Interregional Inequality and Civil Conflict: Are Spatial Disparities a Threat to Stability and Peace?

References

• Alesina, A., and E. Zhuravskaya. 2011. “Segregation and the Quality of Government in a Cross Section of Countries.” American Economic Review 101 (5): 1872–1911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alesina, A., S. Michalopoulos, and E. Papaioannou. 2016. “Ethnic Inequality.” Journal of Political Economy 124 (2): 428–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altonji, J. G., T. E. Elder, and C. R. Taber. 2005. “Selection on Observed and Unobserved Variables: Assessing the Effectiveness of Catholic Schools.” Journal of Political Economy 113 (1): 151–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbatlı, C. E., Q. H. Ashraf, and O. Galor. 2015. “The Nature of Conflict." Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Ashraf, Q. H., and O. Galor. 2013. “The ‘Out of Africa’ Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity, and Comparative Economic Development.” American Economic Review 103 (1): 1–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakke, K., and E. Wibbels. 2006. “Diversity, Disparity, and Civil Conflict in Federal States.” World Politics 59 (1): 1–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton, P., G. Roland, and E. Spolaore. 1996. “Economic Theories of the Break-up and Integration of Nations.” European Economic Review 40 (3–5): 697–705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blattman, C., and E. Miguel. 2010. “Civil War.” Journal of Economic Literature 48 (1): 3–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bookman, M. Z. 1992. The Economics of Secession. New York: St Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brancati, D. 2006. “Decentralization: Fueling the Fire or Dampening the Flames of Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism?” International Organization 60 (3): 651–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockett, C. D. 1992. “Measuring Political Violence and Land Inequality in Central America.” American Political Science Review 86 (1): 169–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhaug, H., K. S. Gleditsch, H. Holtermann, G. Østby, and A. F. Tollefsen. 2012. “It’s the Local Economy, Stupid! Geographic Wealth Dispersion and Conflict Outbreak Location.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55 (5): 814–840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprioli, M. 2005. “Primed for Violence: The Role of Gender Inequality in Predicting Internal Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2): 161–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashdan, E. 2001. “Ethnic Diversity and its Environmental Determinants: Effects of Climate, Pathogens, and Habitat Diversity.” American Anthropologist 103 (4): 968–991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederman, L. E., N. B. Weidmann, and K. S. Gleditsch. 2011. “Horizontal Inequalities and Ethnonationalist Civil War: A Global Comparison.” American Political Science Review 105 (3): 478–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. 2004. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 56 (4): 563–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corvalan, A., and M. Vargas. 2015. “Segregation and Conflict: An Empirical Analysis.” Journal of Development Economics 116 (C): 212–222.
   Google Scholar
• Costalli, S., L. Moretti, and C. Pischedda. 2017. “The Economic Costs of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 54 (1): 80–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, C. 2005. “Inequality and Conflict. A Review of an Age-old Concern.” Identities, Conflict and Cohesion Programme Paper Number 11, United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Deiwiks, C., L. E. Cederman, and K. S. Gleditsch. 2012. “Inequality and Conflict in Federations.” Journal of Peace Research 49 (2): 289–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, O., and J. F. Vargas. 2013. “Commodity Price Shocks and Civil Conflict: Evidence from Colombia.” Review of Economic Studies 80 (4): 1384–1421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterly, W. 2007. “Inequality Does Cause Underdevelopment: Insights from a New Instrument.” Journal of Development Economics 84 (2): 755–776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban, J., and D. Ray. 2011. “Linking Conflict to Inequality and Polarization.” American Economic Review 101 (4): 1345–1374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban, J., L. Mayoral, and D. Ray. 2012. “Ethnicity and Conflict: An Empirical Study.” American Economic Review 102 (4): 1310–1342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezcurra, R. 2017. “Group Concentration and Violence: Does Ethnic Segregation Affect Domestic Terrorism?” Defence and Peace Economics. doi:10.1080/10242694.2017.1315710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezcurra, R., and D. Palacios. 2016. “Terrorism and Spatial Disparities: Does Interregional Inequality Matter?” European Journal of Political Economy 42: 60–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezcurra, R., and A. Rodríguez-Pose. 2013. “Does Economic Globalization Affect Regional Inequality? A cross-country analysis.” World Development 52: 92–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezcurra, R., and A. Rodríguez-Pose. 2014. “Government Quality and Spatial Inequality: A Cross-Country Analysis.” Environment and Planning A 46 (7): 1732–1753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezcurra, R., and A. Rodríguez-Pose. 2017. “Does Ethnic Segregation Matter for Spatial Inequality?” Journal of Economic Geography 17 (6): 1149–1178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, J. D., and D. D. Laitin. 2000. “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity.” International Organization 54 (4): 845–877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, J. D., and D. D. Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, N. P., P. Wallensteen, M. Eriksson, M. Sollenberg, and H. Strand. 2002. “Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (5): 615–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurr, T. R. 1970. Why Men Rebel. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gurr, T. R. 1994. “Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System.” International Studies Quarterly 38 (3): 347–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegre, H., and N. Sambanis. 2006. “Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (4): 508–535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegre, H., T. Ellingsen, S. Gates, and N. P. Gleditsch. 2001. “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992.” American Political Science Review 95 (1): 33–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, G., and L. Zeng. 2001. “Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data.” Political Analysis 9 (2): 137–163.
   Google Scholar
• Lacina, B., and N. P. Gleditsch. 2005. “Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths.” European Journal of Population 21 (2–3): 145–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessmann, C. 2014. “Spatial Inequality And Development - Is There an Inverted-U relationship?” Journal of Development Economics 106: 35–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessmann, C. 2015. “Regional Inequality and Internal Conflict.” German Economic Review 17 (2): 157–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessmann, C., and A. Seidel. 2017. “Regional Inequality, Convergence and its Determinants - A View from Outer Space.” European Economic Review 92: 110–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichbach, M. I. 1989. “An Evaluation of “Does Economic Inequality Breed Political Conflict?” Studies”. World Politics 41 (4): 431–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, P., T. Mayer, and M. Thoenig. 2008. “Civil Wars and International Trade.” Journal of the European Economic Association 6 (2–3): 541–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuszeski, J., and F. Schneider. 2006. “Patterns of Ethnic Group Segregation and Civil Conflict.” Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Melander, E. 2005. “Gender Equality and Intrastate Armed Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (4): 695–714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melander, E., T. Pettersson, and L. Themnér. 2016. “Organized Violence, 1989–2015.” Journal of Peace Research 53 (5): 727–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midlarsky, M. I. 1988. “Rulers and the Ruled: Patterned Inequality and the Onset of Mass Political Violence.” American Political Science Review 82 (2): 491–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel, E., S. Satyanath, and E. Sergenti. 2004. “Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 112 (4): 725–753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanovic, B. 2016. Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Montalvo, J. G., and M. Reynal-Querol. 2005. “Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars.” American Economic Review 95 (3): 796–816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn, N., and D. Puga. 2012. “Ruggedness: The Blessing of Bad Geography in Africa.” Review of Economics and Statistics 94 (1): 20–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn, N., and N. Qian. 2014. “US Food Aid and Civil Conflict.” American Economic Review 104 (6): 1630–1666.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Østby, G., R. Nordås, and J. K. Rød. 2009. “Regional Inequalities and Civil Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.” International Studies Quarterly 53 (2): 301–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge, M. D. 2005. “Does Income Distribution Affect U.S. State Economic Growth?” Journal of Regional Science 45 (2): 363–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakos, G., A. Rodríguez-Pose, and A. Rovolis. 2005. “Growth, Integration and Regional Disparities in Europe.” Environment and Planning A 37 (10): 1837–1855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeder, P. G. 1991. “Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization.” World Politics 43 (2): 196–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russett, B. M. 1964. “Inequality and Instability: The Relation of Land Tenure to Politics.” World Politics 16 (3): 442–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahn, D. E., and D. C. Stifel. 2003. “Urban-rural Inequality in Living Standards in Africa.” Journal of African Economies 12 (4): 564–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambanis, N., and B. Milanovic. 2014. “Explaining Regional Autonomy Differences in Decentralized Countries.” Comparative Political Studies 47 (13): 1830–1855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, A. 1973. On Economic Inequality. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, F. 2000. “Crisis Prevention: Tackling Horizontal Inequalities.” Oxford Development Studies 28 (3): 245–262.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, F.. 2002. “Horizontal Inequalities: A Neglected Dimension of Development.” QEH Working Paper Series 81. University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Toft, M. D. 2002. “Indivisible Territory, Geographic Concentration, and Ethnic War.” Security Studies 12 (2): 82–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toft, M. D. 2003. The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weidmann, N. B. 2009. “Geography as Motivation and Opportunity: Group Concentration and Ethnic Conflict.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53 (4): 526–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, J. G. 1965. “Regional Inequality and the Process of National Development: A Description of the Patterns.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 13 (4): 1–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar