo Soc Am Bull. 110:1010–1027.10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1010:SASOTK>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press F, Seiver R. 1982. Earth. 3rd ed. New York (NY): W.H Freeman 656p.
   Google Scholar
• Rao YS. 2011. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry for Glacier Movement Studies. In: Singh VP, Singh P, Haritashya UK, editors. Encyclopedia of snow, ice and glaciers. Netherlands: Springer; p. 1133–1142.
   Google Scholar
• Rao KS, Naidu MG, Sakalley J, Phalke S, Aljassar HK. 2005. Study of dems derived from ERS-1/2 SAR and SRTM data. J Indian Soc Remote Sens. 33:267–276.10.1007/BF02990045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao YS, Venkataraman G, Rao KS, Snehmani A. 2004. SAR Interferometry for DEM generation and movement of Indian glaciers. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 20–24 September. Anchorage, 2, 1128–1131.
   Google Scholar
• Reilinger RE, Ergintav S, Burgmann S, Mcclusky S, Lenk O, Barka A, Gurkan O, Hearn L, Feigl KL, Cakmak R, et al. 2000. Coseismic and postseismic fault slip for the 17 august 1999, M=7.5, Izmit Turkey earthquake . Science. 289:1519–1524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards JA. 2009. Remote sensing with imaging radar. 1st ed. Dordrecht: Springer, Heidelberg.10.1007/978-3-642-02020-9
   Google Scholar
• Rignot EJ, Gogineni SP, Krabill WB, Ekholm S. 1997. North and northeast Greenland ice discharge from satellite radar interferometry. Science. 276:934–937.10.1126/science.276.5314.934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen P, Werner C, Fielding E, Hensley S, Buckley S, Vincent P. 1998. Aseismic creep along the San Andreas Fault northwest of Parkfield, CA measured by radar interferometry. Geophys Res Lett. 25:825–828.10.1029/98GL50495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvi S, Atzori S, Tolomei C, Allievi J, Ferretti A, Rocca F, Prati C, Stramondo S, Feuillet N. 2004. Inflation rate of the Colli Albani volcanic complex retrieved by the permanent scatterers SAR interferometry technique. Geophys Res Lett. 31:12606–12610.10.1029/2004GL020253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandwell DT, Price EJ. 1998. Phase gradient approach to stacking interferograms. J Geophys Res. 103:30183–30204.10.1029/1998JB900008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraf AK, Das J, Biswas A, Rawat V, Sharma K, Suzat Y. 2012. SAR interferometry in post-seismic ground deformation detection related to the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, India. Int J Remote Sens. 33:1296–1308.10.1080/01431161.2010.549855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraswat P, Syed TH, Famiglietti JS, Fielding EJ, Crippen R, Gupta N. 2013. Recent changes in the snout position and surface velocity of Gangotri glacier observed from space. Int J Rem Sens. 34:24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satyabala SP, Bilham R. 2006. Surface deformation and subsurface slip of the 28 March 1999 Mw = 6.4 west Himalayan Chamoli earthquake from InSAR analysis. Geophys Res Lett. 33:3305–3309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt DA, Burgman R. 2003. Time-dependent land uplift and subsidence in the Santa Clara valley, California, from a large interferometric, synthetic aperture radar dataset. J Geophys Res. 108:8534–8543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert A, Faes A, Kääb A, Meier E. 2013. Glacier surface velocity estimation using repeat TerraSAR-X images: wavelet- vs. correlation-based image matching. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens. 82:49–62.10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small D, Werner CL, Ndesch D. 1993. Baseline modelling for ERS-l SAR Interferometry. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 18–21 August; Tokyo, Japan, 3:1204–1206.
   Google Scholar
• Sridevi J. 2004. Estimates of plate velocity and crustal deformation in the Indian subcontinent using GPS geodesy. Current Sci. 86:1443–1448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava P, Mitra G. 1994. Thrust geometries and deep structure of the outer and lesser Himalaya, Kumaon and Garhwal (India): implications for evolution of the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt. Tectonics. 13:89–109.10.1029/93TC01130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strozzi T, Kouraev A, Wiesmann A, Wegmüller U, Sharov A, Werner CL. 2008. Estimation of Arctic glacier motion with satellite L-band SAR data. Remote Sens Environ. 112:636–645.10.1016/j.rse.2007.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strozzi T, Luckman A, Murray T, Wegmuller U, Werner CL. 2002. Glacier motion estimation using SAR offset-tracking procedures. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 40:2384–2391.10.1109/TGRS.2002.805079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strozzi T, Werner C, Wiesmann A, Wegmuller U. 2012. Topography mapping with a portable real-aperture radar interferometer. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett. 9:277–281.10.1109/LGRS.2011.2166751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usai S. 2001. A new approach for long term monitoring of deformations by differential SAR Interferometry [ unpublished PhD thesis]. Delft: Delft University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Venkataraman G, Rao YS, Rao KS. 2005. Application of SAR Interferometry for Himalayan glaciers. ESA ESRIN Proc. of Fringe 2005 Workshop, Frascati, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Vöge M, Frauenfelder R, Ekseth K, Arora MK, Bhattacharya A, Bhasin RK. 2015. The use of SAR Interferometry for landslide mapping in the Indian Himalayas. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spatial Inf. sci., xl-7/w3, 857–863, 11–15 May, Berlin, Germany. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-7-w3-857-2015.
   Google Scholar
• Wdowinski S, Smith-Konter B, Bock Y, Sandwell DT. 2007. Diffuse interseismic deformation across the Pacific–North America plate boundary. Geology. 35:311–314.10.1130/G22938A.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegmuller URS, Werner C. 1997a. Retrieval of vegetation parameters with SAR interferometry. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 35:18–24.10.1109/36.551930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegmuller URS, Werner C. 1997b. Gamma SAR processor and interferometry software. Third ERS Scientific Symposium, 17–21 March, Florence, Italy, 1687–1692.
   Google Scholar
• Werner C, Wegmuller URS, Strozzi T, Wiesmann A. 2001. Gamma SAR and interferometric processing software. In: Sawaya-Lacoste H, editor Proceedings of ERS-ENVISAT Symposium, Gothenburg, Sweden, 15–20 October. Noordwijk: European Space Agency Publications Division.
   Google Scholar
• Wicks C, Thatcher W, Monastero F, Hasting M. 2001. Steady state deformation of the Coso Range, east central California, inferred from satellite radar interferometry. J Geophys Res. 106:13769–13780.10.1029/2001JB000298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright T, Parsons B, Fielding E. 2001. Measurement of interseismic strain accumulation across the North Anatolian Fault by satellite radar interferometry. Geophys Res Lett. 28:2117–2120.10.1029/2000GL012850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebker HA, Villasenor J. 1992. Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens. 30: 950–959. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebker HA, Rosen PA, Goldstein RM, Gabriel A, Werner CL. 1994. On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry: the Landers earthquake. J Geophys Res. 99:19617–19634.10.1029/94JB01179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X, Chang Ni-Bin, Li S. 2009. Applications of SAR interferometry in earth and environmental science research. Sensors. 9:1876–1912.10.3390/s90301876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar