References
- Adams P, Baron FA. 1965. Esters of carbamic acid. Chem Rev 65:567–602.
- An D, Ough CS. 1993. Urea excretion and uptake by wine yeasts as affected by various factors. Am J Enol Viticult 44:35–40.
- Bommarius AS, Riebel BR. 2004. Biocatalysis: fundamentals and applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag.
- Bower CE, Holm-Hansen T. 1980. A salicylate–hypochlorite method for determining ammonia in seawater. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37:794–798.
- Butzke CE, Bisson LF. 1997. Ethyl carbamate preventative action manual. Davis: University of California; [cited 2017 Jan 17]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/UCM119802.pdf
- EFSA. 2007. Ethyl carbamate and hydrocyanic acid in food and beverages [1]—scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants. EFSA J 551:1–44.
- El-Hefnawy ME, Sakran M, Ismail A, Aboelfetoh EF. 2014. Extraction, purification, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of urease from germinating Pisum sativum L. seeds. BMC Biochem 15:15.
- Hall TA. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98.
- Hara K, Harris RA. 2002. The anesthetic mechanism of urethane: the effects on neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. Anesth Analg 94:313–318.
- Health Canada. 2013a. Canadian standards (maximum levels) for various chemical contaminants in foods; [cited 2017 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/chemchim/contaminants-guidelines-directives-eng.php
- Health Canada. 2013b. List of permitted food enzymes; [cited 2017 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/addit/list/5-enzymes-eng.php
- Hoffman AS. 2001. Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:3–12.
- IARC. 2010. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; [cited 2017 Jan 10]. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol96/index.php
- Jiao Z, Dong Y, Chen Q. 2014. Ethyl carbamate in fermented beverages: presence, analytical chemistry, formation mechanism, and mitigation proposals. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Saf 13:611–626.
- Kakimoto S, Sumino Y, Akiyama S, Nakao Y. 1989. Purification and characterization of acid urease from Lactobacillus reuteri. Agric Biol Chem 53:1119–1125.
- Kakimoto S, Sumino Y, Kawahara K, Yamazaki E, Nakatsui I. 1990. Purification and characterization of acid urease from Lactobacillus fermentum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 32:538–543.
- Kobashi K, Takebe S, Mishima H, Kusai K, Honda S, Kobayashi T. 1990a. Method of producing acid urease and the use of the urease. United States patent application number US4970153A.
- Kobashi K, Takebe S, Sakai T. 1990b. Urethane-hydrolyzing enzyme from Citrobacter sp. Chem Pharm Bull 38: 1326–1328.
- Kumar S, Dwevedi A, Kayastha AM. 2009. Immobilization of soybean (Glycine max) urease on alginate and chitosan beads showing improved stability. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 58:138–145.
- Marangoni AG. 2003. Enzyme kinetics: a modern approach. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
- Matsumoto K. 1993. Removal of urea from alcoholic beverages by immobilized acid urease. In: Tanaka A, Tosa T, editors. Industrial application of immobilized biocatalysts. New York: Marcel Dekker. p. 255–273.
- Miyagawa K, Sumida M, Nakao M, Harada M, Yamamoto H, Kusumi T, Yoshizawa K, Amachi T, Nakayama T. 1999. Purification, characterization, and application of an acid urease from Arthrobacter mobilis. J Biotechnol 68:227–236.
- Mohapatra BR, Bapuji M. 1997. Characterization of urethanase from Micrococcus species associated with the marine sponge (Spirastrella species). Lett Appl Microbiol 25:393–396.
- Nomura T. 1975. Urethane (ethyl carbamate) as a co-solvent of drugs commonly used parenterally in humans. Cancer Res 35:2895–2899.
- NTP. 2016. Urethane report on carcinogens. National Toxicology Program. 14th ed.; [cited 2017 Jan 16]. Available from: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/urethane.pdf
- Ough CS, Crowell EA, Gutlove BR. 1988. Carbamyl compound reactions with ethanol. Am J Enol Vitic 39:239–242.
- Polizzi KM, Bommarius AS, Broering JM, Chaparro-Riggers JF. 2007. Stability of biocatalysts. Curr Opin Chem Biol 11:220–225.
- Rinaudo M. 2008. Main properties and current applications of some polysaccharides as biomaterials. Polym Int 57:397–430.
- Salmon AG, Zeise L. 1991. Risks of carcinogenesis from urethane exposure. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
- Schehl B, Senn T, Lachenmeier DW, Rodicio R, Heinisch JJ. 2007. Contribution of the fermenting yeast strain to ethyl carbamate generation in stone fruit spirits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:843–850.
- Srivastava PK, Kayastha AM. Srinivasan 2001. Characterization of gelatin-immobilized pigeon pea urease and preparation of a new urea biosensor. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 34:55–62.
- Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S. 2007. MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1993. Hazardous Substances Databank (HSDB, online database). Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; [cited 2017 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/ethyl-carbamate.pdf
- Wu Q, Zhao Y, Wang D, Xu Y. 2013. Immobilized Rhodotorula mucilaginosa: a novel urethanase-producing strain for degrading ethyl carbamate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 171:2220–2232.
- Yamazaki E, Kurasawa T, Kakimoto S, Sumino Y, Nakatsui I. 1990. Characteristics of acid urease from Streptococcus mitior. Agric Biol Chem 54:2433–2435.
- Yang LQ, Wang SH, Tian YP. 2010. Purification, properties, and application of a novel acid urease from Enterobacter sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160:303–313.
- Yang Y, Kang Z, Zhou J, Chen J, Du G. 2015. High-level expression and characterization of recombinant acid urease for enzymatic degradation of urea in rice wine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:301–308.
- Zhang Q, Zha X, Zhou N, Tian Y. 2016. Preparation of crosslinked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of acid urease with urethanase activity and their application. J Basic Microbiol 56:422–431.
- Zhao CJ, Imamura L, Kobashi K. 1991. Urethanase of Bacillus licheniformis sp. isolated from mouse gastrointestine. Chem Pharm Bull 39:3303–3306.
- Zhao CJ, Kobashi K. 1994. Purification and characterization of iron-containing urethanase from Bacillus licheniformis. Biol Pharm Bull 17:773–778.
- Zhao X, Du G, Zou H, Fu J, Zhou J, Chen J. 2013. Progress in preventing the accumulation of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages. Trends Food Sci Technol 32:97–107.
- Zhou N, Gu X, Zha X, Tian Y. 2014. Purification and characterization of a urethanase from Penicillium variabile. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172:351–360.