- Paige , Glenn D. 1968 . The Korean Decision New York : The Free Press . For an example, see (
- Even though a number of European countries like the Netherlands, Italy, Denmark and Poland are cooperating with the United States in Iraq and even had troops killed in Iraq, the Europeans share a skeptical attitude toward the U.S. initiative in Iraq.
- In the aftermath of the Second World War, a Joint USSR-U.S. Commission was held in Seoul to discuss the future of Korea. An agreement had not, however, been provided at the negotiations from 1946 to 1947.
- Chung , In Seop . 2002 . Korean Questions in the United Nations Seoul : Seoul National University Press . p. iv.
- UN General Assembly Resolution 195 (III) of Dec. 12, 1948. [The author is grateful to Yihong Liang of the UN Library for providing a copy of this document].
- Franco-Korean diplomatic relationship was reestablished on Feb. 15, 1949. Greece formally recognized the ROK on Aug. 7, 1949.
- Marie-Francoise Labouz, L'ONU et la Corée (Paris: PUP, 1980), pp. 107–21, pp. 151–78. See also Paige, Korean Decision, pp. 79–272.
- The volunteers came from the active services as well as from the reserve. Among the rank and file, 90 per cent were from the reserve, while half of the officers came from the reserve. Finally, on September 18, the Korea-bound battalion (Forces Terrestres Francaises de l'ONU) was activated. The battalion was formed under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Ralph Monclar, a veteran of the Foreign Legion who had willingly given up his three star rank of “General de Corps d'Armee” to command these particular troops in Korea. (He was as gallant and distinguished a combat soldier as France had ever produced, with every decoration his country could confer and 17 times wounded in battle. Ministry of National Defense. Korea. The History of the United Nations Forces in the Korean War, Vol. 3 (Seoul: The Ministry of National Defense, Dec 10, 1974), pp. 191–92.
- Tucker , Spencer C. , ed. 2000 . Encyclopedia of the Korean War III: Documents 874 Santa Barbara : ABC-CLIO . ed.
- Rossi , Michel . 1994 . Avoir vingt ans à Chipyong-Ni: en ce temps là l'ONU Courbevoie : Remicom . Ibid., p. 192. For French veteran's autobiographical writings, see Erwan Bergot, Bataillon de Corée: Les volontaires français, 1950–1953 (Paris: Presses de la Cite, 1983);
- Ministry of National Defense, History of UN Forces in Korean War, III: p. 56.
- Füsun Türkmen, “Turkey and the Korean War,” Turkish Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Autumn 2002), pp. 170–71.
- Truman , Harry S. 1956 . Memoirs II: 1946–1952, Years of Trial and Hope 332 – 33 . New York : Doubleday and Co. . Quoted in (pp.
- Many French intellectuals criticized severely the United States rather than the USSR and North Korea.
- Dallin , David J. 1961 . “ Soviet Power and Europe, 1945–1970 ” . In Soviet Foreign Policy After Stalin 60 Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott . Thomas W. Wolfe, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970, 26
- Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (London, 1971), p. 332; Beatrice Heuser, “NSC68 and the Soviet Threat: A New Perspective on Western Threat Perception and Policy Making,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan 1991), pp. 17–40.
- Kathryn Weathersby, “New Findings on the Korean War,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin 3 (Fall 1993), p. 14.
- MacArthur loathed the British presence in Asia, seeking to keep them out of his area of command. He also disliked the American agencies, the State Department, and the CIA, which he rightly knew were modeled on British intelligence practice. Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War 2: the Roaring of the Cataract, 1947–1950 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 97.
- Brogi , Alessandro . 2002 . A Question of Self-Esteem: The United States and the Cold War Choices in France and Italy, 1944–1958 102 London : Praeger .
- 1998 . Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century 162 London : MacMillan Press . Margaret Thatcher cited in Ritchie Ovendale
- 1967 . Korea: The Commonwealth at War London : Casell . During the Korean War British casualties were 1,109 killed and 2,674 wounded. In the author's view, the first academic research that treated the relationship between the Korean War and British Commonwealth was C. N. Barclay, The First Commonwealth Division: The Story of the British Commonwealth Land forces in Korea, 1950–1953 (Aldershot, UK: Gale & Polden, 1954). After this study, many other studies followed. John Mohun Carew, (
- Jeffrey Grey, “The Formation of the Commonwealth Division, 1950–1951,” Military Affairs, Vol. 51, No. 1 (January 1987), pp. 12–16.
- 1993 . Foreign Intervention in Korea Aldeshot : Dartmouth Publishing Company . Many previous studies had already addressed similar topics. Jong-Yil Ra who played the key role in the decision to dispatch Korean troops to Iraq as the Chief of Korean NSC wrote his Ph. D. dissertation on this topic. Jong-Yil Ra, “Britain and the Korean War, 1950–1954,” Trinity College, Cambridge University. See also, Anthony Farrar-Hockley, British Part in the Korean War, Vol. I: A Distant Obligation (London: HMSO, 1990); Callum MacDonald, Britain and the Korean War (Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1990); Gye-Dong Kim, (
- Franks to Foreign Office, July 23, 1950, FO 371/84091, Public Record Office. The Anglo-American special relationship was also well-managed by the personal relationship between Sir Oliver Franks and Dean Acheson.
- Vojtech Mastny, “The New History of Cold War Alliances,” Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring 2002), p. 62. For the history of NATO during the Cold War, Vojtech Mastny is now in charge of the Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Vojtech Mastny, Annual Report 2001 (Jan. 28, 2002), see also www.isn.ethz.ch/php.
- M. L. Dockrill, “The Foreign Office, Anglo-American relations and the Korean war, June 1950-June 1951,” International Affairs, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Summer 1986), pp. 459, 475–76.
- Jihang Park, “Wasted Opportunities? The 1950s Rearmament Program and the Failure of British Economic Policy,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 32, No. 3 (1997), pp. 358, 360.
- About two years before the Korean War, five West European countries, facing the emergent Soviet bloc and determined to put their own history of strife behind them, signed the Brussels Treaty on “Economic, Social and Cultural Collaboration and Collective Self-Defense” on March17, 1948. This Treaty incorporated the first-ever absolute mutual guarantees and established the first-ever fully integrated (peacetime) military organization. Just over a year later, and partly thanks to the stepping-stone this European commitment provided, the North Atlantic Treaty was signed in April 1949 with the participation of the U.S. and Canada and the addition of five more European countries. Alyson J. K. Bailes, “NATO's European Pillar: The European Security and Defense Identity,” Defense Analysis, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Dec 1999).
- Lynch , Frances M. B. 1986 . The Economic effects of the Korean War in France, 1950–1952 2 – 3 . Florence : European University Institute . pp.
- 1969 . “ America's Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany ” . In Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department 436 New York : W. W. Norton and Co. . Quoted from the mention of General Bradley. Dean Acheson, (See also Thomas A. Schwartz, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- The Franco-German proposal of October 1991 was also based on this idea, also to create a European Corps as the embryo for a future multi-national European Army.
- Thomas A. Schwartz, “The 'Skeleton Key'—American Foreign Policy, European Unity, and German Rearmament, 1949–54.” Central European History, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Dec. 86); Benjamin M. Simpson, III., “The Rearming of Germany, 1950–1954: A Linchpin in the Political Evolution of Europe,” Naval War College Review, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1971), pp. 76–90.
- Heller , Francis H. and Gillingham , John R. , eds. 1996 . The United States and the Integration of Europe: Legacies of the Postwar Era New York : St. Martin's Press . Based on the translation by, eds., (
- 1994 . Uncertain Friendships: Taiwan, Hong Kong and the United States, 1945–1992 New York : Twayne . Tel No. 3760/CAS Diplomatie Paris a Haussaire Saigon sur le tel. de Washington n˚ 02695 a 2705 a Diplomatie, Paris, 20 juillet 50, 10 H 686, SHAT. See also Nancy B. Tucker, (
- Jervis, “The Impact of the Korean War,” pp. 586–87.
- About the relations between the Korean War and the Vietnam War, see Steven Hugh Lee, Outposts of Empire: Korea, Vietnam, and the Origins of the Cold War in Asia, 1949–1954 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995), pp. 116–18; George Kahin, U.S. Policy in Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam (Garden City, N. Y.: Anchor Books, 1987); Callum A. MacDonald, Korea: The War before Vietnam (London: Macmillan, 1986), p. XVII-330; Edward Ric-Maximin, “The United States, France, and Vietnam, 1945–1950: The view from the State department,” Contemporary French Civilization 7 (Autumn 1982), pp. 20–40. The communist camp used also the experience of the Korean War during the Vietnam War. In 1970s, the Soviet Foreign Office published a book entitled On the Korean War, 1950–1953, and the Armistice Negotiations. This book was distributed to Soviet officers who were in charge of Vietnamese affairs.
- Tel No. 3760/CAS Diplomatie Paris a Haussaire Saigon sur le tel. de Washington n˚ 02695 a 2705 a Diplomatie, Paris, 20 juillet 50, 10 H 686, SHAT.
- Commandant supérieur des troupes au Maroc à Diplomatie Paris cité In Tel no. 3328/AS Mission francaise au Japon à Diplomatie Paris (Tokyo, 1 Jul 50); SHAT, 10H 291.
- 1971 . American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents. 1941–1949 1252 – 53 . New York : Arno Press . U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relation. Staff of the Committee and the Dept. of State
- Amikam Nachmani, “Civil War and Foreign Intervention in Greece: 1946–49,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 25, No. 4 (October 1990), p. 499.
- 1997 . The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives 134 New York : Basic Books . This paragraph is based on the interpretation of Zbigniew Brzezinski
- John M. Vander Lippe, “Forgotten brigade of the forgotten war: Turkey's participation in the Korean War,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Jan 2000), p. 93.
- Lippe, “Forgotten brigade of the forgotten war,” p. 92.
- Kuniholm , Bruce Robellet . 1980 . The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece 424 – 25 . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- Lippe, “Forgotten brigade of the forgotten war,” p. 96. This interpretation is different from that of Jae-Man SEO, Kore Savasinin Turk Dis Politikasnia,” (Ankara: Ankara University, Ph. D. Dissertation, 1973).
- Feridum Cemal Erkin, Disislerinde 34 Yil (Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1980–1987), p. 68 cited in Füsun Türkmen, “Turkey and the Korean War,” Turkish Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Autumn 2002), p. 167 (161-180).
- Füsun Türkmen, “Turkey and the Korean War,” Turkish Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Autumn 2002), p. 168.
- Türkmen, “Turkey and the Korean War,” p. 168.
- Feridum Cemal Erkin cited in Türkmen, “Turkey and the Korean War,” p. 169.
- Lippe, “Forgotten Brigade of the Forgotten War,” p. 96.
- Feridum Cemal Erkin cited in Türkmen, “Turkey and the Korean War,” p. 169.
- Turkey took part in the Korean War with one brigade, losing during the course of the war 765 men killed in action, 462 of whom lie today at the UN Memorial Cemetery in Busan, South Korea. A further 2,147 men were wounded, or lost through other circumstances. In Turkey, these veterans of the Korean War are called “Koreli,” which in fact means “Korean” in Turkish. After the end of the Cold War, several new studies on Korea War have been published in Turkey. Nazim Dundar Sayilan, Kore Harbinde Turklerle (Istanbul: M.E.B., 1996), p. 496; Ali Denizli, Kore Harbi'nde Turk tugaylari (Ankara: Genelkurmay Basimevi, 1994), pp. xi, 232; Kemal Oke, “Unutulan savas” in Kronolojisi—Kore, 1950–53 (Istanbul: Bogazici Yayinlari, 1990).
- Türkmen, “Turkey and the Korean War,” p. 170.
- Zafer, 22 September 1951, quoted in Metin Tamkoç, The Warrior Diplomats: Guardians of the National Security and Modernization of Turkey (Salt Lake City, 1976), p. 229; Lippe, “Forgotten brigade of the forgotten war,” p. 98.
- William Stueck, “The Korean War as International History,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1986), p. 298.
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 16, 2004 - Issue 2