References
- Airbus. 2021. “Approval Suppliers List”. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.airbus.com/sites/g/files/jlcbta136/files/2021-11/Airbus-Approved-suppliers-list.pdf
- Alves Dias, P., D. Blagoeva, C. Pavel, and N. Arvanitidis. 2018. “Cobalt: Demand-Supply Balances in the Transition to Electric Mobility.” European Commission: DG JRC. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC112285/jrc112285_cobalt.pdf
- Barrinha, A. 2010. “Moving Towards a European Defence Industry? The Political Discourse on a Changing Reality and Its Implications for the Future of the European Union.” Global Society 24 (4): 467–485. doi:10.1080/13600826.2010.508340.
- Belin, J., M. Fawaz, and H. Masson. 2019. “Shareholder Nationality Among the Major European and American Defence Contractors: An Exploratory Data Analysis.” Finance Bulletin 1 (2): 36–49. doi:10.20870/fb.2019.1.3.2406.
- Belin, J., and H. Masson. 2017. A Statistical Approach to Ownership: Links Between the Major European and US Contractor. In Defence Industrial Links Between the EU and the US, Ares Report 20, 29-35, J. Belin, K. Hartley, S. Lefeez, H. Linnenkamp, M. Lundmark, H. Masson, J.-P. Maulny, and A. R. Ungaro. Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales/Armament Industry European Research Group. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.iris-france.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Ares-20-Report-EU-DTIB-Sept-2017.pdf
- Bellouard, P., and A. Fonfría. 2018. “The Relationship Between Prime Contractors and SMEs. How to Best Manage and Fund Cooperative Programmes.” Ares Policy Paper 24. Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales/Armament Industry European Research Group. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.iris-france.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Ares-24-Policy-Paper-SME.pdf
- Besch, S. 2019. “The European Commission in EU Defense Industrial Policy.” European Defense in a New Transatlantic Context project report. Carnegie Europe. Accessed 14 October 2022. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/9-23-19_Besch_EU_Defense.pdf
- Blengini, G. A., D. Blagoeva, J. Dewulf, C. Torres de Matos, C. Baranzelli, C. Ciupagea, P. Dias, et al. 2017. “Methodology for Establishing the EU List of Critical Raw Materials: Guidelines.” European Commission: DG GROW. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://op.europa.eu/de/publication-detail/-/publication/2d43b7e2-66ac-11e7-b2f2-01aa75ed71a1
- Blengini, G. A., C. Latunussa, U. Eynard, C. Torres de Matos, D. Wittmer, K. Georgitzikis, C. Pavel, et al. 2020. “Study on the Eu‘s List of Critical Raw Materials (2020). Final Report.” European Commission: DG GROW and DG JRC. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/42883/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native
- BMLRT. 2022. Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism. Various Volumes. “World Mining Data.” Accessed 6 August 2022. Most recent volumes and data available from https://www.world-mining-data.info/?World_Mining_Data___PDF-Files
- Borrell, J. 2022. “Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine Puts the Global Economy at Risk.” European External Action Service, May 16. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/russia%E2%80%99s-invasion-ukraine-puts-global-economy-risk_en
- Braddon, D., and J. Bradley. 2005. “What Lies Beneath? Who Owns British Defence Contractors and Does It Matter?” Frontiers in Finance and Economics 2 (1): 68–81.
- Braddon, D., and K. Hartley. 2013. “More for Less? Exploring the Economic Dimensions of Multilateral Collaboration in Military Aerospace Projects.” Journal of Defense Studies & Resource Management 2 (1): 1–12. doi:10.4172/2324-9315.1000110.
- Bureau van Dijk. 2022. “ORBIS Database.” Access granted by the State and University Library Bremen (SuUB). Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.bvdinfo.com/en-gb/our-products/data/international/orbis
- Calcara, A. 2018. “Cooperation and Conflict in the European Defence-Industrial Field: The Role of Relative Gains.” Defence Studies 18 (4): 474–497. doi:10.1080/14702436.2018.1487766.
- Calcara, A. 2020a. European Defence Decision-Making. Dilemmas of Collaborative Arms Procurement. Abingdon/New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9780367853792.
- Calcara, A. 2020b. “Cooperation and Non Cooperation in European Defence Procurement.” Journal of European Integration 42 (6): 799–815. doi:10.1080/07036337.2019.1682567.
- Cameron, A., and P. Trivedi. 2005. Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511811241.
- Chiang, J. -T. 1992. “Technological Spin-Off. Its Mechanisms and National Contexts.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 41 (4): 365–390. doi:10.1016/0040-1625(92)90044-T.
- Curic, A., P. Pena, and M. Rico. 2022. “Small Group of Big Arms Producers Profit Most of EU Defence Funding.” Investigate Europe. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.investigate-europe.eu/en/2022/money-for-eu-defence-development-went-to-a-small-group-of-arms-producers
- Defense News. 2021. “Defense News Top 100 for 2021.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://people.defensenews.com/top-100
- DIGIWHIST. 2022. “DIGIWHIST: The Digital Whistleblower – Fiscal Transparency, Risk Assessment and Impact of Good Governance Policies Assessed.” Accessed 6 August 2022. http://digiwhist.eu/
- EEAS, European External Action Service. 2022. “A Strategic Compass for Security and Defence.” EEAS. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/strategic_compass_en3_web.pdf
- Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug. 2022. “About Us.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.eurofighter.com/about-us
- European Commission. 2020. “COM(2020) 474 Final. Critical Raw Materials Resilience: Charting a Path Towards Greater Security and Sustainability.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474&from=EN
- European Commission. 2022a. “Competition Cases Database.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/competition/elojade/isef/index.cfm
- European Commission. 2022b. “List of Screening Mechanisms Notified by Member States.” Accessed 21 November 2022. https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2019/june/tradoc_157946.pdf
- European Commission. 2022c. “Public Procurement.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/public-procurement_en
- Eurostat. 2022. “International Trade in Goods – Detailed Data. EU Trade Since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/international-trade-in-goods/data/database
- Fiott, D. 2015. “European Defence-Industrial Cooperation: From Keynes to Clausewitz.” Global Affairs 1 (2): 159–167. doi:10.1080/23340460.2015.1032157.
- Forbes. 2022. “The Global 2000.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000
- Graeus, A. 2016. “Public Procurement and Competition: Some Challenges Arising from Recent Developments in EU Public Procurement Law.” In Research Handbook on EU Public Procurement Law, edited by C. Bovis, 423–451. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:10.4337/9781781953266.00025.
- Guay, T. 2005. “Defense Industry Developments in the U.S. and Europe: Transatlantic or Bipolar?” Journal of Transatlantic Studies 3 (1): 139–157. doi:10.1080/14794010508656822.
- Gutierrez, A. 2013. “Industrial Aspects and Global Supply Chain of the A400M Programme”. Presentation at the Global Meeting of the A400M Suppliers, Seville, May 23. Accessed 6 August 2022 via the Internet Archive. https://extendaplus.es/aeroespacial/files/2013/05/1.Alberto-Gutiérrez-Industrial-aspects-and-GSC-A400M-Programme-23-May-2013-v-final_Alberto-Gutierrez.pdf
- Hartley, K. 2000. “The Economics of European Defense Procurement.” In The Economics of Regional Security, NATO, the Mediterranean and Southern Africa, edited by J. Brauer and K. Hartley, 7–24. Reading: Harwood Academic Publishers. doi:10.4324/9780203783399.
- Hartley, K. 2017. The Economics of Arms. Newcastle upon Tyne: Agenda Publishing Limited.
- Hartley, K., and D. Braddon. 2014. “Collaborative Projects and the Number of Partner Nations.” Defence and Peace Economics 25 (6): 535–548. doi:10.1080/10242694.2014.886434.
- Hayward, K. 2001. “The Globalisation of Defence Industries.” Survival 43 (2): 115–132. doi:10.1093/survival/43.2.115.
- Hrubý, J., T. Pošepný, J. Krafka, B. Toth, and J. Skuhrovec. 2018. “D2.8 Methods Paper – DIGIWHIST.” Accessed 6 August 2022. http://digiwhist.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/D2.8-revised-version-FINAL.pdf
- Jagtap, S., H. Trollman, F. Trollman, G. Garcia-Garcia, C. Parra-López, L. Duong, W. Martindale, et al. 2022. “The Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Its Implications for the Global Food Supply Chains.” Foods 11 (14): 2098. doi:10.3390/foods11142098.
- James, A. D. 2008. “The Defence Industry and ‘Transformation’: A European Perspective.” Security Challenges 4 (4): 39–55.
- Jones, S. G. 2006. “The Rise of a European Defense.” Political Science Quarterly 121 (2): 241–267. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2006.tb00571.x.
- Juncker, J. 2016. “State of the Union 2016.” European Commission, DG COMM, Publications Office, October 3. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c9ff4ff6-9a81-11e6-9bca-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
- Kapstein, E. B. 1992. “International Collaboration in Armaments Production: A Second-Best Solution.” Political Science Quarterly 106 (4): 657–675. doi:10.2307/2151798.
- Kapstein, E. B. 1994. “America’s Arms-Trade Monopoly. Lagging Sales Will Starve Lesser Suppliers.” Foreign Affairs 73 (3): 13–19. doi:10.2307/20046654.
- Keohane, D. 2002. “The EU and Armaments Co-Operation.” CER Working Paper. London: Centre for European Reform. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.cer.eu/publications/archive/working-paper/2002/eu-and-armaments-co-operation
- Kleczka, M., C. Buts, and M. Jegers. 2020. “Addressing the ‘Headwinds’ Faced by the European Arms Industry.” Defense & Security Analysis 36 (2): 129–160. doi:10.1080/14751798.2020.1750178.
- Koch, M., and C. Volkery. 2022. “Lithium aus Deutschland, Magnesium aus Spanien: So könnte Europa unabhängiger von China werden.“ Handelsblatt, June 6. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/energiewende-lithium-aus-deutschland-magnesium-aus-spanien-so-koennte-europa-unabhaengiger-von-china-werden/28412264.html
- Kollias, C., and P. Tzeremes. 2022. “In the EDTIB We Trust(?).” European Security 31 (1): 58–75. doi:10.1080/09662839.2021.1945037.
- Latunussa, C., K. Georgitzikis, C. Torres de Matos, M. Grohol, U. Eynard, D. Wittmer, L. Mancini, et al. 2020. “Study on the Eu‘s List of Critical Raw Materials (2020). Critical Raw Materials Factsheets (Final).” European Commission: DG GROW and DG JRC. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/CRM_2020_Factsheets_critical_Final.pdf
- Linnenkamp, H. 2017. “Case Study Germany.” In Defence Industrial Links Between the EU and the US, Ares Report 20, 10-13, edited by J. Belin, K. Hartley, S. Lefeez, H. Linnenkamp, M. Lundmark, H. Masson, J. -P. Maulny, and A. R. Ungaro. Paris: Institut Français des Relations Internationales. Accessed 6 August 2022.
- Lundmark, M. 2014a. “Kockums: The Repatriation of the Swedish Underwater Crown Jewel (Part.1).” Défense & Industries 1/2014: 7–8. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.frstrategie.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/defense-et-industries/2014/1.pdf.
- Lundmark, M. 2014b. “Saab Kockums’ Maiden Voyage (Part.2)”, Défense & Industries 2/2014: 11. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.frstrategie.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/defense-et-industries/2014/2-4.pdf
- Markowski, S., and R. Wylie. 2007. “The Emergence of European Defence and Defence Industry Policies.” Security Challenges 3 (2): 31–51.
- Matthews, R., and R. Al-Saadi. 2021. “Organisational Complexity of the Eurofighter Typhoon Collaborative Supply Chain.” Defence and Peace Economics. doi:10.1080/10242694.2021.1987022.
- Mawdsley, J. 2018. “Armaments Decision-Making: Are European States Really Different?” Comparative Strategy 37 (4): 260–271. doi:10.1080/01495933.2018.1497319.
- NAO, National Audit Office of the UK, 2001. “Ministry of Defence: Maximising the Benefits of Defence Equipment Co-Operation”. London: NAO. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.nao.org.uk/report/ministry-of-defence-maximising-the-benefits-of-defence-equipment-co-operation
- NAO, National Audit Office of the UK, 2004. “Ministry of Defence: Major Projects Report 2004”. London: NAO. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.nao.org.uk/report/ministry-of-defence-major-projects-report-2004
- OpenTender.eu. 2022. “OpenTender Database.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://opentender.eu/start
- Pavel, C. C., and E. Tzimas. 2016. “Raw Materials in the European Defence Industry.” JRC Science for Policy Report. European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://setis.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-02/raw_materials_in_the_european_defence_industry.pdf
- Peters, R., and D. Prabhakar. 2021. “Export Restrictions Do Not Help Fight COVID-19.” UNCTAD, June 11. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://unctad.org/news/export-restrictions-do-not-help-fight-covid-19
- Polityuk, P., and M. Hunder. 2022. “Russian Gas Cut to Europe Hits Economic Hopes After Ukraine Grain Deal.” Reuters, July 26. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-works-resume-grain-exports-flags-russian-strikes-risk-2022-07-25/
- Regulation (EC) No 2195/2002 Of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 November 2002 on the Common Procurement Vocabulary (CPV). Official Journal of the European Union Vol. L340, 16 December: 1–562. Accessed 6 August 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32002R2195
- SIPRI, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2021. “Arms Industry Database.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.sipri.org/databases/armsindustry
- SIPRI, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2022. “Arms Transfers Database.” Accessed 3 November 2022. https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers
- Smith, R. 2013. “The Defence Industry in an Age of Austerity.” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 8 (1). doi:10.15355/epsj.8.1.18.
- Stansted News Limited. 2022. “Airframer Supply Chain Directory.” Accessed 6 August 2022. https://www.airframer.com/sector_front.html
- Sweeney, S., and N. Winn. 2022. “Understanding the Ambition in the Eu’s Strategic Compass: A Case for Optimism at Last?” Defence Studies 22 (2): 192–210. doi:10.1080/14702436.2022.2036608.
- Taylor, T. 1990. “Defence Industries in International Relations.” Review of International Studies 16 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1017/S0260210500112641.
- USGS, United States Geological Survey. Various volumes. 2022. “Mineral Commodity Summaries.” Accessed 6 August 2022. Most recent volumes and data available from https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/mineral-commodity-summaries
- van Scherpenberg, J. 1997. “Transatlantic Competition and European Defence Industries: A New Look at the Trade-Defence Linkage.” International Affairs 73 (1): 99–122. doi:10.2307/2623552.