References

• Abdulazi , M. H. and Osinde , K. 1997 . Sheng and English: development of mixed codes among the urban youth in Kenya . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 125 : 43 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Agheyisi , R. 1977 . “ Language interlarding in the speech of Nigerians ” . In Language and linguistic problems in Africa. , Edited by: Kotey , P. F.A. and Der Houssikian , H. 99 – 110 . Columbia , S.C. : Hornbeam Press .
   Google Scholar
• Albert , M. and Obler , L. K. 1978 . The bilingual brain: neuropsychological and neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Annamalai , E. 1978 . The Anglicized Indian languages: acase study of code-mixing . International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics , 7 : 239 – 247 .
   Google Scholar
• Annamalai , E. 1989 . The language factor in code-mixing . InternationalJournal of the Sociology of Language , 75 : 47 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Appel , R. and Muysken , P. 1987 . Language contact and bilingualism. , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Azuma , S. 1993 . The frame-content hypothesis in speech production: evidence from intrasentential codeswitching . Linguistics , 31 : 1071 – 1093 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bautista , L. Ma.S. 1975 . A model of bilingual competence based on an analysis of Tagalog- English code-switching . Philippine Journal of Linguistics , 6 : 51 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Bentahila , A. and Davies , E. E. 1983 . The syntax of Arabic-French code-switching . Lingua , 59 ( 4 ) : 301 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentahila , Abdelali . 1992 . “ Codeswitching and language dominance ” . In Cognitive processing in bilinguals. , Edited by: Harris , R. J. 443 – 458 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Berk-Seligson , S. 1986 . Linguistic constraints on intra-sentential code-switching: a study of Spanish-Hebrew bilingualism . Language in Society , 15 : 313 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia , T. K. 1989 . Bilinguals' creativity and syntactic theory: evidence for emerging grammar . World Englishes , 8 ( 3 ) : 265 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhatt , R. M. 1997 . Codeswitching, constraints, and optimal grammars . Lingua , 102 : 223 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom , J. P. and Gumperz , I. J. 1972 . “ Social meaning in linguistic structures: codeswitching in Norway ” . In Directions in sociolinguistics. , Edited by: Gumperz , J. J. and Hymes , D. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , Jae Oh. 1991 . Korean-English code-switching: switch-alpha and linguistic constraints . Linguistics , 29 : 877 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clyne , Michael G. 1980 . Triggering and language processing . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 34 ( 4 ) : 400 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clyne , M. G. 1987 . Constraints on code-switching: how universal are they? . Linguistics , 25 : 739 – 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Sciullo , A. , Muysken , P. and Singh , R. 1986 . Government and code-mixing . Journal of linguistics , 22 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinosa , A. 1917 . “ Speech mixture in New Mexico: the influence of the English language on New Mexican Spanish ” . In The Pacific Ocean in history. , Edited by: Stephens , H. M. and Bolton , H. E. 408 – 428 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• European Science Foundation . 1990a . Network on codeswitching and language contact: Papers for the Workshop on Concepts, Methodology, and Data. , Strasburg : European Science Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• European Science Foundation . 1990b . Network on codeswitching and language contact: Papers for the Workshop on Constraints, Conditions and Models. , Strasburg : European Science Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• European Science Foundation . 1991a . Network on codeswitching and language contact: Papers for the Symposium on Codeswitching in Bilingual Studies: Theory, Significance and Perspectives (Vol. 1 & 2). , Strasburg : European Science Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• European Science Foundation . 1991b . Network on codeswitching and language contact: Papers for the Workshop on Impact and Consequences. , Strasburg : European Science Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Ewing , A. 1984 . Polish-English codeswitching: a clue to constituent structure and processing mechanisms . Chicago Linguistic Society , 20 : 52 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson , R. and Slabbert , S. 1997 . ‘I'll meet you half-way with language’: codeswitching functions within an urban context . South African Journal of Linguistics , 15 ( 4 ) : 123 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Fishman , J. 1972 . Advances in the sociology of language , 2 Volumes , The Hague and Paris : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Forson , B. 1979 . Codeswitching in Akan-English bilingualism , Doctoral Dissertation Los Angeles : University of California, Department of Linguistics .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner-Chloros , P. 1985 . Language selection and switching among Strasbourg shoppers . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 54 : 117 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner-Chloros , P. 1995 . “ Codeswitching in community, regional and national repertoires: the myth of the discreteness of linguistic systems ” . In One speaker, two languages. , Edited by: Milroy , L. and Muysken , P. 68 – 89 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons , J. P. 1983 . Attitudes towards languages and codemixing in Hong Kong . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 2&3 ( 4 ) : 129 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons , J. P. 1987 . Codemixing and code choice: a Hong Kong case study. , Clevedon , England : Multilingual Matters Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Grosjean , F. 1985 . Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gumperz , J. J. 1976 . “ The sociolinguistics significance of conversational codeswitching ” . In Papers in Language and Context , 1 – 26 . Berkeley : Language Behavior Research .
   Google Scholar
• Gumperz , J. J. 1982 . “ Conversational code-switching ” . In Discourse strategies , 55 – 99 . London : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Halmari , H. 1997 . Government and codeswitching: explaining American Finnish (Studies in Bilingualism, 8). , Amsterdam : John Benjamin Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Halliday , M. 1985 . Introduction to functional grammar. , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Hasselmo , N. 1972 . “ Codeswitching as ordered selection ” . In Studies for Einar Haugen. , Edited by: Firchow , E. S. 261 – 280 . The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Haust , D. 1995 . Codeswitching in Gambia: Eine sociolinguistische Untersuchung von Mandinka, Wolofund Englisch in Kontakt. , Cologne : Rudiger Koppe .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , R. 1978 . Codeswitching in South Texas: sociolinguistic considerations and pedagogical applications . The Journal of the Linguistic Society of the Southwest , 3 ( 1 ) : 20 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , R. 1990 . Codeswitching as a worldwide phenomenon. , New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Joshi , A. 1985 . “ Processing of sentences with intrasentential code-switching ” . In Natural language processing: psychological, computational and theoretical perspectives. , Edited by: David , R. , Dowty , D. R. , Karttunen , L. and Zwicky , A. M. 190 – 205 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kachru , B. B. 1978a . “ Code-mixing as a communicative strategy in India ” . In International dimensions of bilingual education. , Edited by: Alatis , I. E. 190 – 204 . Washington , DC : Georgetown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kachru , B. B. 1978b . Toward structuring code-mixing: an Indian perspective . International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 16 : 27 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Kachru , B. B. 1983 . “ On mixing ” . In The Indianization of English: the English language in India , 193 – 207 . New Delhi : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kachru , B. B. 1986 . The alchemy of English. , Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1987 . French/Vernacular code-mixing in Zaire: implications for syntactic constraints . Chicago Linguistic Society , 23 ( 1 ) : 166 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1990 . Code-mixing across languages: functions, structure, and constraints [Doctoral Diss. University of Illinois, 1989] , Ann Arbor , MI : University Microfilms International . [1989a]
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1989b . Code-mixing and Modernization . World Englishes , 8 ( 3 ) : 321 – 332 . (An earlier version in ERIC Educational Document: A clearinghouse on language and linguistics. Washington, D.C.; ED NO. 244–441 [1986])
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1989c . A selected bibliography of studies on code-mixing and code-switching (1970–1988) . World Englishes , 8 ( 3 ) : 433 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1989d . Some morphosyntactic aspects of French/English-Bantu code-mixing: evidence for universal constraints . Chicago Linguistic Society , 25 ( 2 ) : 157 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1991 . Chinese-English code-mixing: a case of matrix language assignment . World Englishes , 10 ( 3 ) : 247 – 261 . (with Lee Cher Leng)
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , Nkonko M. 1992a . ‘Mixing’ and ‘Mixers’: English across cultures . World Englishes , 11 ( 2–3 ) : 173 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1994 . siSwati-English code-switching: the matrix language principle and linguistic contraints . South African Journal of African Languages , 12 ( 2 ) : 10 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1996 . Sociolinguistic aspects of siSwati-English bilingualism . World Englishes , 15 ( 3 ) : 295 – 306 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1997 . Language contact, codeswitching, and I-languages: evidence from Africa . South African Journal of Linguistics , 15 ( 2 ) : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamwangamalu , N. M. 1998 . “ We-codes, they-codes, and the codes-in-between: identities of English and codeswitching in post-apartheid South Africa ” . In Aspects of multilingualism in post-apartheid South Africa: a special issue of multilingua 17, 2&3. , Edited by: Kamwangamalu , N. M. Berlin & New York : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Klavans , J. L. 1983 . “ The syntax of code-switching: Spanish and English ” . In Current issues in linguistic theory, Volume 36: Selected Papers from the 1983 Thirteenth Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages. , Edited by: King , L. D. and Maley , C. A. 213 – 231 . Philadelphia , PA : John Benjamins Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Lance , D. 1975 . “ Spanish-English code-switching ” . In El Lenguaje de los Chicanos. , Edited by: Hernandez-Chavez , C. and Beltramo , A. 138 – 153 . Arlington , VA : Center for Applied Linguistics .
   Google Scholar
• Lederberg , A. and Morales , C. 1985 . Code-switching by bilinguals: evidence against a third grammar . Journal of Psychol inguistic Research , 14 ( 2 ) : 113 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legaretta , D. 1977 . Language choice in bilingual classrooms . TESOL Quarterly , 1 : 9 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , A. M.Y. 1996 . Bilingualism or linguistic segregation? Symbolic domination, resistance and code switching in Hong Kong schools . Linguistics and Education , 8 : 49 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , J. S. and Stanford , L. M. 1982 . “ An experimental reappraisal of some syntactic constraints on code-switching ” . In The Ninth LACUS Forum. , Edited by: Morreall , J. 474 – 483 . Columbia , SC : Hornbeam Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lipski , J. 1978 . “ Code-switching and the problem of bilingual competence ” . In Aspects of bilingualism. , Edited by: Paradis , M. 250 – 264 . Columbia , S.C. : Hornbeam Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marasigan , E. 1983 . Code-switching and code-mixing in multilingual societies. , SEAMEO Regional Language Center: Singapore University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mazrui , A. How is a code-mixer's grammar organized: evidence from Sheng . Paper presented at the 21st Annual Conference of African Linguistics . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia . April 12–14
   Google Scholar
• McClure , E. and McClure , M. 1988 . “ Macro- and micro-sociolinguistic dimensions of code-switching in Vingard ” . In Code-switching: anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives. , Edited by: Heller , M. 25 – 51 . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Milroy , L. and Muysken , P. , eds. 1995 . One speaker, two languages: cross-disciplinary perspectives on codeswitching. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mkilifi , A. M. 1978 . Triglossia and Swahili-English bilingualism in Tanzania Edited by: Fishman , J. A. 129 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Muysken , P. 1995 . “ Codeswitching and grammatical theory ” . In One speaker, two languages: cross-disciplinary perspectives on codeswitching. , Edited by: Muysken , P. 177 – 198 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1976 . Strategies of neutrality: language choice in uncertain situations . Language , 55 : 919 – 941 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1979 . “ Codeswitching as a ‘safe choice’ in choosing a lingua franca ” . In Language and Society , Edited by: McCormack , W. and Wurm , S. 71 – 88 . The Hague : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1982 . The possibility of code-switching: motivation for maintaining multilingualism . Anthropological linguistics , 24 ( 4 ) : 432 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1983b . Comment: markedness and code choice . InternationalJournal of the Sociology of Language , 39 : 119 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1986 . “ Diglossia and codeswitching ” . In The Fergusonian Impact , Edited by: Fishman , J. A. Vol. ii , 403 – 115 . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1988a . “ Codeswitching and types of multilingual communities ” . In Language spread adn language policy. , Edited by: Lowenberg , P. 61 – 82 . Washington , D.C. : Georgetown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1988b . Codeswitching as indexical of social negotiation Edited by: Heller , M. 151 – 86 . 1988a
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1990 . Codeswitching and borrowing: interpersonal and macrolevel meaning Edited by: Jackobson , R. 57 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1991a . “ Intersections between social motivations and structural processing in codeswitching ” . In European Science Foundation 57 – 82 . 1991a
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1991b . “ Whither codeswitching? Prospects for cross-field collaboration: production-based model of codeswitching ” . In European Science Foundation 207 – 32 . 1991c
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1992a . Constructing the frame in intrasentential codeswitching . Multilingua , 11 : 101 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1992b . Comparing codeswitching and borrowing . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural and Multilingual Development, a special issue on codeswitching (edited by Carol M. Eastman) , 13 ( 2&3 ) : 19 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , Carol . 1993a . Social motivations for codeswitching. , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1993b . Duelling languages: grammatical structure in codeswitching. , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1995 . “ A lexically based model of codeswitching ” . In One speaker, two languages: cross-disciplinary perspectives on codeswitching. , Edited by: Milroy , L. and Muysken , A. 233 – 256 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1996 . “ ‘Matrix language choice’ and ‘morpheme sorting’ as possible structural strategies in pidgin/creole formation ” . In Pidgins and Creoles: structure and status. , Edited by: Spears , A. and Winford , D. Amsterdam : Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1995 . “ A lexically-based production model of codeswitching ” . In One speaker, two languages: cross-disciplinary perspectives on codeswitching. , Edited by: Milroy , L. and Muysken , P. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. 1997 . “ Codeswitching ” . In The handbook of sociolinguistics , Edited by: Coulmas , F. 217 – 237 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Blackwell Publishers Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. and Jake , J. J. 1995 . Matching lemmas in a bilingual language competence and production model: evidence from intrasentential codeswitching . Linguistics , 33 : 981 – 1024 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers-Scotton , C. and Azuma , S. 1989 . A frame-based model of code-switching, ms
   Google Scholar
• Nartey , J. S. 1982 . Code-switching, interference or faddism? Language use among educated Ghanaians . Anthropological Linguistics , 24 ( 2 ) : 183 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Nishimura , Miwa . 1986 . “ Intrasentential code-switching: the case of language assignment ” . In Language processing in bilinguals: psycholinguistic and neuropsychological perspectives. , Edited by: Vaid , J. 123 – 143 . Hillsdale , N.I : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Obler , Loraine . 1983 . Knowledge in neurolinguistics: the case of bilingualism . Language Learning , 33 ( 5 ) : 151 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Pakir , A. 1989 . Language alternates and code selection in Baba Malay . World Englishes , 8 : 379 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Pandaripande , R. 1990 . Formal and functional constraints on codemixing Edited by: Jacobson , R. 15 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Pandharipande , R. Variable patterns and variable constraints: codemixing in bilingual discourse . Paper presented at the AAAL conference . Orlando , Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey , A. 1996 . “ The pragmatics of code alternation in Nigerian English ” . In Studies in the Linguistic Sciences , Vol. 24 , Urbana : University of Illinois Press . (2)
   Google Scholar
• Pandit , I. 1990 . Grammaticality in codeswitching Edited by: Jacobson , R. 33 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Paradis , Michael . 1981 . “ Neurolinguistic organization of a bilingual's two languages ” . In The Seventh LACUS Forum. , Edited by: Gutwinski , W. and Jolly , G. 486 – 495 . Columbia , S.C. : Hornbeam Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Paradis , M. , ed. 1983 . Readings on aphasia in bilinguals and polyglots. , Quebec , , Canada : Marcel Didier Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Paradis , M. 1985 . On the representation of two languages in one brain . Language Sciences , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaff , C. Functional and structural constraints on syntactic variation in code-switching . Papers from the parasession on diachronic syntax . pp. 248 – 259 . Chicago : Chicago Linguistic Society .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaff , C. 1979 . Constraints on language mixing . Language , 55 : 291 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poplack , Shana . 1978 . “ Syntactic structure and the social function of code-switching ” . In Latino language and communicative behavior. , Edited by: Duran , R. 169 – 184 . Norwood , NJ : Ablex Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Poplack , Shana . 1980 . Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Espanol: toward a typology of code-switching . Linguistics , 18 : 581 – 618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poplack , S. 1981 . “ Syntactic structure and social function of codeswitching ” . In Latino language and communicative behavior. , Edited by: Durand , R. 169 – 184 . Norwood , NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Poplack , S. , Wheeler , S. and Westwood , A. 1989 . Distinguishing language contact phenomena: Evidence from Finnish-English bilingualism . World Englishes , 8 ( 3 ) : 389 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Poplack , S. and Meechan , M. 1995 . “ Patterns of language mixture: nominal structure in Wolof-French and Fongbe-French bilingual discourse ” . In One speaker, two languages: cross-disciplinary perspectives on codeswitching. , Edited by: Milroy , L and Muysken , P. 199 – 232 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Romaine , S. 1986 . “ The syntax and semantics of the code-mixed compound verb in Panjabi-English bilingual discourse ” . In Language and linguistics: the interdependence of theory, data, and application (GURT 1985). , Edited by: Tannen , D. and Alatis , I. E. 35 – 49 . Washington DC : Georgetown University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sankoff , D. and Poplack , S. 1981 . A formal grammar for code-switching. Papers in Linguistics . International Journal of Human Communication , 14 ( 1 ) : 3 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Sankoff , D. , Poplack , S. and Vanniarajan , S. 1990 . The case of nonce loan in Tamil . Language Variation and Change , 2 : 71 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartzman , S. 1984 . Linguistic humor and the maintenance of Krenakore identity under contact . International Journal of American Linguistics , 50 ( 2 ) : 232 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesep N'sial , B. 1978 . Le metissage Francais-Lingala au Zaire: essai d'analyse differentielle et sociolinguistique de la communaute bilingue , Nice : Universite de Nice . Unpublished these de doctorat de 3eme cycle
   Google Scholar
• Singh , R. 1983 . A note on codeswitching and stratification in North India . Language in Society , 12 ( 1 ) : 71 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slabbert , S. and Finlayson , R. 1999 . A socio-historical overview of codeswitching studies in the African languages . South African Journal of African Languages , 19 ( 1 ) : 60 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Sobins , N. J. 1984 . On code-switching inside NP . Applied Psycholinguistics , 5 ( 4 ) : 293 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sridhar , S. 1978 . On the function of code-mixing in Kannada . International of the Sociology of Language , 6 : 109 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Sridhar , S. and Sridhar , K. 1980 . The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code-mixing . Studies in the Linguistic Sciences , 10 ( 1 ) : 203 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Swigart , Leigh . 1992 . “ Two codes or one? The insiders' view and the description of code-switching in Dakar ” . In Code-switching. , Edited by: Eastman , K. 83 – 102 . Clevedon : Multilingual Matters LTD .
   Google Scholar
• Timm , L. A. 1975 . Spanish-English code-switching: El porque y how-not-to . Romance Philology , 28 ( 4 ) : 473 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timm , L. A. 1978 . “ Code-switching in WAR AND PEACE ” . In Aspects of bilingualism. , Edited by: Paradis , M. 302 – 315 . Columbia , SC : Hornbeam Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ure , Jean . Code-switching, ‘and mixed speech’ in the register systems of developing languages . Proceedings Volume II of Applied Sociolinguistics . Edited by: Verdoot , A. pp. 22 – 239 . Heidelberg : Julius Groos .
   Google Scholar
• Vallduvi , E. 1988 . On lexical and grammatical language mixing. Linguistic change and contact . NWAV , 16 : 368 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinreich , U. 1964 . Language in contact. , The Hague : Mouton . [1953]
   Google Scholar
• Wentz , J. 1977 . some considerations in the development of a syntactic description of code-switching. , Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . unpublished Doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Woolford , E. 1983 . Bilingual code-switching and syntactic theory . Linguistic Inquiry , 14 : 520 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , Yi'An . 1985 . Code-mixing by English-Chinese bilingual teachers of the People Republic of China . World Englishes , 4 ( 3 ) : 303 – 317 .
   Google Scholar
• Zentella , A. C. 1981 . “ ‘Ta bien, you could answer me en cualquier idioma’: Puerto Rican codeswitching in bilingual classrooms ” . In Latino Language and Communicative Behavior. , Edited by: Duran , R. 109 – 132 . Norwood , N.J. : Ablex Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar