An examination of social media as a platform for cyber-violence against the LGBT+ population

References

• Abreu RL and Kenny MC (2017) ‘Cyberbullying and LGBTQ youth: A systematic literature review and recommendations for prevention and intervention’, in Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11, 1, 81–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachman RD and Schutt RK (2018) Fundamentals of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice (4th ed), California: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Badenhorst C (2011) Legal responses to cyberbullying and sexting in South Africa. Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention (CJCP) Issue Paper, August, No. 10, 1-20. Available at: http://www.cjcp.org.za/uploads/2/7/8/4/27845461/issue_paper_10.pdf, site accessed August 15, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Bobbitt-Zeher D (2011) ‘Gender discrimination at work: connecting gender stereotypes, institutional policies, and gender composition of workplace’, in Gender & Society, 25, 6, 764–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouard P, Judge M, Lekorwe M, Matebeni Z, Msibi T, Payi X and Reddy V (2016) Progressive prudes. A survey of attitudes towards homosexuality and gender non-conformity in South Africa, Johannesburg: The Other Foundation, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Butler J (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Doody A (2019) ‘Heteronormative Theory’, available at: http://alishadoody.com/heteronormative-theory/, site accessed August 15, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Dooley J, Pyżalski J and Cross D (2009) ‘Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review’, in Journal of Psychology, 217, 4, 182–188. http://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Preez C and Prinsloo J (2017) ‘An exploration of bullying in school context with specific focus on cyberbullying as a form of cybercrime in Tshwane, Gauteng’, in Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 30, 3, 103–120.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson S (2011) Heteronormativity in First Encounters: An Interactional Analysis. Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, (19)2, 87–104.
   Google Scholar
• Escbar-Viera CG, Whitfield DL, Wessel CB, Shensa A, Sidani LE, Brown AL, Chandler CJ, Hoffman BL, Marshal P and Primack BA (2018) ‘For better or for worse? A systematic review of the evidence on social media use and depression among lesbian, gay, and bisexual minorities’, in Journal of JMIR Ment Health, 5, 3, e210496.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara P, Ianniello F, Villani A and Corsello G (2018) ‘Cyberbullying a modern form of bullying: Let’s talk about this health and social problem’, in Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 44, 14, 1–4. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-018-0446-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis DA (2017) ‘Homophobia and sexuality diversity in South African schools: A review’, in Journal of LGBT Youth, Vol 0, No, 0, 1–21. http://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2017.1326868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinduja S and Patchin JW (2014) ‘Cyberbullying: Identification, Prevention, & Response’, Cyberbullying Research Center, available at: https://cyberbullying.org/Cyberbullying-Identification-Prevention-Response.pdf (Accessed on 15 August 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Holt TJ (2012) ‘Exploring the intersections of technology, crime, and terror’, in Terrorism and Political Violence, 24, 2, 337–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh H and Shannon SE (2005) ‘Three approaches to qualitative content analysis’, in Qualitative Health Research, 12, 9, 1277–1288.
   Google Scholar
• Jagger G (2008) Judith Butler: Sexual politics, social change and the power of the performative, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson LD, Haralson A, Batts S, Brown E, Collins C, van Buren-Travis A and Spencer M (2016) ‘Cyberbullying on social media among college students’, available at: http://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/vistas, site accessed 24 August 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Jordaan N (2019) ‘“No words are enough to express our sorrow”: Gauteng education MEC on cyberbullying suicide’, Sunday Times, 21 February, available at: https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-02-21-no-words-are-enough-to-express-our-sorrow-gauteng-education-mec-on-cyberbullying-suicide/
   Google Scholar
• Kann L, McManus T, Harris WA, Shanklin SL, Flint KH, Queen B, Lowry R, Chyen D, Whittle L, Thornton J, Lim C, Bradford D, Yamakawa Y, Leon M, Brener N, Ethier K (2018) Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2017. MMWR Surveill Summ, 67:1–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosciw JG, Greytak EA, Diaz EM and Bartkiewicz MJ (2012) The 2009 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation’s schools, New York: Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network.
   Google Scholar
• Kunnapu M, Planken E, Sansom G, Schulman C, Hansen ET, Kadlecik B and Berstein K (2018) Mapping study on cyberviolence, Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Laher S, Fynn A and Kramer S (2019) Transforming Research Methods in the Social Sciences: Case studies from South Africa, Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Love not Hate Campaign (2016) ‘Hate crimes against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in South Africa’, available at: http://www.out.org.za/index.php/library/reports?download=30:hatecrimes-against-lgbt-people-in-south-africa-2016, site accessed 16 August 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Maquba, L. and Sehoole, J. (2018). National Dialogue on the Protection and Promotion of the Human Rights of Intersex People. The National Intersex Meeting Report. Available at https://www.justice.gov.za/vg/lgbti/2018-NationalIntersexMeetingReport.pdf Accessed on 24 August 2019.
   Google Scholar
• McNeal RS, Kunkle SM and Bryan LD (2016) ‘State-level cyberbullying policy: Variations in containing a digital problem’ in G Crews (ed) Critical examinations of school violence and disturbance in K-12 education (pp. 62–84), Hershey (PA): Information Science Reference.
   Google Scholar
• McNeal RS, Kunkle SM and Schmeida M (2018) Cyber harassment and policy reform in the digital age: Emerging research and opportunities, Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Newall M (2018) Cyberbullying: A global advisor survey, IPSOS, available at: https://www.ipsos.com/en/global-views-cyberbullying, site accessed 16 August 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Network of African National Human Rights Institutions, 2017
   Google Scholar
• Palmer NA, Kosciw JG, Greytak EA, Ybarra ML, Korchmaros J and Mitchell KL (2013) Out Online: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth on the Internet, New York: GLSEN.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson J and Densley J (2017) Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here? Aggression and Violent Behavior 34:193–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piantato G 2016. How has queer theory influenced the ways we think about gender? Working Paper of Public Health, 5(1): 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Popovac M and Leoschut L (2012) Cyber bullying in South Africa: Impact and responses. Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention. 13,1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Smith K (2019) ‘53 Incredible Facebook Statistics and Facts’, available at: https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/facebook-statistics/, site accessed August 15, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• StatCounter (2019) ‘Social media stats South Africa July 2018 – July 2019’, available at: https://gs.statcounter.com/social-media-stats/all/south-africa, site accessed September 1, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Tebele SM and Odeku O (2014) ‘An analysis of workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation’, in Anthropologist, 18, 2, 609–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilsen J and Nylund D (2010) ‘Homonormativity and queer youth resistance: Reversing the reverse discourse’ in L Moon (ed) Counselling Ideologies: Queer Challenges to Heteronormativity (pp. 131–149), London: Ashgate Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Tommey RB and Russell ST (2016) ‘The role of sexual orientation in school-based victimization: A meta-analysis’, in Youth and Society, 48, 2, 176–201. http://dx.10.1177/0044118X13483778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Vollenhoven WJ and Els CJ (2013) ‘The human rights paradox of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender students in South African education’, in De Jure, 46, 1, 263–284, available at: http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-71602013000100015&lng=en&tlng=en, site accessed August 24, 2019,
   Google Scholar
• Varela MMC, Dhawan N and Engel A (2016) Hegemony and Heteronormativity: Revisiting ‘The Political’ in Queer Politics, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar