References
- Anthonsen T, Sjursens BJ. Importance of water activity for enzymes catalysis in non-aqueous organic systems. Methods in nonaqueous enzymology, M N Gupta. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel 2000; 14–35
- Arakawa T, Prestelski SJ, Kenney WC, Carpenter JF. Factors affecting short-term and long-term stabilities of proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 46: 307–326
- Bagree A, Sharma IK, Gupta KC, Narang CK, Saund AK, Mathur NK. Modification of ε–amino groups of lysine in proteins by acylation with pyromellitic dianhydride and o-sulphobenzoic anhydride. FEBS Lett 1980; 120: 275–277
- Barth A. The infrared absorption of amino acid side chains. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2000; 74: 141–173
- Bradford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976; 72: 248–254
- Carrasquillo KG, Sanchez C, Griebenow K. Relationship between conformational stability and lyophilization-induced structural changes in chymotrypsin. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2000; 31: 41–53
- Davis BG. Chemical modification of biocatalysts. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2003; 14: 379–386
- Gupta MN. Enzyme function in organic solvents. Eur J Biochem 1992; 203: 25–32
- Gupta MN. Applications of crosslinking techniques to enzyme/protein stabilization and bioconjugate preparation. Biocatalyst design for stability and specificity, ACS Symposium Series, ME Himmel, G Georgiou. America Chemistry Society, Washington, DC 1993; 307–324
- Gupta MN, Roy I. Enzymes in organic media: Forms, functions and applications. Eur J Biochem 2004; 27: 2575–2583
- Halling PJ. Salt hydrates for water activity control with biocatalyst in organic media. Biotechnol Tech 1992; 6: 271–276
- Hudson EP, Eppler RK, Clark DS. Biocatalysis in semi-aqueous and nearly anhydrous conditions. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005; 16: 637–643
- Jackson M, Mantsch HH. The use and misuse of FTIR spectroscopy in the determination of protein structure. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 30: 95–120
- Khmelnitsky YL, Belova AB, Levashov AV, Mozhaev VV. Relationship between surface hydrophilicity of a protein and its stability against denaturation by organic solvents. FEBS Lett 1991; 284: 267–269
- Kriener M, Parker MC. High-activity biocatalysts in organic media: solid-state buffers as the immobilisation matrix for protein-coated microcrystals. Biotech Bioeng 2004; 87: 24–33
- Kriener M, Moore BD, Parker MC. 2001. Enzyme-coated micro-crystals: a 1-step method for high activity biocatalyst preparation. Chem Commun 1096–1097.
- Lee MY, Dordick JS. Enzyme activation for nonaqueous media. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2002; 13: 376–384
- Mattiasson B, Adlercreutz P. Tailoring the microenvironment of enzymes in water-poor systems. Trends Biotechnol 1991; 9: 394–398
- Moore BD, Partridge J, Halling PJ. Very high activity biocatalysts for low water systems: propanol rinsed enzyme preparations. Enzymes in nonaqueous solvents, EN Vulfson, PJ Halling, HL Holland. Humana Press Inc, New Jersey 2001; 97–104
- Mozhaev VV, Šikšnis VA, Melik-Nubarov NS, Galkantaite NZ, Denis GJ, Butkus EP, Zaslavsky BY, Mestechkina NM, Martinek K. Protein stabilization via hydrophilization. Covalent modification of trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin. Eur J Biochem 1988; 173: 147–154
- Mozhaev V.V, Melik-Nubarov NS, Levitsky VY. High stability to irreversible inactivation at elevated temperatures of enzymes covalently modified by hydrophilic reagents: α–chymotrypsin. Biotech Bioeng 1992; 40: 650–662
- Partridge J, Halling PJ, Moore BD. 1998. Practical route to high activity enzyme preparations for synthesis in organic media. Chem Commun 841–842.
- Partridge J, Halling PJ, Moore BD. Solid-state proton/sodium buffers: ‘chemical pH stats’ for biocatalysts in organic solvents. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2000; 2: 465–471
- Poole PL, Finney JL. Hydration-induced conformational and flexibility changes in lysozyme at low water content. Int J Biol Macromol 1983; 5: 308–310
- Rees DG, Gerashchenko II, Kudryashova EV, Mozhaev VV, Halling PJ. Chemical modification causes similar change in dependence on water activity of chymotrypsin hydration and catalysis in hexane. Biocatal Biotransform 2002; 20: 161–166
- Roy I, Gupta MN. Alpha-chymotrypsin shows higher activity in water as well as organic solvents after three phase partitioning. Biocatal Biotransform 2004a; 22: 261–268
- Roy I, Gupta MN. Preparation of highly active alpha-chymotrypsin for catalysis in organic media. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004b; 14: 2191–2193
- Ru MT, Dordick JS, Reimer JA, Clark DS. Salt-induced activation of enzymes in organic solvents: Optimizing the lyophilization time and water content. Enzymes in nonaqueous solvents, EN Vulfson, PJ Halling, HL Holland. Humana Press Inc, New Jersey 2001; 3–11
- Rupley JA, Gratton E, Careri G. Water and globular proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 1983; 8: 18–22
- Ryu K, Dordick JS. How do organic solvents affect peroxidase structure and function. Biochemistry 1992; 31: 2588–2598
- Shah S, Gupta MN. Obtaining high transesterification activity for subtilisin in ionic liquids. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1770: 94–98
- Synder SL, Sobocinski PZ. An improved 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method for the determination of amines. Anal Biochem 1975; 64: 284–288
- Triantafyllou AO, Wehtje E, Adlercreutz P, Mattiasson B. Effects of sorbitol addition on the action of free and immobilized hydrolytic enzymes in organic media. Biotechnol Bioeng 1995; 45: 406–414
- Triantafyllou AO, Wehtje E, Adlercreutz P, Mattiasson B. How do additives affect enzyme activity and stability in nonaqueous media?. Biotechnol Bioeng 1997; 54: 67–76
- Tyagi R, Singh DK, Gupta MN. Reversible immobilization of chemically modified trypsin on DEAE-cellulose. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1994; 20: 93–99
- Vecchio G, Zambianchi F, Zacchetti P, Secundo F, Carrea G. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study of dehydrated lipases from Candida antarctica B and Pseudomonas cepacia. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 64: 545–551
- Vinogradov AA, Kudryashova EV, Grinberg VY, Grinberg NV, Burova TV, Levashov AV. The chemical modification of alpha-chymotrypsin with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds stabilizes the enzyme against denaturation in water-organic media. Protein Eng 2001; 14: 683–689
- Walsh KA, Wilcox PE. Serine proteases. Methods in enzymology, GE Perlmann, L Lorand. Academic Press, New York 1970; 41: 31–41