93
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Recent advances in immunotherapy of B-CLL using ex vivo modified dendritic cells

, , &
Pages 189-203 | Published online: 04 Sep 2013

References

  • Marten A, Renoth S, Heinicke T, Albers P, Pauli A, Mey U, Caspari R, Flieger D, Hanfland P, Von Ruecker A, Eis-Hubinger AM, Muller S, Schwaner I, Lohmann U, Heyimam G, Sauerbruch T, Schmidt-Wolf IG. Allogeneic dendritic cells fused with tumor cells: Preclinical results and outcome of a clinical phase I/II trial in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Hum Gene Ther 2003;14:483–494.
  • Ternynck T, Dighiero G, Follezou J, Binet JL. Comparison of normal and CLL lymphocyte surface Ig determinants using peroxidase-labeled antibodies. I. Detection and quantitation of light chain determinants. Blood 1974;43:789–795.
  • Zomas AP, Matutes E, Morilla R, Owusu-Ankomah K, Seon BK, Catovsky D. Expression of the immunoglobulin-associated protein B29 in B cell disorders with the monoclonal antibody 5N8 (CD79b). Leukemia 1996; 10:1966–1970.
  • Montserrat E. Prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Let's have a lookl Haematologica 2002;87:561–562.
  • Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, Ghiotto F, Valetto A, Allen SL, Buchbinder A, Budman D, Dittmar K, Kolitz J, Lichtman SM, Schulman P, Vinciguerra VP, Rai KR, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 199994:1840-1847.
  • Dohner H, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A, Leupolt E, Krober A, Bullinger L, Dohner K, Bentz M, Lichter P. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1910–1916.
  • Matutes E, Owusu-Ankomah K, Morilla R, Garcia MJ, Houlihan A, Que TH, Catovsky D. The immunological profile of B-cell disorders and proposal of a scoring system for the diagnosis of CLL. Leukemia 1994;8:1640–1645.
  • Schroeder Jr, HW, Dighiero G. The pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Analysis of the antibody repertoire. Immunol Today 1994;15:288–294.
  • Khouri IF, Keating M, Korbling M, Przepiorka D, Anderlini P, O'Brien S, Giralt S, Ippoliti C, von Wolff B, Gajewski J, Donato M, Claxton D, Ueno N, Andersson B, Gee A, Champlin R. Transplant-lite: Induction of graft-versus-malignancy using fludarabine-based nonablative chemother-apy and allogeneic blood progenitor-cell transplantation as treatment for lymphoid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2817–2824.
  • Dighiero G, Travade P, Chevret S, Fenaux P, Chastang C, Binet JL. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Present status and future directions. French Cooperative Group on CLL. Blood 1991;78:1901–1914.
  • Dighiero G, Binet JL. When and how to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1799–1801.
  • Gitelson E, Hammond C, Mena J, Lorenzo M, Buckstein R, Berinstein NL, Imrie K, Spaner DE. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia-reactive T cells during disease progression and after autologous tumor cell vaccines. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:1656–1665.
  • Goddard RV, Prentice AG, Copplestone JA, Kaminski ER. Generation in vitro of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia-proliferative and specific HLA class-II-restricted cytotoxic T-cell responses using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with tumour cell lysate. Clin Exp Immunol 2001;126:16–28.
  • Rezvany MR, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Rabbani H, Lewin N, Avila-Garin° J, Osterborg A, Wigzell H, Mellstedt H. Autologous T lymphocytes may specifically recognize leukaemic B cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2000;111:608–617.
  • Trojan A, Schultze JL, Witzens M, Vonderheide RH, Ladetto M, Donovan JW, Gribben JG. Immunoglobulin framework-derived peptides function as cytotoxic T-cell epitopes commonly expressed in B-cell malignancies. Nat Med 2000;6:667–672.
  • Goddard RV, Prentice AG, Copplestone JA, Kaminski ER. in vitro dendritic cell-induced T cell responses to B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia enhanced by IL-15 and dendritic cell-B-CLL electrofusion hybrids. Clin Exp Immunol 2003;131:82–89.
  • Vuillier F, Maloum K, Thomas EK, Magnac C, Dumas G, Payelle-Brogard B, Oppezzo P, Dighiero G, Scott-Algara D. Idiotype-pulsed dendritic cells are able to induce antitumoral cytotoxic CD8 cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2003;120: 243–250.
  • Krackhardt AM, Witzens M, Hang S, Hodi FS, Zauls AJ, Chessia M, Barrett P, Gribben JG. Identification of tumor-associated antigens in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by SEREX. Blood 2002;100:2123–2131.
  • Ranheim EA, Kipps TJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha facilitates induction of CD80 (B7-1) and CD54 on human B cells by activated T cells: Complex regulation by IL-4, IL-10, and CD4OL. Cell Immunol 1995;161:226–235.
  • Buhmann R, Nolte A, Westhaus D, Emmerich B, Hallek M. CD40-activated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells for tumor immunotherapy: Stimulation of allogeneic versus autologous T cells generates different types of effector cells. Blood 1999;93: 1992–2002.
  • Orsini E, Guarini A, Chiaretti S, Mauro FR, Foa R. The circulating dendritic cell compartment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is severely defective and unable to stimulate an effective T-cell response. Cancer Res 2003;63:4497–4506.
  • Romano C, De Fanis U, Sellitto A, Dalla ML, Chiurazzi F, Giunta R, Rotoli B, Lucivero G. Effects of preactivated autologous T lymphocytes on CD80, CD86 and CD95 expression by chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Leuk Lymphoma 200344:1963-1971.
  • Scrivener S, Goddard RV, Kaminski ER, Prentice AG. Abnormal T-cell function in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2003;44:383–389.
  • Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998;392:245–252.
  • Kokhaei P, Rezvany MR, Virving L, Choudhury A, Rabbani H, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H. Dendritic cells loaded with apoptotic tumour cells induce a stronger T-cell response than dendritic cell-tumour hybrids in B-CLL. Leukemia 2003;17:894–899.
  • Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G, Chastang C, Piguet H, Goasguen J, Vaugier G, Potron G, Colona P, Oberling F, Thomas M, Tchernia G, Jacquillat C, Boivin P, Lesty C, Duault MT, Monconduit M, Belabbes S, Gremy F. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer 1981;48:198–206.
  • Rezvany MR, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Biberfeld P, Soderlund J, Mellstedt H, Osterborg A, Rabbani H. Dendritic cells in patients with non-progressive B-chronic lymphocytic leukae-mia have a normal functional capability but abnormal cytokine pattern. Br J Haematol 2001;115:263–271.
  • Wendtner CM, Kofler DM, Theiss HD, Kurzeder C, Buhmann R, Schweighofer C, Perabo L, Danhauser-Riedl S, Baumert J, Hiddemann W, Hallek M, Buning H. Efficient gene transfer of CD40 ligand into primary B-CLL cells using recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors. Blood 2002;100: 1655–1661.
  • Battle TE, Wierda WG, Rassenti LZ, Zahrieh D, Neuberg D, Kipps TJ, Frank DA. in vivo activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 after CD154 gene therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia is associated with clinical and immunologic response. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9: 2166–2172.
  • Wierda WG, Kipps TJ. Gene therapy of hematologic malignancies. Semin Oncol 2000;27:502–511.
  • Chu PG, Chen YY, Molina A, Arber DA, Weiss LM. Recurrent B-cell neoplasms after Rituximab therapy: An immunophenotypic and genotypic study. Leuk Lymphoma 2002;43:2335–2341.
  • Krackhardt AM, Hang S, Witzens M, Broderick R, Barrett P, Gribben JG. T-cell responses against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: Implications for immunotherapy. Blood 2002;100:167–173.
  • Muller MR, Grunebach F, Nencioni A, Brossart P. Transfection of dendritic cells with RNA induces CD4- and CD8-mediated T cell immunity against breast carcinomas and reveals the immunodominance of presented T cell epitopes. J Immunol 2003;170:5892–5896.
  • Muller MR, Tsakou G, Grunebach F, Schmidt SM, Brossart P. Induction of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-specific CD4- and CD8-mediated T-cell responses using RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Blood 2004;103: 1763–1769.
  • Hurwitz AA, Yu TF, Leach DR, Allison JP. CTLA-4 blockade synergizes with tumor-derived granulocyte-macro-phage colony-stimulating factor for treatment of an exper-imental mammary carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:10067–10071.
  • Terabe M, Berzofsky JA. Immunoregulatory T cells in tumor immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2004;16:157–162.
  • Shimizu J, Yamazaki S, Sakaguchi S. Induction of tumor immunity by removing CD25+CD4+ T cells: A common basis between tumor immunity and autoimmunity. JImmunol 1999;163: 5211–5218.
  • Berzofsky JA, Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM. Strategies for designing and optimizing new generation vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2001;1:209–219.
  • Terabe M, Matsui S, Noben-Trauth N, Chen H, Watson C, Donaldson DD, Carbone DP, Paul WE, Berzofsky JA. NKT cell-mediated repression of tumor immunosurveillance by IL-13 and the IL-4R-STAT6 pathway. Nat Immunol 2000;1: 515–520.
  • Brossart P, Grunebach F, Stuhler G, Reichardt VL, Mohle R, Kanz L, Brugger W. Generation of functional human dendritic cells from adherent peripheral blood monocytes by CD40 ligation in the absence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Blood 1998; 92:4238–4247.
  • Brossart P, Spahlinger B, Grunebach F, Stuhler G, Reichardt VL, Kanz L. Brugger induction of minor histocompatiblity antigen HA-1-specific cytotoxic T cells for the treatment of leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 1999;94:4374–4376.
  • Brossart P, Heinrich KS, Stuhler G, Behnke L, Reichardt VL, Stevanovic S, Muhm A, Rammensee HG, Kanz L, Brugger W. Identification of HLA-A2-restricted T-cell epitopes derived from the MUC1 tumor antigen for broadly applicable vaccine therapies. Blood 1999;93:4309–4317.
  • Fong L, Engleman EG. Dendritic cells in cancer immuno-therapy. Ann Rev Immunol 2000;18:245–273.
  • Rosenberg SA. Progress in human tumour immunology and immunotherapy. Nature 2001;411:380–384.
  • Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B, Steinman R1\4. The use of dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2003;15:138–147.
  • Vonderheide RH, Hahn WC, Schultze JL, Nadler LM. The telomerase catalytic subunit is a widely expressed tumor-associated antigen recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1999;10:673–679.
  • Schmidt SM, Schag K, Muller MR, Weinschenk T, Appel S, Schoor O, Weck MM, Grunebach F, Kanz L, Stevanovic S, Rammensee HG, Brossart P. Induction of adipophilin-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes using a novel HLA-A2-binding peptide that mediates tumor cell lysis. Cancer Res 2004;64:1164–1170.
  • Alexander J, Ruppert J, Snoke K, Sette A. TCR antagonism and T cell tolerance can be independently induced in a DR-restricted, hemagglutinin-specific T cell clone. Int Immunol 1994;6:363–367.
  • Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F, Liles TM, Czerwinski D, Taidi B, Engleman EG, Levy R. Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1996;2:52–58.
  • Timmerman JM, Singh G, Hermanson G, Hobart P, Czerwinski DK, Taidi B, Rajapaksa R, Caspar CB, Van Beckhoven A, Levy R. Immunogenicity of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding chimeric idiotype in patients with B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2002;62:5845–5852.
  • Fong L, Brockstedt D, Benike C, Wu L, Engleman EG. Dendritic cells injected via different routes induce immunity in cancer patients. J Immunol 2001;166:4254–4259.
  • Banchereau J, Schuler-Thurner B, Palucka AK, Schuler G. Dendritic cells as vectors for therapy. Cell 2001;106: 271–274.
  • Brossart P, Wirths S, Brugger W, Kanz L. Dendritic cells in cancer vaccines. Exp Hematol 2001;29:1247–1255.
  • Van Tendeloo VF, Van Broeckhoven C, Berneman ZN. Gene-based cancer vaccines: an ex vivo approach. Leukemia, 15:545–58 2001.
  • Suresh K, Scheid E, Fraser G, Leber B, Gauldie J, Foley R Induction of specific immunity to B-CLL cells by in vitro stimulation using antigen pulsed autologous dendritic cells. Blood 2003;102, 11, Abstract No 1600.
  • Morse MA, Clay T, Colling K, Lyerly HK. Preparation of peptide-loaded dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Biotechnol 2003;25:95–99.
  • Palmowski MJ, Choi EM, Hermans IF, Gilbert SC, Chen JL, Gileadi U, Salio M, Van Pel A, Man S, Bonin E, Liljestrom P, Dunbar PR, Cerundolo V. Competition between CTL narrows the immune response induced by prime-boost vaccination protocols. J Immunol 2002;168:4391–4398.
  • Heiser A, Maurice MA, Yancey DR, Coleman DM, Dahm P, Vieweg J. Human dendritic cells transfected with renal tumor RNA stimulate polyclonal T-cell responses against antigens expressed by primary and metastatic tumors. Cancer Res 2001;61:3388–3393.
  • Sullenger BA, Gilboa E. Emerging clinical applications of RNA. Nature 2002;418:252–258.
  • Milazzo C, Reichardt VL, Muller MR, Grunebach F, Brossart P. Induction of myeloma-specific cytotoxic T cells using dendritic cells transfected with tumor-derived RNA. Blood 2003;101:977–982.
  • Nencioni A, Muller MR, Grunebach F, Garuti A, Mingari MC, Patrone F, Ballestrero A, Brossart P. Dendritic cells transfected with tumor RNA for the induction of antitumor CTL in colorectal cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2003;10:209–214.
  • Lipscomb MF, Masten BJ. Dendritic cells: Immune regulators in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2002;82:97–130.
  • Morse MA, Mosca PJ, Clay TM, Lyerly HK. Dendritic cell maturation in active immunotherapy strategies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002;2:35–43.
  • Maraskovsky E, Daro E, Roux E, Teepe M, Maliszewski CR, Hoek J, Caron D, Lebsack ME, McKenna HJ. in vivo generation of human dendritic cell subsets by F1t3 ligand. Blood 2000;96: 878–884.
  • McRae BL, Semnani RT, Hayes MP, van Seventer GA. Type I IFNs inhibit human dendritic cell IL-12 production and Thl cell development. J Immunol 1998;160: 4298–4304.
  • Caux C, Massacrier C, Vanbervliet B, Dubois B, Saint-Vis B, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Jacquet C, Schmitt D, Banchereau J. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to GM-CSF+TNF alpha. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997;417: 21–25.
  • Stockwin LH, McGonagle D, Martin IG, Blair GE. Dendritic cells: Immunological sentinels with a central role in health and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2000;78:91–102.
  • Jiang W, Swiggard WJ, Heufler C, Peng M, Mirza A, Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC. The receptor DEC-205 expressed by dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells is involved in antigen processing. Nature 1995;375: 151–155.
  • Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus inter-leukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med 1994;179:1109–1118.
  • Reichardt VL, Okada CY, Liso A, Benike CJ, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Engleman EG, Blume KG, Levy R. Idiotype vaccination using dendritic cells after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma-a feasibility study. Blood 1999;93:2411–2419.
  • Morse MA, Lyerly HK. Dendritic cell-based immunization for cancer therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000;465:335–346.
  • Yi Q, Desikan R, Barlogie B, Munshi N. Optimizing dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2002;117:297–305.
  • Lim SH, Bailey-Wood R. Idiotypic protein-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination in multiple myeloma. Int J Cancer 1999;83:215–222.
  • Zhou LJ, Tedder TF. CD14+ blood monocytes can differentiate into functionally mature CD83+ dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:2588–2592.
  • Chang AE, Redman BG, Whitfield JR, Nickoloff BJ, Braun TM, Lee PP, Geiger JD, Mule JJ. A phase I trial of tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells in the treatment of advanced cancer. Chin Cancer Res 2002;8:1021–1032.
  • Hsu FJ, Caspar CB, Czerwinski D, Kwak LW, Liles TM, Syrengelas A, Taidi-Laskowski B, Levy R. Tumor-specific idiotype vaccines in the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoma-long-term results of a clinical trial. Blood 1997;89:3129–3135.
  • Miller RA, Maloney DG, Warnke R, Levy R. Treatment of B-cell lymphoma with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody. N Engl J Med 1982;306:517–522.
  • Kurts C, Heath WR, Carbone FR, Allison J, Miller JF, Kosaka H. Constitutive class I-restricted exogenous presen-tation of self antigens in vivo. J Exp Med 1996;184:923–930.
  • Steinman RM, Hawiger D, Nussenzweig MC. Tolerogenic dendritic cells. Ann Rev Immunol 2003;21:685–711.
  • Steinman RM, Hawiger D, Liu K, Bonifaz L, Bonnyay D, Mahnke K, Iyoda T, Ravetch J, Dhodapkar M, Inaba K, Nussenzweig M. Dendritic cell function in vivo during the steady state: A role in peripheral tolerance. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;987: 15–25.
  • Mahnke K, Schmitt E, Bonifaz L, Enk AH, Jonuleit H. Immature, but not inactive: The tolerogenic function of immature dendritic cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2002;80:477–483.
  • von Herrath MG, Bot A. Immune responsiveness, tolerance and dsRNA: Implications for traditional paradigms. Trends Immunol 2003;24:289–293.
  • Triozzi PL, Khurram R, Aldrich WA, Walker MJ, Kim JA, Jaynes S. Intratumoral injection of dendritic cells derived in vitro in patients with metastatic cancer. Cancer 2000;89:2646–2654.
  • Mullins DW, Sheasley SL, Ream RM, Bullock TN, Fu YX, Engelhard VH. Route of immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells controls the distribution of memory and effector T cells in lymphoid tissues and determines the pattern of regional tumor control. J Exp Med 2003;198:1023–1034.
  • Butterfield LH, Ribas A, Dissette VB, Amarnani SN, Vu HT, Oseguera D, Wang HJ, Elashoff RM, McBride WH, Mukherji B, Cochran AJ, Glaspy JA, Economou JS. Determinant spreading associated with clinical response in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for malignant mela-noma. Chin Cancer Res 2003;9:998–1008.
  • MartIn-Fontecha A, Sebastiani S, Hopken UE, Uguccioni M, Lipp M, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Regulation of dendritic cell migration to the draining lymph node: Impact on T lymphocyte traffic and priming. J Exp Med 2003;198:615–621.
  • Gilliet M, Kleinhans M, Lantelme E, Schadendorf D, Burg G, Nestle FO. Intranodal injection of semimature monocyte-derived dendritic cells induces T helper type 1 responses to protein neoantigen. Blood 2003;102:36–42.
  • Heiser A, Coleman D, Dannull J, Yancey D, Maurice MA, Lallas CD, Dahm P, Niedzwiecki D, Gilboa E, Vieweg J. Autologous dendritic cells transfected with prostate-specific antigen RNA stimulate CTL responses against metastatic prostate tumors. J Chin Investig 2002;109:409–417.
  • Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M, Sun Y, Grabbe S, Dummer R, Burg G, Schadendorf D. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1998;4:328–332.
  • Brossart P. Dendritic cells in vaccination therapies of malignant diseases. Trans Apheresis Sci 2002;27:183–186.
  • O'Rourke MG, Johnson M, Lanagan C, See J, Yang J, Bell JR, Slater GJ, Kerr BM, Crowe B, Purdie DM, Elliott SL, Ellem KA, Schmidt CW. Durable complete clinical responses in a phase I/II trial using an autologous melanoma cell/dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52:387–395.
  • Su Z, Dannull J, Heiser A, Yancey D, Pruitt S, Madden J, Coleman D, Niedzwiecki D, Gilboa E, Vieweg J. Immuno-logical and clinical responses in metastatic renal cancer patients vaccinated with tumor RNA-transfected dendritic cells. Cancer Res 2003;63:2127–2133.
  • Zehntner S, Townsend W, Parkes J, Schmidt C, Down M, Bell J, Mulligan R, O'Rourke M, Ellem K, Thomas R. Tumor metastasis biopsy as a surrogate marker of response to melanoma immunotherapy. Pathology 1999;31:116–122.
  • Housseau F, Langer DA, Oberholtzer SD, Moorthy A, Levitsky HI, Pardoll DM, Top alian SL. Tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes derived from the peripheral blood of prostate cancer patients by in vitro stimulation with autologous tumor cell lines. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:57–62.
  • Thurner B, Roder C, Dieckmann D, Heuer M, Kruse M, Glaser A, Keikavoussi P, Kampgen E, Bender A, Schuler G. Generation of large numbers of fully mature and stable dendritic cells from leukapheresis products for clinical application. J Immunol Methods 1999;223:1–15.
  • Grunebach F, Muller MR, Nencioni A, Brossart P. Delivery of tumor-derived RNA for the induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Gene Ther 2003;10:367–374.
  • Milazzo C, Reichardt VL, Muller MR, Grunebach F, Brossart P. Induction of myeloma-specific cytotoxic T cells using dendritic cells transfected with tumor-derived RNA. Blood 2003;101:977–982.
  • Nencioni A, Muller MR, Grunebach F, Garuti A, Mingari MC, Patrone F, Ballestrero A, Brossart P. Dendritic cells transfected with tumor RNA for the induction of antitumor CTL in colorectal cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2003;10:209–214.
  • Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Progressive differentiation and selection of the fittest in the immune response. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:982–987.
  • Dhodapkar MV, Steinman RM, Krasovsky J, Munz C, Bhardwaj N. Antigen-specific inhibition of effector T cell function in humans after injection of immature dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2001;193:233–238.
  • Smithers M, O'Connell K, MacFadyen S, Chambers M, Greenwood K, Boyce A, Abdul-Jabbar I, Barker K, Grimmett K, Walpole E, Thomas R. Clinical response after intradermal immature dendritic cell vaccination in metastatic melanoma is associated with immune response to particulate antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003;52:41–52.
  • Kato K, Cantwell MJ, Sharma S, Kipps TJ. Gene transfer of CD40-ligand induces autologous immune recognition of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. J Clin Investig 1998;101:1133–1141.
  • Vuillier F, Maloum K, Thomas EK, Jouanne C, Dighiero G, Scott-Algara D. Functional monocyte-derived dendritic cells can be generated in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2001;115:831— 844.
  • Orsini E, Pasquale A, Maggio R, Calabrese E, Mauro FR, Giammartini E, Guarini A, Foa R. Phenotypic and functional characterization of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients: Influence of neoplastic CD19 cells in vivo and in vitro. Br J Haematol 2004;125:720–728.
  • Campbell M, Bieber M, Levy R, Teng NN. Influence of avidity and idiotope recognition on the modulation of surface immunoglobulin on malignant human B cells by rat monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies. J Immunol 1986;136:2983–2988.
  • Bogen B, Malissen B, Haas W. Idiotope-specific T cell clones that recognize syngeneic immunoglobulin fragments in the context of class II molecules. Eur J Immunol 1986;16:1373–1378.
  • Janeway Jr, CA, Sakato N, Eisen HN. Recognition of immunoglobulin idiotypes by thymus-derived lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;72:2357–2360.
  • Bannerji R, Byrd JC. Update on the biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 2000; 12:22–29.
  • Hang S, Witzens M, Krackhardt AM, Trojan A, Barrett P, Broderick R, Zauls AJ, Gribben JG. Induction of cytotoxic T-cell responses against immunoglobulin V region-derived peptides modified at human leukocyte antigen-A2 binding residues. Blood 2001;98:2999–3005.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.