A COMPARISON OF THE FOOD SOURCES OF STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA) FROM AN OPEN-AND A CLOSED-CANOPY HEADWATER STREAM IN SOUTH AFRICA USING STABLE-ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES

References

• Anderson, N. H., and Sedell, J. R., 1979. Detritus processing by macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems, Annual Review of Entomology 24 (1979), pp. 351–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutton, T. W., 1991. "Stable carbonisotope ratios of natural materials: I. Sample preparation and mass spectrometric analysis". In: Coleman, D. C., and Fry, B., eds. Carbon isotopes techniques. London: Academic Press; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Britton, D. L., 1991. The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of a South African mountain stream and its response to fire, Southern African Journal of aquatic Sciences 17 (1991), pp. 51–64.
   Google Scholar
• Byren, B. A., and Davies, B. R., 1989. The effect of stream regulation on the physico-chemical properties of the Palmiet River, South Africa, Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 3 (1989), pp. 107–121.
   Google Scholar
• Couch, C. A., 1989. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of meiobenthos and their food resources, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 28 (1989), pp. 433–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, K. W., 1973. Trophic relations of aquatic insects, Annual Review of Entomology 18 (1973), pp. 183–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, K. W., 1974. Structure and function of stream ecosystems, Bioscience 24 (1974), pp. 631–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, K. W., 1979. "The Natural Stream Ecosystem". In: Ward, J. V., and Stanford, J. A., eds. The Ecology Of Regulated Streams. New York: Plenum Press; 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, K. W., Wilzbach, M. A., Gates, D. M., Perry, J. B., and Taliaferro, W. B., 1989. Shredders and riparian vegetation, Bioscience 39 (1989), pp. 24–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pauw, N., and Vanneval, R., 1991. Makro-invertebraten und waterkwaliteit. Steenvliegen (Plecoptera), Dossier Stichtingleafmiker 11 (1991), pp. 123–129.
   Google Scholar
• De Niro, M. J., and Epstein, S., 1976. You are what you eat (plus a few ***): the carbon isotope cycle in food chains, Geological Society of America: Abstracts Programme 8 (1976), pp. 834–835.
   Google Scholar
• De Niro, M. J., and Epstein, S., 1978. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42 (1978), pp. 495–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Niro, M. J., and Epstein, S., 1981. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45 (1981), pp. 341–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquhar, G. D., Ehleringer, J. R., and Hubick, K. T., 1989. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis, Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Plant Molecular Biology 40 (1989), pp. 503–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton, G. E., and Ritz, D. A., 1988. Changes in carbon and hydrogen stable isotope ratios of macroalgae and seagrass during decomposition, Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 26 (1988), pp. 429–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay, S., and Tenore, K., 1982. Nitrogen source for a detritivore: detritus substrate versus associated microbes, Science 218 (1982), pp. 371–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale, B. A., 1992. The effect of regulation by two impoundments on an acid, blackwater, Cape mountain stream. PhD thesis. University of Cape Town; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Gearing, J. N., 1991. "The study of diet and trophic relationships through natural abundance 13C". In: Coleman, D. C., and Fry, B., eds. Carbon isotopes techniques. London: Academic Press; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, L. J., and Ward, J. V., 1979. Food habits of stream benthos at sites of differing food availability, The American Midland Naturalist 102 (1979), pp. 157–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines, E. B., and Montague, C. L., 1979. Food sources of estuarine invertebrates analysed using 13C/12C ratios, Ecology 60 (1979), pp. 48–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howarth, R. W., and Fisher, S. G., 1976. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics during leaf decay in nutrient-enriched stream microecosystems, Freshwater Biology 6 (1976), pp. 221–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, J. M., Day, J. A., Davies, B. R., and Henshall-Howard, M. P., 1987A. Particulate organic matter in a mountain stream in the south-western Cape, South Africa, Hydrobiologia 154 (1987A), pp. 165–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, J. M., Day, J. A., Hurly, P. R., Henshall-Howard, M. P., and Davies, B. R., 1988. Macroinvertebrate communities and environment in a southern African mountain stream, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45 (1988), pp. 2168–2181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, J. M., Henshall-Howard, M. P., Day, J. A., and Davies, B. R., 1987B. Leaf-pack dynamics in a southern African mountain stream, Freshwater Biology 18 (1987B), pp. 325–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langley, R., 1968. Practical Statistics. London: Pan Books Ltd.; 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Lee-Thorp, J. A., Sealy, J. C., and Van Der Merwe, N. J., 1989. Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet, Journal of Archaeological Science 16 (1989), pp. 585–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann, K. H., 1988. Production and use of detritus in various freshwater, estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems, Limnology and Oceanography 33 (1988), pp. 910–930.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minagawa, M., and Wada, E., 1984. Stepwise enrichment along food chains: Further evidence and the relation between d15N and animal age, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48 (1984), pp. 1135–1140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minshall, G. W., 1978. Autotrophy in stream ecosystems, Bioscience 28 (1978), pp. 767–771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, C. G., 1991. Benthic assemblage structure, and the feeding biology of sixteen macroinvertebrate taxa from the Buffalo River, Eastern Cape, South Africa. PhD thesis. Grahamstown: Rhodes University; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, C. G., O'Keeffe, J. H., Palmer, A., Dunne, T., and Radloff, S., 1993. Macroinvertebrate functional feeding groups in the middle and lower reaches of the Buffalo River, eastern Cape, South Africa. I. Dietary variability, Freshwater Biology 29 (1993), pp. 441–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, B. J., Howarth, R. W., and Garritt, R. H., 1985. Multiple stable isotopes used to trace the flow of organic matter in estuarine food webs, Science 227 (1985), pp. 1361–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochazka, K., Stewart, B. A., and Davies, B. R., 1991. Leaf litter retention and its implications for shredder distribution in two headwater streams, Archiv für Hydrobiologie 120 (1991), pp. 315–325.
   Google Scholar
• Sealy, J. C., and Van Der Merwe, N. J., 1986. Reply to comments on: Sealy J. C. & N. J. van der Merwe (1986), Isotope assessment and the seasonal-mobility hypothesis in the Southwestern Cape of South Africa, Current Anthropology 27 (1986), pp. 135–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sealy, J. C., Van Der Merwe, N., Lee Thorp, J. A., and Lanham, J. L., 1987. Nitrogen isotopic ecology in southern Africa: implications for environmental and dietary tracing, Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta 51 (1987), pp. 2707–2717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sholto-Douglas, A. D., Field, J. G., James, A. G., and Van Der Merwe, N. J., 1991. 13C/12C and 15N/14N isotope ratios in the Southern Benguela Ecosystem: indicators of food web relationships among different size classes of plankton and pelagic fish; differences between fish muscle and bone collagen tissues, Marine Ecology Progress Series 78 (1991), pp. 23–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snaddon, C. D., Stewart, B. A., and Davies, B. R., 1992. The effect of discharge on leaf retention in two headwater streams, Archiv für Hydrobiologie 125 (1992), pp. 109–120.
   Google Scholar
• Vannote, R. L., Minshall, G. W., Cummins, K. W., Sedell, W. R., and Cushing, C., 1980. The River Continuum Concept, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 37 (1980), pp. 130–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar, J. H., 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. . New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 1984.
   Google Scholar