- In addition to the author's previous books and articles that addressed US “grand strategy” in Asia, a recently completed volume, Grand Exit Strategy: U.S. Nation al Defense for the 21st Century, is forthcoming (London: Frank Cass Publishers).
- Breemer , Jan S. , Jack , McCaffrie and Alan , Hinge , eds. 1997 . “Sea Power in the New Century,” . In Sea Power in the New Century: Maritime Operations in Asia Pacific Beyond 2000 Canberra : Australia Defence Studies Centre . Two excellent examples (by my Naval Postgraduate School colleagues) are: Capt. Wayne P. Hughes, USN (Ret.), “United States Maritime Strategy and Naval Power in East Asia in the 21st Century,” Sixth International Sea Power Symposium, Seoul, August 5, 1999; and, eds., (
- Mahan , Alfred Thayer . The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1890); and The Interest of America in Sea Power: Present and Future (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1897). See, also, Kenneth J. Hagan, “Alfred Thayer Mahan: Turning America Back to the Sea,” in Frank J. Merill and Theodore Wilson, eds., Makers of American Diplomacy (New York: Scribner 1974).
- Dorrance , John C. , ed. 1992 . The United States and the Pacific Islands Westport : Praeger . For background on this, see, (
- Stevens , Sylvester K. , ed. 1968 . American Expansion in Hawaii. 1842–1898 New York : Russell & Russell . See, (and Arthur Power Dudden, The American Pacific (New York: Oxford University Press 1992), pp. 49–77.
- See, Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines (New York: Random House, 1989); and Dudden, The American Pacific, pp. 78–111.
- 1981 . Sentimental Imperialists: The American Experience in East Asia New York : Harper & Row . For insights into American motives and doubts, see, James C. Thompson, Jr., Peter W. Stanley, and John Curtis Perry, (
- Goldman , Emily O. 1994 . Sunken Treaties: Naval Arms Control Between the Wars University Park, PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . See, (
- 1987 . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers New York : Random House . For insights into that process and warnings about its implications for the United States as an analogous overextended maritime power, see Paul Kennedy, (
- 1995 . “ Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam ” . In The Korean War: An International History Princeton : Princeton University Press . For overviews of both wars, see, William Stueck, (and George McTurnan Kahin, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.
- 1996 . Tripwire: Korea and U.S. Foreign Policy in a Changed World Washington DC : The Cato Institute . For criticism of that posture, see, Doug Bandow, (
- Green , Michael and Cronin , Patrick M. , eds. 1999 . The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Past. Present. & Future New York : Council on Foreign Relations Press . eds., (
- Albinski , Henry S. 1987 . ANZUS. The United States and Pacific Security Lanham, MD : The Asia Society/University Press of America .
- Buss , Claude A. 1977 . United States and the Philippines: Background for Policy Washington DC : American Enterprise Institute .
- 1991 . This People's Navy: The Making of American Sea Power New York : Free Press . For an overview of the US Navy's consolidation of an effective maritime strategy, see, Kenneth J. Hagan, (
- Muravchick , Joshua , ed. 1996 . The Imperative of American Leadership Washington DC : The AEI Press . See, (
- Galen Carpenter , Ted , ed. 1992 . A Search for Enemies: America's Alliances after the Cold War Washington : The Cato Institute . See, (and Michael Klare, Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws: America's Search for a New Foreign Policy (New York: Hill and Wang 1996).
- Carter , Ashton B. and Perry , William J. 1999 . Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America Washington : Brookings Institution . For justification of those roles, see, (
- From the Sea: Preparing the Naval Service for the 21st Century (Washington: Depart ment of the Navy, September 1992). See, also, Forward From the Sea, 1994, an updated version.
- Jan S. Breemer, “The End of Naval Strategy: Revolutionary Change and the Future of American Naval Power,” Strategic Review, Spring 1994, pp. 40–53.
- The Commander of the US Seventh Fleet touched on five explicit missions for the US Navy in an unclassified speech before the Sixth International Sea Power Symposium in Seoul. He said, “Navy strategy now focuses on five mission areas: maritime supremacy, power projection from sea to land, strategic deterrence, strategic sealift, and forward naval presence.” Korea Herald, August 6, 1999.
- A leaked report stated the successor would appear in the Fall of 1999, Jane's Defence Weekly, June 30, 1999, p. 9. It did not appear by that point and as of this writing in the Summer of 2000 it remains a work in progress, rumored to be released shortly.
- The Economist, June 17, 2000, pp. 41–12; Shim Jae-hoon, “Korea Summit; No Turning Back,” Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), June 22, 2000, pp. 16–19; and Bay Fang, “Talk of kith and Kims,” U.S. News & World Report, June 26, 2000, pp. 29–30.
- Mike Mochizuki, ed., Toward A True Alliance: Restructuring U.S.-Japau Security Relations (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1997).
- See, for example, Ezra Vogel, Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997). For analysis of China's relative military weakness, see, Bates Gill and Michael O'Hanlon, “China's Military: How Good?,” National Interest, Summer 1999, pp. 55–72.
- Bernstein , Richard and Munro , Ross H. 1996 . The Coming Conflict with China New York : Alfred A. Knopf . See, for example, (
- See, the Cox Report, “U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China,” available at http://www.house.gov/coxreport. See, also, PEER, May 20, 1999, pp. 10–13; June 3,1999, p. 19; June 10,1999, p. 20; and June 17, 1999, pp. 10–14.
- For an alternative view that envisions a more proactive role of this sort for the US Navy in the region, see Paul Bracken, “Maritime Peacekeeping in Northeast Asia,” Journal of East Asian Affairs, Summer/Fall 1998, pp. 577–98.
- Michael Nacht, “Multilateral Naval Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Some Plausible Considerations for 2010 Based on What We Know in 1994,” Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Summer 1995, pp. 29–47; and Paul Bracken, “Naval Cooperation in Northeast Asia,” Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Summer 1997, pp. 203–214.
- For broader analysis of these topics, see the special issue on The First Annual Korea-US Marine Policy Forum, Korea Observer, Spring 1999. For extensive coverage of the Tokdo issue, see the special issue on Tokdo, Korea Observer, Spring 1998; and Lee Boo-kyoon, “Han-il tokdo yungyukwon bunjeng kwa migook ui ibjang” [The Tokdo territorial dispute between Korea and Japan and the United States' position], PhD dissertation, Dangook University, 1999.
- For a succinct overview of Sochong, Taechong, Paengnyong, Soyonpyong, and Taeyonpyong Islands, see Michael Baker, “Korea's islands in the storm,” Christian Science Monitor, September 9, 1999, p. 6.
- Dalchoong , Kim and Cho , Doug-woon , eds. 1990 . Korean Sea Power and the Pacific Era Seoul : Institute of East and West Studies, Yonsei University . For a sense of those Korean aspirations prior to the crisis and how foreign analysts assessed them, see, eds., (and Lee Choon-kun, ed., Sea Power and Korea in the 21st Century (Seoul: The Sejong Institute 1994).
- Korea Herald, March 28, 1998, p. 3; and August 28, 1998, p. 3; and FEER, June 11, 1998, p. 10.
- Korea Herald, June 1, 1998, p. 10.
- See, Kim Tae-hyo, “A Simulation: Possibilities and Limits of ROK-Japanese Naval Cooperation,” Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, Winter 1998, pp. 51–68; and Trilateral Naval Cooperation: Japan-US-Korea, Workshop II Report (Alexandria, VA: Center for Naval Analysis, Korean Institute for Defense Analysis, and The Okazaki Institute, May 1998).
- For coverage of ROK-Japan naval exercises, see Korea Herald, August 6, 1999, p. 1.
- The author advocated such cooperation during the late Cold War when it was popular in neither Korea nor Japan. See, “Japan-South Korea Security Ties,” in Air University Review, May-June 1981, pp. 60–66; “Nichi-bei-kan sogo anpo tai-sei o nozomu” [Desiring a Japan-US-Korea mutual defense system] in Onto Koron, February 1983, pp. 152–159; and “U.S.-Japan-ROK Military Cooperation,” Asian Perspective, Fall-Winter 1985, pp. 169–183.
- Cha , Victor D. , ed. 1999 . Alignment Despite Antagonism: The United States-Korea-Japan Security Triangle Stanford : Stanford University Press . See, (
- Korea Herald, August 20, 1997, p. 2; and October 23, 1997, p. 3.
- Korea Herald, March 13, 1998, p. 1; March 30, 1998, p. 2; April 3, 1998, p. 1; and October 9, 1998, p. 1.
- 1998 . 21 Seiki ni mukete arata na nikkan paatonaa-shippu no tame no koudoit keikaku [The Action Plan for the New Japan-Korea Partnership for the 21st Century] Tokyo : Gaimusho [Foreign Ministry] . Korea Herald, July 30, 1998, p. 3; and (
- President Kim was quoted as stating “We will also maintain our alliance with Japan…,” in Lee Chang-sup, “US Troops Necessary For National Interest Kim,” Korea Times, June 30, 2000.
- Hughes, “United States Maritime Strategy and Naval Power in East Asia,” p. 1.
- For Korean concerns about the directions of those ties, see, Ahn Byung-joon, “The Impact of the U.S. Japan Defense Cooperation Guidelines on East Asian Security,” in IGCC Policy Paper, No. 45 (La Jolla: University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, 1998); and Hong Kwan-hee, “ROK-U.S.-Japan Ties in Changing Security Situation,” Korea Focus, November-December, 1998, pp. 63–74.
- Yung , Christopher C. “People's War at Sea: Chinese Naval Power in the Twenty First Century,” Center for Naval Analysis ” . In Research Memorandum 95 – 214 . See, March 1996; Gary Klintworth, “The Chinese Navy: Developing Blue-water Experience,” Asia-Pacific Defense Reporter, February-March 1998, p. 20; You Ji, “The Chinese Navy and National Interest,” in McCaffrie & Hinge, Sea Power in the New Century: Maritime Operations in Asia Pacific Beyond 2000; and Lt. Cdr. Wayne R. Hugar, “How Far Will the Dragon Swim?” in U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, March 1999, pp. 48–51. For broader background, see John W. Lewis and Xue Litai, China's Strategic Sea Power (Stanford: Stanford University Press 1994).
- For insights into this debate, see, Benjamin Schwarz, “Why America Thinks It Has to Run the World,” Atlantic Monthly, June 1996, pp. 92–102; and Ivan Eland, “Tilting at Windmills; Post-Cold War Military Threats to U.S. Security,” Policy Analysis No. 332, The Cato Institute, February 8, 1999.
- For a more cautious and balanced estimate of Japan's prospects, see, Green and Cronin, The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Past. Present. & Future; and Kawamura Sumihiko, “The Maritime Self Defense Force in the Next Century,” in McCaffrie & Hinge, Sea Power in the New Century.
- Metzger , Thomas and Myers , Ramon H. , eds. 1996 . Greater China and U.S. Foreign Policy: The Choice Between Confrontation and Mutual Respect Stanford : Hoover Institution Press . eds., (
- Gilley , Bruce . December 10 1998 . “Sharper Image; Pentagon adopts a menacing view of China's PLA,” . In FEER December 10 , See, pp. 28–29; and Michael Pillsbury, ed., Chinese Views of Future Warfare (Washington: National Defense University Press 1998).
- The chief of staff of the PRC's Southern Fleet, Admiral Huang Jiang, hinted at such a Chinese maritime role, Singapore Straits Times, July 12, 2000.
- See, Christopher Yung, Kim Chang-su, Sung Hwan-wie, and Lee jae-wook, “Naval Cooperation After Korean Unification,” Alexandria, Center for Naval Analysis and Korea Institute for Defense Analyses, 1996.
- See Bandow, Tripwire: Korea and U.S. Foreign Policy in a Changed World.
- Two useful, but very different, examples of Korean contributions to that debate are Park Yong-ok, “Korea's Defense for the 21st Century,” Korea and World Affairs, Spring 1996, pp. 22–35; and Kim Sung-han, “The Future of Korea-U.S. Alliance,” Korea and World Affairs, Summer 1996, pp. 184–96.
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 12, 2000 - Issue 2