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Articles

The Problem of a Rising Power: Sino-American Relations in the 21st Century

Pages 7-39 | Published online: 25 Mar 2009

  • The Complete Writings of Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War (New York: The Modern Library, 1951), p. 15.
  • As predicted, for example, by Kenneth Waltz, “The Emerging Structure of International Politics,” International Security, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Fall 1993), pp. 44–79.
  • See Richard Rosecrance, “A World Concert of Powers,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 64–82.
  • Cited in Steven Mufson, “Sino-US Relations ‘Pushed Into a Danger Zone,’” Washington Post, June 21, 1995, p. A17.
  • “China's Heavier Hand on Dissent,” Wall Street Journal, June 29, 1995, p. A12.
  • Quoted in Mufson, “Sino-US Relations,” p. A17.
  • Cited in Keith B. Richburg. “China Bitterly Attacks Critics in US.” Washington Post. August 24, 1995, p. A29.
  • Kathy Chen, “Sino-US Relations Back to Square One,” Wall Street Journal, September 1, 1995, p. A4.
  • Reuters report cited in the Korea Times, August 25, 1995, p. 11.
  • John M. Goshko, “China Drops Reactor Deal With Iran,” Washington Post, September 28, 1995, p. A22.
  • Waltz , Kenneth . 1979 . Theory of International Politics Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley . See, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau (with Kenneth Thompson). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Brief Edition (New York: McGraw Hill, 1993), and (
  • Audrey and Patrick Cronin, “The Realistic Engagement of China,” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 1996), p. 153.
  • Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, “War or Peace in the Taiwan Strait?” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 1996), pp. 172–73.
  • For a description of this review see Assistant Secretary of State Winston Lord. “Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.” September 27, 1994.
  • For an argument critical of Clinton policy on these ground, see Jaw-ling Joanne Chang, “How Clinton Bashed Taiwan—and Why,” Orbis, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Fall 1995), pp. 567–82.
  • Barber , Benjamin . 1995 . Jihad vs. Mc World 37 – 38 . New York : Random House .
  • See, for example, John Caldwell, “China's Conventional Military Capabilities, 1994–2004” (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994): and Michael G. Gallagher. “China's Illusory Threat to the South China Sea. International Security. Vol. 19. No. 1 (Summer 1994). pp. 169–94. though Gallagher admits that “the Chinese retain the very human capacity for self-delusion” and that a war in the South China Sea is not out of the question (p. 194).
  • James D. Fearon, in “Rationalist Explanations for War,” International Organization, Vol. 49, No. 3 (Summer 1995), pp. 379–414, questions such explanations because states always appear to have less costly alternatives to actual conflict. Despite that fact, they continue to go to war.
  • Kissinger , Henry A. 1994 . Diplomacy 719 New York : Simon and Schuster .
  • Arthur Waldron, “Deterring China,” Commentary, Vol. 100, No. 4 (October 1995), p. 18.
  • Gilpin , Robert . 1994 . “Hegemonic War and International Change,” . In Conflict After the Cold War: Arguments on Causes of War and Peace Edited by: Richard , Betts . 96 New York : Macmillan .
  • Gerald Segal, “China's Changing Shape,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 3 (May-June 1994), pp. 53–54.
  • Gilpin, “Hegemonic War and International Change,” p. 106.
  • Gilpin, “Hegemonic War and International Change,” pp. 106–7.
  • Waldron, “Deterring China,” p. 18.
  • Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Conflict After the Cold War,” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 1996), p. 11.
  • Gilpin, “Hegemonic War and International Change,” p. 107.
  • Denny Roy, “Hegemon on the Horizon? China's Threat to East Asian Security,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), p. 161.
  • Aaron L. Friedberg, “Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia,” International Security, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Winter 1993–1994), p. 16.
  • See, for example, Michael Doyle, “Liberalism and World Polities,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 (December 1986), pp. 1151–69.
  • John Chettle. “The American Way,” National Interest, No. 41 (Fall 1995), p. 17.
  • Marcus W. Brauchli, “China's Talk of Autonomy Rings Hollow,” Wall Street Journal, August 24, 1995, p. A 10.
  • Douglas H. Paal, “Political Risks and Investment Opportunities In East Asia in 1995 and Beyond,” China Analyst, March 1995, p. 32.
  • Ibid., p. 34.
  • Keith B. Richburg, “Rebuff of China Proves Sweeping,” Washington Post, September 19, 1995, p. A8.
  • Ibid.
  • “Hong Kong's Stormy Prospects,” The Economist, September 23, 1995, p. 12.
  • Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp. 22, 45.
  • Klaus Schwab and Claude Smadja, “Power and Policy: The New Economic World Order,” Harward Business Review, November-December 1994, p. 44.
  • Cronin and Cronin, “The Realistic Engagement of China,” p. 152.
  • Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, pp. 120–21.
  • Quoted in National Interest, No. 41 (Fall 1995), p. 18.
  • Nicholas D. Kristof, “The Real Chinese Threat,” New York Times Magazine, August 27, 1995, p. 50.
  • Robert A. Scalapino, “Economic Dynamism and Political Fragility in Northeast Asia: Prospects for the 21st Century,” in “Northeast Asia in an Age of Upheaval,” National Bureau of Asian Research Analysis, Vol. 6, NO. 2 (August 1995), p. 28.
  • Paal, “Political Risks and Investment Opportunities,” p. 31.
  • Stephen Van Evera, “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War,” International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Spring 1994), p. 7.
  • Ibid., p. 8.
  • Ibid., p. 26.
  • Ibid., pp. 30–32.
  • On this last point, a few observers have begun to predict a coming economic crash as China's growth reaches the limits allowed by its infrastructure and intrusive state role. See Paul Krugman, “The Myth of Asia's Miracle,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 6 (November-December 1994), pp. 62–78, esp. pp. 75–76; and, even more dramatically, Richard Hornik, “Bursting China's Bubble,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 3 (May-June 1994), pp. 28–42.
  • Denny Roy connects nationalism and dictatorial rule as a joint cause of aggression in “Hegemon on the Horizon,” p. 160.
  • Gregory J. Mastel, “China and the WTO: Economy at the Crossroad” (Washington, D C: Economic Strategy Institute, November 1994), pp. 18–29; the quote appears on p. 18.
  • Mastel, “China and the WTO,” p. 16.
  • Gregory Mastel, “China's Trade Policy: The Next Japan?” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 1996).
  • Friedberg, “Ripe for Rivalry,” p. 7.
  • Gideon Rachman, “Containing China,” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 1996), pp. 129–39.
  • Cronin and Cronin, “The Realistic Engagement of China,” p. 142.
  • Rachman, “Containing China,” p. 137.
  • Cronin and Cronin, “The Realistic Engagement of China,” p. 163.
  • See Steven Mufson, “Some Chinese Legislators Start to Step Away from party Line,” Washington Post, March 26, 1995, p. A25.
  • Kathy Chen, “China's Alternative Voices Grow Louder,” Wall Street Journal, August 29, 1995, p. A10.
  • Chettle, “The American Way,” p. 4.
  • Ibid., pp. 11–12.
  • Ibid., pp. 11–12.
  • Waldron, “Deterring China,” p. 18.
  • Roy, “Hegemon on the Horizon?” p. 167
  • Richard K. Betts, “Wealth, Power and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War,” International Security, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Winter 1993–1994), pp. 53–54.
  • Friedberg, “Ripe for Rivalry,” pp. 27–28.

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