References
- Alldredge , A. , Robison , B. , Fleminger , A. , Torres , J. , King , J. and Hamner , W. 1984 . Direct sampling and in situ observation of a persistent copepod aggregation in the mesopelagic zone of the Santa Barbara Basin . Mar. Biol. , 80 : 75 – 81 .
- Ambler , J.W. , Ferrari , F. D. and Fornshell , J. A. 1991 . Population structure and swarm formation of the cyclopoid copepod Dioithona oculata near mangrove cays . J. Plank. Res. , 13 : 1257 – 1272 .
- Bertram , B. C. R. 1978 . “ Living in groups: predators and prey ” . In Behavioral Ecology , Edited by: Krebs , J. R. and Davies , N. B. 64 – 96 . Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
- Buskey , E. J. 1984 . Swimming pattern as an indicator of the roles of copepod sensory systems in the recognition of food . Mar. Biol. , 79 : 165 – 175 .
- Buskey , E. J. , Baker , K. S. , Smith , R. C. and Swift , E. 1989 . Photosensitivity of the oceanic copepods Pleuromamma gracilis Pleuromamma xiphias and its relationship to light penetration and daytime depth distribution . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 55 : 207 – 216 .
- Buskey , E. J. , Mann , C. and Swift , E. 1987 . Photophobic responses of calanoid copepods: possible adaptive value . J. Plank. Res. , 9 : 857 – 870 .
- Cronin , T.W. 1986 . Photoreception in marine invertebrates . Amer. Zool. , 26 : 403 – 415 .
- Eloffson , R. 1966 . The nauplius eye and frontal organs of the non‐malacostraca (Crustacea) . Sarsia , 25 : 1 – 128 .
- Emery , A. 1968 . Preliminary observations on coral reef plankton . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 13 : 293 – 303 .
- Hamner , W. and Carlton , J. 1979 . Copepod swarms: attributes and role in coral reef ecosystems . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 24 : 1 – 14 .
- Hebert , P. D. N. , Good , A. G. and Mort , M. A. 1980 . Induced swarming in the predatory copepod Hetemcope septentrionalis . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 25 : 747 – 750 .
- Jakobsen , P. J. and Johnsen , G. H. 1988 . Size specific protection against predation by fish in swarming water‐fleas, Bosmina longispina . Anim. Behav. , 36 : 986 – 990 .
- Kimoto , K. , Nakashima , J. and Morioka , Y. 1988 . Direct observations of a copepod swarm in a small inlet of Kyushu, Japan . Bull. Seikai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. , 66 : 41 – 58 .
- Land , M. F. 1984 . “ Crustacea ” . In Photoreception and vision in invertebrates , Edited by: AH , M. A. 401 – 438 . New York : Plenum Press .
- Milinski , M. 1979 . Can an experienced predator overcome the confusion of swarming prey more easily? . Anim. Behav. , 27 : 1122 – 1126 .
- Okubo , A. 1980 . Diffusion and ecological problems: mathematical models , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
- Okubo , A. and Anderson , J. J. 1984 . Mathematical models for zooplankton swarms: their formation and maintenance . EOS , 65 : 731 – 732 .
- Peckarsky , B. L. , Fraissinet , P. R. , Penton , M. A. and Conklin , D. J. Jr. 1990 . Freshwater macroinvertebrates of northeastern North America , 442 Ithaca : Comstock Pub. Assoc. of Cornell University Press .
- Ratzlaff , W. 1974 . Swarming in Moina affinis . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 19 : 993 – 995 .
- Stearns , D. E. and Forward , R. B. Jr. 1984 . Photosensitivity of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa . Mar. Biol. , 82 : 85 – 89 .
- Swift , M. C. and Forward , R. B. Jr. 1983 . Photoresponses of the copepod Mesocyclops edax . J. Plank. Res. , 5 : 407 – 415 .
- Ueda , H. , Kuwahara , A. , Tanaka , M. and Azeta , M. 1983 . Underwater observations on copepod swarms in temperate and subtropical waters . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 11 : 165 – 171 .
- Wishner , K. , Durbin , E. , Durbin , A. , Macauley , M. , Winn , H. and Kenney , R. 1988 . Copepod patches and right whales in the Great South Channel off New England . Bull. Mar. Sci. , 43 : 825 – 844 .