- Clark , Mark W. 1954 . From the Danube to the Yalu 102 New York : Harper .
- International Human Rights League of Korea, “Bukhan-eokryu han-gukgun porodeul-eu siltae bogoseo [Report on Real Conditions of South Korean Captives Detained in North Korea],” 1995, p. 15.
- Junshikexueyuan junshilishiyenjiusuo (Center on Military History in Military Affairs Research Center) ed., Zhongguo renmin zhiyuanjun kangmeiyuanchao zhanshi (History of the War of the Chinese People's Volunteers to Resist America and Assist Korea), Junshikexue chubanshe (Publishing House of Military Science), 1988.
- The South Korean government only recognized 19,409 captives and deaths subsequent to capture by the communists based on investigating the original units in 1994. However, the Commander of the UN Forces reported a total of 82,318 South Korean MIAs in August 1953, while the US Ambassador U. Alexis Johnson cited 166,297 South Korean MIAs in his briefing to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on May 11,1954. Paul M. Cole, “The Korean War,” POW/MIA Issues, Vol. 1 (Santa Monica: RAND, 1994), p. 229.
- Byung-hwa , Lyou . 1997 . “Legal Problems with the Repatriation of North Korean Detainees and Settlement Programs,” . In Understanding Human Rights in North Korea Edited by: Choi , Sung-chul . 265 Seoul : Hanyang University, Institute of Unification Policy . in, ed.
- Wolgan Chosun, September 2000, p. 262.
- Military History Compilation Center . 2001 . Jeungeoneul tonghae bon betnamjeonjaeng-gwa han-gukgun (The Vietnam War and ROK Forces Observed with the Witness) Vol. I , Seoul : Ministry of National Defense . ed., (p. 18. However, the Compilation Committee of War History of the Department of National Defense counted 4,960 deaths—3,806 KIAs and 1,154 other deaths. Compilation Committee of War History, Pawol han-gukgun jeonsa (War History of Dispatched ROK Forces), Vol. 10 (Seoul: Ministry of National Defense) 1985.
- US Department of Defense, Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action Office Reference Document, US Personal Missing, Southeast Asia (and Selected Foreign Nationals) (U), Alpha, Chronological and Refno Reports, unclassified, May 1996, DPMO/RD.
- US Library of Congress, POW/MIA Data Base, available at http://memory.loc.gov/pow/powhome.html. At this site search for “South Korean POWs/MIAs”: MBC Production, “Betnamjeoneui han-gukgun siljongjadeul [South Korean MIAs from the Vietnam War],” from the TV series Ijeneun malhalsu itda (Now, we can speak), video cassette (broadcast on July 30, 2000).
- Anita Lauve Nutt, All POW-MIA ARPA Report, Memorandum RM5729-1 ARPA January 1969.
- After Jo, 21 former South Korean POWs, including Yang Sun-yong, Jang Mu-hwan, Bak Hong-gil, and Yi Yeong-seok, escaped to South Korea.
- The other prisoner of war camps identified in North Korea were at Chunggangjin (126° 50', 41° 48'), Kanggye (126° 36', 40° 58'), and Sinuiju (124° 24', 40° 06'). Those identified in China were at Antung (124° 20', 40° 10'), Mukden (123° 30', 41° 45') and Peiping-Tientsin (116° 25', 39° 55'). US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951, Vol. VII, Korea and China Part 1 (Washington DC: USGPO, 1983), pp. 1399–1400.
- Witness account of Yi Hang-gu, Taegu MBC Special Report on the Korean War, “Dolaoji mothan yongsadeul [The Non-Repatriated Valiant Soldiers],” Video Cassette (Broadcast on June 26,1997); Chosun Ilbo, November 5, 1994.
- Gun hapdong sinmun joseo (South Korean Inter-Army Interrogation Records), mimeo, November 5, 1994.
- JoongAng Ilbo, August 26, 1996.
- For example, on April 16, 1994, when Professor Jeon Kyeong-su from Seoul National University raised the possibility of a large number of South Korean MIAs from the Vietnam War, the Research Center on National Defense and Military History vehemently denied it through “Wolnamjeon siljongja-e gwanhan geomto [Examination of those Missing from Vietnam War],” June 14, 1994. The conclusion of the report proposed avoiding any further mention of the issue to prevent any public outcry.
- Jeong-hwan , Bak . 2000 . Neusi (Great Bustard), Vol. I, II Seoul : Munyedang .
- Author's interview with Bak Jeong-hwan on November 11, 2001; Witness account of Bak Jeong-hwan, “Betnamjeoneui han-gukgun siljongjadeul [South Korean MIAs from the Vietnam War],” MBC Production.
- Ibid.
- Wolgan Chosun, September 2000, p. 266.
- It should be noted that Northeast Asian countries have their own traditions on how winners should treat losers based on Confucianism, which emphasizes tolerance and legitimacy. In the case of war, winners allow the losers to join their camp.
- For a conceptual explanation of the two dimensions of social existence, see Elemér Hankiss, “The 'Second Society': Is there an alternative social model emerging in contemporary Hungary?”, Social Research, Vol. 55, Nos. 1–2 (Spring/Summer 1988), pp. 21–22.
- For details see Kim Yong-gi, “Gyegupui bulpyongdunggujowa gyegubjongchaek [The unequal structure of class and class policy],” in Go Hyeon-uk et al., Bughansahoeui gujowa byunhwa (The structure and change in North Korean society) (Institute for Far Eastern Studies, 1987), pp. 203–206.
- Ibid., pp. 207–208.
- Ministry of Unification, Bughangaeyo '91 [Epitome of North Korea '91], 1990, p. 238.
- Huntington , Samuel P. 1991 . The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century 267 Norman : University of Oklahoma Press .
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 14, 2002 - Issue 2