CD38 as a prognostic marker in CLL

References

• Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP, Chanana AD, Levy RN, Pasternack BS. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood 1975;46:219–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G, Chastang C, Piguet H, Goasguen J, Vaugier G, Potron G, Colona P, Oberling F, Thomas M, Tchernia G, Jacquillat C, Boivin P, Lesty C, Duault MT, Monconduit M, Belabbes S, Gremy F. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer 1981;48:198–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Dixon DO, Kantarjian HM, Keating MJ, Talpaz M. Prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: on the progression and prognosis of early clinical stages. Blood 1987;69:929–936.
   Google Scholar
• French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Comparison of the (A,B,C) staging and the Rai's staging from a large prospective series (935 patients). Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1988;30:363–367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fais F, Ghiotto F, Hashimoto S, Sellars B, Valetto A, Allen SL, Schulman P, Vinciguerra VP, Rai K, Rassenti LZ, Kipps TJ, Dighiero G, Schroeder HW, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells express restricted sets of mutated and unmutated antigen receptors. J Clin Investig 1998;102:1515–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A, Oscier DG, Stevenson FK. Unmutated Ig VH genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94(6) :1848–1854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, Ghiotto F, Valetto A, Steven LA, Buchbinder A, Budman D, Dittmar K, Kolitz J, Lichtman SM, Schulman P, Vinciguerra VP, Rai KR, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 199994:1840-1847 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein U, Tu Y, Stolovitzky GA, Mattioli M, Cattoretti G, Husson H, Freedman A, Inghirami G, Cro L, Baldini L, Neri A, Califano A, Dalla-Favera R. Gene expression profiling of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia reveals a homogeneous phenotype related to memory B-cells. J Exp Med 2001;194:1625–1638.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenwald A, Alizadeh AA, Widhopf G, Simon R, Davis RE, Yu X, Yang L, Pickeral OK, Rassenti LZ, Powell J, Botstein D, Byrd JC, Greyer MR, Cheson BD, Chiorazzi N, Wilson WH, Kipps TJ, Brow PO, Staudt LM. Relation of gene expression phenotype to immunoglobulin mutation genotype in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1639–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnac C, Porcher R, Davi F, Nataf J, Payelle-Brogard B, Tang RP, Oppezzo P, Levy V, Dighiero G, Ajchenbaum-Cymbalista F. Predictive value of serum thymidine kinase level for Ig-V mutational status in B-CLL. Leukemia 2003; 17:133–137.
   Google Scholar
• Hultdin M, Rosenquist R, Thunberg U, Tobin G, Norrback KF, Johnson A, Sundstrom C, Roos G. Association between telomere length and V(H) gene mutation status in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Clinical and biological implications. Br J Cancer 2003;88:593–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caligaris-Cappio F. The cycling history of CLL. Blood 2004;103:367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroeber A, Seiler T, Benner A, Bullinger L, Bruckle E, Lichter P, Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S. VH mutation status, CD38 expression level, genomic aberrations, and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2002;100 (4):1410–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard JA, Ibbotson RE, Davis Z, Wiestner A, Rosenwald A, Thomas PW, Hamblin TJ, Staudt LM, Oscier DG. ZAP-70 expression and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet 2004;363: 105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin K, Sherrington PD, Dennis M, Matrai Z, Cawley JC, Pettitt AR. Relationship between p53 dysfunction, CD38 expression, and IgVH mutation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2002;100 (4) :1404–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanham S, Hamblin T, Oscier D, Ibbotson R, Stevenson F, Packham G. Differential signalling via surface IgM is associated with VH gene mutational status and CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2003;101:1087–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin TJ, Orchard JA, Gardiner A, Oscier DG, Davis Z, Stevenson FK. Immunoglobulin V genes and CD38 expression in CLL (letter). Blood 2000a;95(7):2455–2457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matrai Z, Lin K, Dennis M, Sherrington P, Zuzel M, Pettitt AR, Cawley JC. CD38 expression and Ig VH gene mutation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (letter). Blood 2001;97 (6) :1902—1903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Poeta G, Maurillo L, Venditti A, Buccisano F, Epiceno AM, Capelli G, Tamburini A, Suppo G, Battaglia A, Del Principe MI, del Moro B, Masi M, Sergio A. Clinical significance of CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001;98(9):2633–2639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim S, Keating M, Do KA, O'Brien S, Huh YO, Mani I, Lerner S, Kantarjian HM, Albitar M. CD38 expression as an important prognostic factor in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001;98(1):181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jelinek DF, Tschumper RC, Geyer SM, Bone ND, Dewald GW, Hanson CA, Stenson MJ, Witzig TE, Tefferi A, Kay NE. Analysis of clonal B-cell CD38 and immunoglo-bulin variable region sequence status in relation to clinical outcome for B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2001;115:854–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morabito F, Mangiola M, Oliva B, Stelitano C, Callea V, Deaglio S, Iacopino P, Brugiatelli M, Malavasi F. Peripheral blood CD38 expression predicts survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2001;25: 927–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Arena G, Musto P, Cascavilla N, Dell'Olio M, Di Renzo N, Perla G, Savino L, Carotenuto M. CD38 expression correlates with adverse biological features and predicts poor clinical outcome in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2001;42: 109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintel D, Schwarzinger I, Chizzali-Bonfadin C, Thalhammer R, Schwarzmeier J, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Welter-mann A, Simonitsch I, Lechner K, Jaeger U. Association of CD38 antigen expression with other prognostic parameters in early stages of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lym-phoma 2001;42: 1315–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dung J, Naschar M, Schmucker U, Renzing-Kohler K, Holter T, Huttmann A, Duhrsen U. CD38 expression is an important prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukemia 2002;16: 30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevallier P, Penther D, Avet-Loiseau H, Robillard N, Ifrah N, Mahé B, Hamidou M, Maisonneuve H, Moreau P, Jardel H, Harousseau JL, Bataille R, Garand R. CD38 expression and secondary 17p deletion are important prognostic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2002; 116:142–150.
   Google Scholar
• Hamblin TJ, Orchard JA, Ibbotson RE, Davis Z, Thomas PW, Stevenson FK, Oscier DG. CD38 expression and immuno-globulin variable region mutations are independent prognostic variables in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but CD38 expression may vary during the course of the disease. Blood 2002;99(3): 1023— 1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo-Doménech E, Domingo-Clarós A, Gonzalez-Barca E, Beneitez D, Alonso E, Romagosa V, de Sanjosé S, Petit J, Granena A, de Sevilla AF. CD38 expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: association with clinical presentation and outcome in 155 patients. Haematologica 2002;87:1021–1027 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghia P, Guida G, Stella S, Gottardi D, Geuna M, Strola G, Scielzo C, Caligaris-Cappio F. The pattern of CD38 expression defines a distinct subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients at risk of disease progression. Blood 2003;101 (4): 1262–1269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton PD, Fernandez C, Giustolisi GM, Morilla R, Atkinson S, Hem RPA, Matutes E, Catovsky D. CD38 expression as a prognostic indicator in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Hematol J 2004;5:145–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinherz EL, Kung PC, Goldstein G, Levey RH, Schlossman SF. Discrete stages of human intrathymic differentiation: Analysis of normal thymocytes and leukemic lymphoblasts of T-cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:1588–1592.
   Google Scholar
• Malavasi F, Funaro A, Alessio M, DeMonte LB, Ausiello CM, Dianzani U, Lanza F, Magrini E, Momo M, Roggero S. CD38: A multi-lineage cell activation molecule with a split personality. Int J Clin Lab Res 1992;22:73–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• States DJ, Walseth TF, Lee HC. Similarities in amino acid sequences of Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase and human lymphocyte antigen CD38. Trends Biochem Sci 1992; 17:459–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HC, Aarhus R. ADP-ribosyl cyclase: An enzyme that cyclizes NAD + into a calcium-mobilizing metabolite. Cell Regul 1991;2:203–209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard M, Grimaldi JC, Bana JF, Lund FE, Santos-Argumedo L, Parkhouse RK, Walseth TF, Lee HC. Formation and hydrolysis of cyclic ADP-ribose catalyzed by lymphocyte antigen CD38. Science 1993;262: 1056–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HC. Enzymatic functions and structures of CD38 and homologs. Chem Immunol 2000;75:39–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruzzone S, Guida L, Franco L, Zocchi E, Corte G, de Flora A. Dimeric and tetrameric forms of catalytically active transmembrane CD38 in transfected HeLa cells. FEBS Lett 1998;433: 275–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Flora A, Franco L, Guida L, Bruzzone S, Usai C, Zocchi E. Topology of CD38. Chem Immunol 2000;75:79–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funaro A, Horenstein AL, Calosso L, Morra M, Tarocco RP, Franco L, de Flora A, Malavasi F. Identification and characterization of an active soluble form of human CD38 in normal and pathological fluids. Int Immunol 19968:1643-1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallone R, Ferrua S, Morra M, Zocchi E, Mehta K, Notarangelo L, Malavasi F. Characterization of a CD38-like 78-kilodalton soluble protein released from B cell lines derived from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. J Clin Investig 1998;101: 1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebanjo OA, Anandatheerthavarada HK, Koval AP, Moonga BS, Biswas G, Sun L, Sodam BR, Bevis PJ, Huang CLH, Epstein S, Lai FA, Avadhani NG, Zaidi M. A new function for CD38/ADP-ribosyl cyclase in nuclear Ca2+ homeostasis. Nat Cell Biol 1999;1: 409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler M, Jorcke D, Schweiger M. Identification of bovine liver mitochondrial NAD+ glycohydrolase as ADP-ribosyl cyclase. Biochem J 1997;326:401–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Adebanjo OA, Koval A, Anandatheerthavarada HK, Iqbal J, Wu XY, Moonga BS, Wu XB, Biswas G, Bevis PJR, Kumegawa M, Epstein S, Huang CLH, Avadhani NG, Abe E, Zaidi M. A novel mechanism for coupling cellular inter-mediary metabolism to cytosolic Ca2+ + signaling via CD38/ADP-ribosyl cyclase, a putative intracellular NAD+ sensor. FASEB J 2002;16:302–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guse AH, da Silva CP, Berg I, Skapenko AL, Weber K, Heyer P, Hohenegger M, Ashamu GA, Schulze-Koops H, Potter BVL, Mayr GW. Regulation of Ca+ + -signaling in T-lymphocytes by the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose. Nature 1999;398:70–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morra M, Zubiaur M, Terhorst C, Sancho J, Malavasi F. CD38 is functionally dependent on the TCR/CD3 complex in human T cells. FASEB J 1998;12: 581–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund FE, Yu N, Kim K, Reth M, Howard MC. Signaling through CD38 augments B cell antigen receptor (BCR) responses and is dependent on BCR expression. J Immunol 1996;157: 1455–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaglio S, Zubiaur M, Gregorini A, Bottarel F, Ausiello CM, Dianzani U, Sancho J, Malavasi F. Human CD38 and CD16 are functionally dependent and physically associated in natural killer cells. Blood 2002;99:2490–2498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue S, Kontani K, Tsujimoto N, Kanda Y, Hosoda N, Hoshino S, Hazeki O, Katada T. Protein-tyrosine phosphoryl-ation by IgG 1 -subclass CD38 monoclonal antibodies mediated through Fc gamma II receptors in human myeloid cell lines. J Immunol 1997;159:5226–5232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campana D, Suzuki T, Todisco E, Kitanaka A. CD38 in hematopoiesis. Chem Immunol 2000;75:169–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zocchi E, Franco L, Guida L, Benatti U, Bargallesi A, Malavasi F, Lee HC, de Flora A. A single protein immunologically identified as CD38 displays NAD+ glycohy-drolase, ADP-ribosyl cyclase and cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase activities at the outer surface of human erythrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;196 (3):1459–1465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaschi G, Torti M, Festetics ET, Sinigaglia F, Malavasi F, Balduini C. Expression of Cyclic ADP-ribose-synthesizing CD38 molecule on human platelet membrane. Blood 1996;87:2308–2313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo K, Chang CF. Characterization and localization of CD38 in the vertebrate eye. Brain Res 1999;821: 17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler M, Jorcke D, Schweiger M. Identification of bovine liver mitochondrial NAD+ glycohydrolase as ADP-ribosyl cyclase. Biochem J 1997;326:401–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto H, Takasawa S, Nata K, Kato I, Tohgo A, Noguchi N. Physiological and pathological significance of the CD38-cyclic ADP-ribose signaling system. Chem Immu-nol 2000;75:121–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada M, Mizuguchi M, Otsuka N, Ikeda K, Takahashi H. Ultrastructural localization of CD38 immunoreactivity in rat brain. Brain Res 1997;756: 52–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo KM, Chang CF. Purification and characterization of CD38/ADP-ribosyl cyclase from rat lung. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1998;44(4):841–850.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kramer G, Steiner G, Fardinger D, Fiebiger E, Rappersberger C, Binder S, Hofbauer J, Marberger M. High expression of a CD38-like molecule in normal prostatic epithelium and its differential loss in benign and malignant disease. J Urol 1995154:1636-1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HC. Physiological functions of cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP as calcium messengers. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;41:317–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partida-Sinchez S, Cockayne DA, Monard S, Jacobson EL, Oppenheimer N, Garvy B, Kusser K, Goodrich S, Howard M, Harmsen A, Randall TD, Lund FE. Cyclic ADP-ribose production by CD38 regulates intracellular calcium release, extracellular calcium influx and chemotaxis in neutrophils and is required for bacterial clearance in vivo. Nat Med 2001;7: 1209–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thunberg U, Johnson A, Roos G, Thorn I, Tobin G, Sallstrom J, Sundstrom C, Rosenquist R. CD38 expression is a poor predictor for VH gene mutational status and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 200197:1892-1893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiestner A, Rosenwald A, Barry TS, Wright G, Davis RE, Henrickson SE, Zhao H, Ibbotson RE, Orchard JA, Davis Z, Stetler-Stevenson M, Raffeld M, Arthur DC, Marti GE, Wilson WH, Hamblin TJ, Oscier DG, Staudt LM. ZAP-70 expression identifies a chronic lymphocytic leukemia subtype with unmutated immunoglobulin genes, inferior clinical outcome, and distinct gene expression profile. Blood 2003;101 (12):4944–4951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespo M, Bosch F, Villamor N, Bellosillo B, Colomer D, Rozman M, Marcé S, López-Guillermo A, Campo E, Montserrat E. ZAP-70 expression as a surrogate for immunoglobulin-variable-region mutations in chronic lym-phocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2003;348: 1764–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewald GW, Brockman SR, Paternoster SF, Bone ND, O'Fallon JR, Allmer C, James CD, Jelinek DF, Tschumper RC, Hanson CA, Pruthi RK, Witzig TE, Call TG, Kay NE. Chromosome anomalies detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization: correlation with significant biological features of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003;121: 287–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall PA, Richards MA, Gregory WM, d'Ardenne AJ, Lister TA, Stansfeld AG. The prognostic value of Ki-67immuno-staining in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Pathol 1988; 154:223–235.
   Google Scholar
• Hallek M, Langenmayer I, Nerl C, Knauf W, Dietzfelbinger H, Adorf D, Ostwald M, Busch R, Kuhn-Hallek I, Thiel E, Emmerich B. Elevated serum thymidine kinase levels identify a subgroup at high risk of disease progression in early, nonsmoldering chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999;93 (5) :1732–1737.
   Google Scholar
• Sarfati M, Chevret S, Chastang C, Biron G, Stryckmans P, Delespesse G, Binet JL, Merle-Beral H, Bron D. Prognostic importance of serum soluble CD23 level in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood 1996;88: 4259–4264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orfao A, Ciudad J, Gonzalez M, San Miguel JF, Garcia AR, Lopez-Berges MC, Ramos F, Del Canizo MC, Rios A, Sanz M, Borrasca AL. Prognostic value of S-phase white blood cell count in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1992;6:47–51.
   Google Scholar
• Cordone I, Matutes E, Catovsky D. Monoclonal antibody Ki-67 identifies B and T cells in cycle in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with disease activity. Leukemia 1992b; 6: 902–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messmer D, Messmer BT, Cesar D, Albesiano E, Telusma G, Damle R, Allen SL, Kudulkar P, Kolitz JE, Loscalzo J, Ho C, Rai KR, Hellerstein M, Chiorazzi N. Direct measurement of B-CLL cell production and turnover in vivo. Blood 2002;100:169a .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda W, Takenaka S, Inageda K, Nishina H, Takahashi K, Katada T, Tsuyama S, Inui H, Miyatake K, Nakano Y. Oscillation of ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity during the cell cycle and function of cyclic ADP-ribose in a unicellular organism Euglena gracilis. FEBS Lett 1997;405:104–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco L, Zocchi E, Usai C, Guida L, Bruzzone S, Costa A, de Flora A. Paracrine roles of NAD + and cyclic ADP-ribose in increasing intracellular calcium and enhancing cell prolifer-ation of 3T3 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2001;276(24): 21642–21648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zocchi E, Daga A, Usai C, Franco L, Guida L, Bruzzone S, Costa A, Marchetti C, de Flora A. Expression of CD38 increases intracellular calcium concentration and reduces doubling time in HeLa and 3T3 cells. J Biol Chem 1998;273(14):8017–8024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matrai Z, Sherrington PD, Pettitt AR, Zuzel M, Cawley JC. CD38 expression in CLL is a marker of cell cycling activity. Blood 2003;102(11):671a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambley R, Payne T, Taylor H, Fegan CD, Mills KI, Pepper CJ. CD38 + and CD38- B-CLL subsets from patients with bimodal expression of the CD38 antigen exhibit distinct cell cycle distribution and Bc1-2 family protein expression. Br J Haematol 2004;125 (Suppl. 1):10.
   Google Scholar
• Manocha S, Matrai Z, Osthoff M, Carter A, Pettitt AR. Correlation between cell size and CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2003;44: 797–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Marco JA, Price CM, Ellis J, Morey M, Matutes E, Lens D, Colman S, Catovsky D. Correlation of trisomy 12 with proliferating cells by combined immunocytochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization in chronic lymphocytic leukema. Leukemia 1996;10:1705–1711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainou-Fowler T, Dignum H, Taylor PRA, Dickinson AM, Saunders PWG, Proctor SJ, Summerfield GP. Quantification improves the prognostic value of CD38 expression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2002; 118:755–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsi ED, Kopecky KJ, Appelbaum FR, Boldt D, Frey T, Loftus M, Hussein MA. Prognostic significance of CD38 and CD20 expression as assessed by quantitative flow cytometry in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003; 120:1017–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morabito F, Mangiola M, Oliva B, Stelitano C, Callea V, Deaglio S, Iacopino P, Brugiatelli M, Malavasi F. Peripheral blood CD38 expression predicts survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2001;25: 927–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Arena G, Nunziata G, Coppola G, Vigliotti ML, Tartarone A, Carpinelli N, Matera R, Bisogno RC, Pistolese G, Di Renzo N. CD38 expression does not change in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2002;15:3052–3053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassenti LZ, Huynh L, Toy TL, Chen L, Keating MJ, Gribben JG, Neuberg DS, Flinn IW, Rai KR, Byrd JC, Kay NE, Greaves A, Weiss A, Kipps TJ. ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. N Engl J Med 2004;351:893–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar