Languages in competition in Rwanda: Who is winning on the linguistic market?

References

• Ball , A.F. and S. Warshauer Freedman . 2004 . Ideological becoming . In Bakhthinian concepts to guide the study of language, literacy and learning , A.F. Ball , 3 33 . West Nyack, NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1991 . Language and symbolic power , Oxford : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bucyana , G. 1996 . English in the current linguistic situation in Rwanda: Uses and attitudes . Bachelor's thesis, Université Nationale de Rwanda, Butare .
   Google Scholar
• Chaudenson , R. 1988 . Propositions pour une grille d'analyse des situations linguistiques de l'espace francophone . Aix-en-Provence : ACCT-IECF .
   Google Scholar
• Chaudenson , R. . 1989 . Mode d'emploi de la grille d'analyse des situations linguistiques de l'espace francophone . Langues et développement : 5 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaudenson , R. . 2000 . Grille d′analyse des situations linguistiques Institut de la Francophonie/Diffusion Didier Erudition Paris
   Google Scholar
• Conférence des ministres de l’éducation nationale . 1986 . Promotion et integration des langues nationales dans les systemes éducatifs. Bilan et Inventaire . Paris : Editions Honoré Champion .
   Google Scholar
• Coulmas , F. 2005 . Sociolinguistics: The study of speakers' choices , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fardon , R. and G. Furniss . 1994 . Introduction: Frontiers and boundaries – African languages as political environment . In African languages, development and the state , R. Fardon and G. Furniss , 1 29 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Fishman , J. 1967 . Bilingualism with or without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism . Journal of Social Issues , 23 : 29 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman J. . 1970 . Sociolinguistics . Rowley, Mass : Newbury House Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Grin , F. 2006 . Economic considerations in language policy . In An introduction to language policy: Theory and method , T. Ricento , 77 94 . Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Legère , K. 2001 . Language policy in Namibia . In Making the right choices (Conference Proceedings Language and Development) , R. Trewby and S. Fitchat , 52 70 . Windhoek : Gamsberg Macmillan Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Mazrui , A. 2003 . The World Bank, the language question and the future of African education . In The languages, ethnicity and race reader , R. Harris and B. Rampton , 85 96 . London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Milroy , L. and Gordon , M. 2003 . Sociolinguistics: Method and interpretation , Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Niyitanga , V. 2003 . The use of English and French as media of instruction in public primary schools: A comparative analysis of the government policy and school practice . Bachelor′s thesis, Université Nationale du Rwanda, Butare .
   Google Scholar
• Ntakirutimana , E. 2002 . La langue Swahili comme base d′unification dans la region des Grands Lacs africains . Ph.D. thesis, Université Laval, Québec .
   Google Scholar
• Phillipson , R. 1992 . Linguistic imperialism , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosendal , T. 2009 . Linguistic markets in Rwanda: Language use in advertisements and on signs . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 30 ( 1 ) : 19 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillipson R. . 2010 . Linguistic landshapes: A comparison of official and non-official language management in Rwanda and Uganda, focusing on the position of African languages . Ph.D thesis, University of Gothenburg .
   Google Scholar
• Rugira , E. 1997 . Attitudes in multilingual education: The case of Rwandan secondary schools . Bachelor's thesis, Université Nationale du Rwanda, Butare .
   Google Scholar
• Rutayisire , E. 2001 . Problèmes d′amenagement linguistique au Rwanda: Fonction des langues dans l′administration publique et politique de 1994 à nos jours . Bachelor's thesis, Université Nationale du Rwanda, Butare .
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda . 1978 . Mesures générales d′application de la réforme scolaire de 1978 en matière des langues à l'E.P . Kigali : MINEDUC .
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda . 2002 . Law no 18/2002 of 11/05/2002 governing the press . Kigali : Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda 01/07/2002 .
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda . 2003a . The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda . http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc (accessed 18 March 2008) .
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda . 2003b . Education sector policy . Kigali : Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Scientific Research .
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda . 2003c . Law no 29/2003 of 30/08/2003 establishing the organisation of nursery, primary and secondary schools . Kigali : Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, no. 17 01/09/2003 .
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda . 2005 . Census 2002: 3ème recensement général de la population et de l′habitat du Rwanda au 15 août 2002. Caracteristiques socio-culturelles de la population. Analyse des resultats . Kigali : Ministère des Finances et de la Planification Economique/Commission Nationale de Recensement/Service National de Recensement .
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda . 2006 . Situation of media in Rwanda up to date . Kigali : Ministry of Information .
   Google Scholar
• Rwanda . 2008 . Statement on cabinet resolutions of 8 October 2008 . Kigali : The Prime Minister's Office in charge of Cabinet Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Skutnabb-Kangas , T. 2000 . Linguistic genocide in education, or worldwide diversity and human rights? , Mahwah, New Jersey, London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Soudan , F. 2005 . Grande interview: Paul Kagame . Jeune Afrique/L′intelligent , Paris, no 2302, February: 40–46 20 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Soudan , F. . 2006 . La grande interview: Je n′ai pas de temps à perdre . Jeune Afrique/L′intelligent , Paris, no 2351, January–4 February, 36–41 29
   Google Scholar
• Spolsky , B. 2004 . Language policy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . 2003 . Education in a multilingual world. UNESCO education position paper 2003 . http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001297/129728e.pdf (accessed 21 October 2005) .
   Google Scholar