- Krause , Keith . 1992 . “ Arms Production in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Decision Making ” . In Arms and The State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . (Michael Brzoska and Thomas Ohlson, “Arms Production in the Third World: An Overview,” in Michael Brzoska and Thomas Ohlson, eds., Arms Production in the Third World 1971–1985 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987); James Everett Katz, “Understanding Arms Production in Developing Countries,” in James Everett Katz, ed., (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1984; Ralph Sanders, Arms Industries: New Suppliers and Regional Security (Washington, DC: NDU Press, 1990).
- See Richard A. Bitzinger, Towards a Brave New Arms Industry? (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies/Oxford University Press, 2003).
- Second-tier arms producers comprise a diverse group of countries falling between the category of first-tier arms-producing states—that is, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy—that possess the world's largest and most technologically advanced defense industries and consequently dominate the global defense business—and the category of third-tier producers possessing very limited and generally low-tech arms-production capabilities, such as Egypt and Pakistan. The second-tier includes industrially advanced countries possessing small but often quite sophisticated defense industries, such as Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Japan, and Sweden. It also contains a number of developing or newly industrialized countries, such as Brazil, Iran, Israel, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, and Taiwan. Finally, this grouping includes China and India—states with large, broad-based defense industries but still lacking the technological and industrial capacities to develop and produce advanced arms.
- Cheng , Dean and Chinworth , Michael W. 1996 . “The Teeth of the Little Tigers: Offsets, Defense Production and Economic Development in South Korea and Taiwan,” . In The Economics of Offsets: Defense Procurement and Countertrade Edited by: Stephen , Martin . London : Harwood . See, for example, in, ed., (Janne E. Nolan, “South Korea: Ambitious Client of the United States,” in Michael Brzoska and Thomas Ohlson, eds., Arms Production in the Third World 1971–1985 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1987); Jong Chul Choi, “South Korea,” in Ravinder Pal Singh, ed., Arms Procurement Decision Making, Volume I: China, India, Israel, Japan, South Korea and Thailand (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998); and Kongdan Oh, “U.S.-Korea Aerospace Collaboration and the Korean Fighter Project,” in Pia Christina Wood and David S. Sorenson, eds., International Military Aerospace Collaboration: Case Studies in Domestic and International Politics (Aldershot: Ashgate 1999).
- Production of indigenous arms was a part of national self-defense schema the Park leadership envisioned. President Park aspired to accomplish comprehensive self-defense capabilities independent of foreign powers in the case of contingencies. Available at http://www.516.co.kr (accessed on April 4, 2005).
- Nolan, “South Korea: Ambitious Client of the United States,” pp. 218–19; Choi, “South Korea,” p. 191.
- Ibid., p. 185.
- Ibid., p. 183.
- Under the state-driven economic development schema, the chaebol often operated on behalf of the government, and in return for tax benefits and low-interest long-term loans, the companies faithfully fulfilled the government's demands. In addition to the provision of illegal political funds to the military leaderships, the chaebol also adjusted their strategic goals and production plans in order to synchronize themselves with national interests as defined by the government. In this context, it is safe to argue that there was no clear distinction between public and private interests in the South Korean economy from the early 1960s until the late 1980s. In practice, therefore, the government-subsidized defense industry within the chaebol was basically a quasi-national enterprise.
- Cheng and Chinworth, “The Teeth of the Little Tigers,” p. 249; Choi, “South Korea,” p. 199; Robert Karniol, “South Korean Industry: Learning Curve,” Jane's Defense Weekly, Oct. 22, 2003.
- Nolan, “South Korea: Ambitious Client of the United States,” pp. 222–25.
- 1998 . International Cooperation in the Aerospace Industry 118 Kuala Lumpur : ADPR Consult . Wesley Spreen
- Compared to other sectors within the defense industry, the aerospace industry entails a large-scale investment in research and development. Considering South Korea's status as one of the major producers and consumers of information technology in the global market, Seoul's strategy of making extensive investments in this particular sector is more understandable.
- Choi, “South Korea,” p. 185.
- 2003 . “ Emerging Threats, Force Structures, and the Role of Air Power in Korea ” . In Restructuring of Korea's Defense Aerospace Industry 29 Bonn : Bonn International Center for Conversion . Myeong-Chin Cho, (41, 44; Tae Hwan Cho, “Challenges in Research and Development for the Korean Aircraft Industry,” in Natalie Crawford and Chung-in Moon, eds., (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2000, 331; Cheng and Chinworth, “The Teeth of the Little Tigers,” pp. 250, 258–60; Oh, “U.S.-Korea Aerospace Collaboration and the Korean Fighter Project,” pp. 31, 37–38.
- Cheng and Chinworth, “The Teeth of the Little Tigers,” p. 258.
- Lockheed Martin recently agreed to transfer wing production to South Korea.
- Cheng and Chinworth, “The Teeth of the Little Tigers,” p. 255.
- Ibid., p. 253.
- Dong Joon Hwang, “Economic Interdependence and its Impact on National Security: Defense Industry Cooperation and Technology Transfer,” paper presented to the National Defense University Pacific Symposium, February 27–28, 1992, Washington, DC, pp. 12–14.
- Bruce Dorminey, “Industry watches as Korea consolidates,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, Nov. 2, 1998; Bruce Dorminey, “Government Spurns Korean Business Plan,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, December 14, 1998, pp. 20–31.
- Cheng and Chinworth, “The Teeth of the Little Tigers,” p. 250; Choi, “South Korea,” p. 201.
- 1993 . “ Defense White Paper 1998 ” . In Arms Industry Limited 365 Oxford : Oxford University Press . Ian Anthony, “The ‘Third Tier’ Countries: Production of Major Weapons,” in Herbert Wulf, ed., (Baek and Moon, “Technological Dependence, Supplier Control and Strategies for Recipient Autonomy: The Case of South Korea,” p. 157; ROK Ministry of National Defense, (Seoul: Korea Institute for Defense Analyses, 1998, 160
- See Bitzinger, Towards a Brave New Arms Industry? pp. 33–38.
- According to Cho, Hyundai “did not want to remain as a second-tier supplier, simply manufacturing parts and subassemblies,” but rather “aimed at becoming an aircraft system integrator from the beginning.” One of its most ambitious efforts—and ultimately costly failures—was to build the wings for the Boeing 717 commercial jet. Hyundai was unable to produce the wing in a cost-effective manner and reportedly lost $1 million on every wing it produced. Cho, Restructuring of Korea's Defense Aerospace Industry, pp. 40–42.
- 1992 . The Brazilian Defense Industry 95 – 98 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press . Nolan, “South Korea: Ambitious Client of the United States,” p. 64; Cheng and Chinworth, “The Teeth of the Little Tigers,” p. 276; see also Patrice Franko-Jones
- Baek , Kwang-il and Moon , Chung-in . 1989 . “Technological Dependence, Supplier Control and Strategies for Recipient Autonomy: The Case of South Korea,” . In The Dilemma of Third World Defense Industries Edited by: Kwang-il , Baek , McLaurin , Ronald D. and Moon , Chung-in . 182 Boulder, CO : Westview Press . in, eds.
- Robert Karniol and John Y. Chung, “Country Briefing: South Korea—Seoul Purpose,” Jane's Defense Weekly, July 22, 2004.
- 1999 . Defense White Paper 1999 145 Seoul : Korea Institute for Defense Analyses . ROK Ministry of National Defense
- “MND FY99 Support for ROK Defense Industry,” Kukpang-Kwa Kisul [National Defense and Technology], April 1, 1999, pp. 10–11 (translated and reprinted by FBIS, May 11, 1999).
- Bitzinger, Towards a Brave New Arms Industry? pp. 53–58.
- Slocombe , Walter B. June 2003 . Missile Defense in Asia June , 16 Washington, DC : The Atlantic Council of the United States . See (p.
- The “whales” are China, Japan and Russia. Available at http://www.prkorea.com (accessed on April 8, 2005).
- Schwartz , Barry and Kim , Mikyoung . 2001 . “Honor, Dignity, and Collective Memory,” . In The Culture in Mind: Toward A Sociology of Culture and Cognition Edited by: Cerulo , Karen A. New York : Routledge . The count excludes unrecorded intrusions which exist only in the forms of collective memory and oral history; in, ed., (
- 1990 . “ The North and South Korean Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis ” . In The Origins of the Korean War Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press . Bruce Cummings, (Sung Chul Yang, (Seoul: Hollym, 1999.
- President Jimmy Carter's plan to withdraw American troops from South Korea as a punitive sanction for the Park regime's human rights violations resulted in Seoul's decision to attempt to develop nuclear weapons. President Park learned the precarious nature of the U.S.-ROK alliance from the Carter's plan and subsequently believed that a nuclear weapons capability was the key to self-reliant national security. Available at http://www.516.co.kr (accessed on April 4, 2005), and http://www.boeing.co.kr/press/pres2.php.action (accessed on April 4, 2005).
- 2001 . The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History New York : Basic Books . Don Oberdorfer, (
- Available at http://www.h21.hani.co.kr/section-021036000/2004/06 (accessed on April 8, 2005).
- “Procurement: Korea, South,” in Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—China and Northeast Asia, Nov. 18, 2004 (Internet version).
- In addition, the Anglo-German-Italian-Spanish Eurofighter consortium had offered the Typhoon to the South Koreans, and Russia's Rosoboronexport proposed the Su-35.
- Available at http://www.kimsoft.com/2000/sk-fx.htm.
- Available at http://www.koreasociety.org/KS_curriculum/HS/2/2-Text/2_196 (accessed on April 5, 2005).
- Karniol, “South Korean Industry: Learning Curve.”
- http://www.koreaaero.com (accessed on Nov. 25, 2004).
- Joo-hee Lee, “KAI Aims to Export 800 Aircraft by 2030,” The Korea Herald, Nov. 25, 2002.
- “Security Aide Explains Vision of Balance Role,” The JoongAng Ilbo, April 13. 2005; “‘Balancing Role’ Focuses on Possible China-Japan Conflict,” The Korea Times, March 31, 2005.
- Japan and China have been competing not only in economic terms, but in sociocultural realms as well. The following is a short list of the current disputes between the two countries: 1) China has been trying to block Japan from winning a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council; 2) China and Japan clashed over Tokyo's giving permission to explore natural gas to the Japanese companies in the East China Sea, and 3) China has been severely criticizing Japan over its history textbooks' glorification of past aggression towards its neighboring countries.
- “South Korea's Transforming Alliance with U.S. to Play Neutral Role in Northeast Asia,” The Associated Press, April 11, 2005.
- The ongoing differences between the United States and South Korea in the handling of the North Korean nuclear issue reveal a significant rift between the two traditional allies. The U.S. troop deployment issue and the rise of Japan as America's key ally in the region is more evidence of a growing chasm between Washington and Seoul.
- 1973 . The Interpretation of Culture New York : Basic Books . Clifford Greetz, (
Korean Journal of Defense Analysis
Volume 17, 2005 - Issue 2