Notes
- We are grateful for the comments and suggestions of Professors Mervyn Frost and Markus Kornprobst. All errors are our own
- We use the terms conflict and war interchangeably, referring to organised violence involving a minimum annual cost of 1 000 deaths
- Boutros-Ghali , Boutros . 1992 . An Agenda for Peace http://www.un.org/docs/SG/agpeace.html(accessed 7 February 2007)
- We use the terms colonialism and imperialism interchangeably, referring to a relationship of domination of one set of people over another and where the domination crosses recognised boundaries, nationalities, and/or sovereign territories
- Our definitions are those of the UN http://www.un.org/peace/
- Haugerudbraaten identifies a broad and narrow conception of peacebuilding . 1998 . The latter is the short-term involvement of the international community. The broad concept refers to the more long-term efforts by mainly indigenous actors. H Haugerudbraaten, Peacebuilding: six dimensions and two concepts . African Security Studies , 7 ( 6 ) : 17 – 26 .
- Kalyvas , Stathis N. 2001 . ‘New’ and ‘old’ wars: a valid distinction? . World Politics , 54 ( 1 ) : 99 – 118 .
- Stephenson , C M . 1994 . “ New approaches to international peacemaking in the post-Cold War period ” . In Peace and world security studies, , 6th ed , Edited by: Klare , Michael T. 16 Boulder, Colo : Lynne Rienner .
- International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty . 2001 . The responsibility to protect: report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty http://www.JournalofHumanitarianAssistancefiles-a033.htm(accessed 8 August 2003) and H Slim, International humanitarianism's engagement with civil war in the 1990s: a glance at evolving practice and theory, Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, 1997
- Kalyvas . ‘New’ and ‘old’ wars 99 – 118 .
- Slim , H . 2000 . Military humanitarianism and the new peacekeeping: an agenda for peace? . Journal of Humanitarian Assistance , http://www.jha.ac/articles/a033.htm(accessed 8 August 2003)
- Ryan , S . 2000 . United Nations peacekeeping: a matter of principles? . International Peacekeeping , 7 ( 1 ) : 27 – 48 .
- Lund , M . 2003 . What kind of peace is being built? Taking stock of post conflict peacebuilding and charting future direction . Discussion paper prepared on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the Agenda for Peace for the International Development Research Centre . 2003 , Ottawa, Canada. http://network.idrc.ca/uploads/.pdf(accessed 19 January 2004)
- Ramsbotham , O . 2000 . Reflections on UN post-settlement peacebuilding . International Peacekeeping , 7 ( 1 ) : 169 – 189 .
- Pugh quoted in ibid, 171
- Slim , H . International humanitarianism's engagement with civil war in the 1990s
- Zartman , W . 1995 . “ Introduction: posing the problem of state collapse ” . In Collapsed states: the disintegration and restoration of legitimate authority , Edited by: Zartman , William . 1 Boulder, Colo : Lynne Rienner .
- Galtung introduced the idea of ‘structural violence’ . 1971 . Direct violence is literally observable violence between parties. Indirect violence comes from social structures, its two major forms being political repression and economic exploitation. Johan Galtung, A structural theory of imperialism . Journal of Peace Research , 8 ( 2 ) : 81 – 117 .
- Boutros-Ghali . An Agenda for Peace ,
- Boutros-Ghali . 1997 . An Agenda for Peace. . International Security , 22 ( 2 ) : 54 – 89 .
- Price , Roland . 1999 . Does peacebuilding build peace? Liberal (mis)steps in the peace process . Security Dialogue , 30 ( 1 ) : 25 – 43 .
- Anderson , M . 1999 . Do no harm: how can aid support peace—or war , Boulder, Colo : Lynne Rienner . M Anderson, Aid a mixed blessing, Development in Practice 19(3/4) (2000), 495–500; and M Anderson, Enhancing local capacity for peace: do no harm, in L Reychler and T Pfaffenholz (eds), Peacebuilding: a field guide, Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner, 2001; M Leonhardt, The challenge of linking aid and peacebuilding, in Reychler and Pfaffenholz, Peacebuilding: a field guide; and J Prendergast, Frontline diplomacy: humanitarian aid and conflict in Africa, Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner, 1996
- David , C P . 1999 . Does peacebuilding build peace? Liberal (mis)steps in the peace process . Security Dialogue , 30 ( 1 ) : 25 – 43 .
- Michael Ignatieff . 2003 . Empire lite: nation building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan , 126 London : Vintage .
- Bellamy , A and Williams , J . 2004 . What future for peace operations? Brahimi and beyond . International Peacekeeping , 11 ( 1 ) : 183 – 212 .
- Lund , M . What kind of peace is being built?
- Lake , D A . 2001 . “ Imperialism: political aspects ” . In International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences , 7232 – 7234 . Oxford : Elsevier .
- Mommsen , W J . 1980 . Theories of imperialism , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson .
- Ibid, 23
- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin . 1939 . Imperialism: the last stage of capitalism , New York : International Publishers .
- Lake . Imperialism
- Arendt , Hannah . 1968 . Imperialism , New York : Harcourt .
- Lichtheim , George . 1999 . Marxism: an historical and critical study , London : Pan .
- Fieldhouse , David K. 1976 . Economics and empire, 1830–1914 , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . and The colonial empires: a comparative survey from the 18th century, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1982
- Mommsen . Theories of imperialism
- Robinson , Ronald and Gallagher , John . 1961 . Africa and the Victorians: the official mind of imperialism , London : Macmillan . See also Imperialism: the Robinson and Gallagher controversy, London: New Viewpoints, 1976
- Fieldhouse . Economics and empire and The colonial empires
- Mommsen . Theories of imperialism
- Ibid, 111
- Robinson and Gallagher . Africa and the Victorians
- Mommsen . Theories of imperialism 90
- Bellamy Foster , J . 2003 . The new age of imperialism . Monthly Review , 25 ( 23 ) http://www.monthlyreview.org/0703jbf.htm(accessed 4 January 2007)
- Smith , B C . Understanding Third World politics: theories of political change and development, , 2nd ed , 75 – 107 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
- Nkrumah , Kwame . 1990 . Introduction to the sociology of development , 79 London : Macmillan . as quoted by A Webster
- Rist , G . 1997 . The history of development: from Western origins to global faith , 72 London and New York : Zed Books .
- Hart , G . 2001 . Development critiques in the 1990s: culs de sac and promising paths . Progress in Human Geography , 25 ( 4 ) : 649 – 658 . Gillian Hart's terminology
- Rostow , W W . 1960 . The stages of economic growth: a non-communist manifesto , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Baran , Paul and Sweezy , Paul . 1966 . Monopoly capital: an essay on the American economic and social order , New York : Monthly Review Press . Raul Prebitsch, Change and development, New York: Praeger, 1971; Fernando Cardoso, Originality of the copy: the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Idea of Development, Cambridge: Centre of Latin American Studies, 1977; Samir Amin, Unequal development: social formation at the periphery of the capitalist system, London: Harvester Press, 1978; Andre Gunder Frank, Dependent accumulation and underdevelopment, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1979; and Johan Galtung, A structural theory of imperialism
- Wolfe , P . 2004 . “ The world of history and the world-as-history: twentieth-century theories of imperialism ” . In Decolonization: perspectives from now and then , Edited by: Prasenjit , D . 101 – 117 . London and New York : Routledge Taylor and Francis .
- Lewellen , T . 1995 . Dependency and development: an introduction to the Third World , Westport : Bergin and Garvey .
- Rist . The history of development
- Lewellen , T and Moore , D B . 1995 . “ Development discourse as hegemony: towards an ideological history—1945–1995 ” . In Debating development discourse: institutional and popular perspectives , Edited by: Moore , D B . London : Macmillan .
- Ibid. See also Hart, Development critiques in the 1990s
- Meaning that ideas have consequences
- See the ‘Post-Washington Consensus’ speech in Hart, Development critiques in the 1990s
- Shapiro , Ian . 2003 . The state of democratic theory , 10 – 34 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Schumpeter , Joseph . 1942 . Capitalism, socialism, and democracy , New York : Harper .
- Lederach , John Paul . 1997 . Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies , Washington, DC : US Institute for Peace .
- Rist . The history of development 67
- Duffield , Mark . 2002 . Social reconstruction and the radicalization of development: aid as a relation of global governance . Development and Change , 33 ( 5 ) : 1049 – 1071 .
- Pugh , Michael . 2005 . The political economy of peacebuilding: a critical theory perspective . International Journal of Peace Studies , 10 ( 2 ) : 9
- Tandon , Yash . 2000 . Root causes of peacelessness and approaches to peace in Africa . Peace & Change , 25 ( 2 ) : 178 – 179 .
- Bendaña , A . 2003 . What kind of peace is being built? Critical assessment from the South . Discussion paper prepared on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of An Agenda for Peace for the International Development Research Centre . 2003 , Ottawa, Canada. http://network.idrc.ca/uploads/.pdf(accessed 19 January 2004)
- Fetherston , A B . 2000 . Peacekeeping, conflict resolution and peacebuilding: a reconsideration of theoretical frameworks . International Peacekeeping , 7 ( 1 ) : 190 – 218 .
- Jabri , Vivienne . 1996 . Discourses of violence: conflict analysis reconsidered , Manchester : Manchester University Press . Ibid.
- Bellamy , A . 2004 . The next stage in peacebuilding theory? . International Peacekeeping , 11 ( 1 ) : 17 – 38 .
- Duffield , Mark . 2002 . Global governance and the new wars. The merging of development and security , London : Zed Books .
- Cox , R . 2005 . Is there a specifically Canadian perspective in the world? , Centre of International Relations . http://www.iir.ubc.ca/Papers/Cox-WP45.pdf(accessed 7 February 2007) Working Paper 45
- Slim , H . 1999 . To the rescue: radicals or poodles? . Currents , 21 : 6
- Bendaña . What kind of peace is being built?
- Pugh , Michael . 2004 . Peacekeeping and critical theory . International Peacekeeping , 11 ( 1 ) : 39
- Tandon . Root causes of peacelessness and approaches to peace in Africa 166 – 187 .
- Bracking , S and Harrison , G . 2003 . Africa, imperialism and new forms of accumulation . Review of African Political Economy , 30 ( 95 ) : 9
- Review of African Political Economy , 5 – 10 .
- Jones , B G . 2003 . The civilised horrors of over-work: Marxism, imperialism and development of Africa . Review of African Political Economy , 30 ( 95 ) : 43
- Pugh . Peacekeeping and critical theory 48
- Bellamy , A and Williams , J . 2004 . Thinking anew about peace operations . International Peacekeeping , 11 ( 1 ) : 1 Studies of peacebuilding and associated topics seem to be largely cut off from the rest of political studies
- Paris , Roland . 2002 . International peacebuilding and the ‘mission civilisatrice’ . Review of International Studies , 28 : 637 – 656 . 638
- Bellamy and Williams . Thinking anew about peace operations 6
- Pugh . Peacekeeping and critical theory
- Duffield . Global governance and the new wars
- Champagne , H . 2003 . Peacebuilding: towards a global ethic of responsibility http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/docs/Ethic%20of%20Peacebuilding%20final%20version%20edited.pdf(accessed 7 February 2007)
- Ignatieff . Empire lite
- Rieff , David . 2003 . A bed for the night: humanitarianism in crisis , New York : Simon & Schuster .
- Duffield , Mark . Social reconstruction and the radicalization of development: aid as a relation of global governance . Development and Change , 33 1049 – 1071 . 1062 – 1063 .
- Shaw , M . 2002 . Exploring imperia: Western-global power amidst the wars of quasi-imperial states http://www.theglobalsite.ac.uk/press/212shaw.htmand Foster, The new age of imperialism
- Michael Ignatieff The burden . 5 January 2003 . New York Times Magazine 5 January , http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/analysis/2003/0110empirelite.htmand Michael Ignatieff, America's empire is an empire lite, 10 January
- Cox . Is there a specifically Canadian perspective in the world?
- Panitch , L . 2000 . The new imperial state . New Left Review , : 5 – 21 .
- Rothschild , M . 2003 . Empire's apologists . The Progressive , 67 ( 3 )
- Shaw . Exploring imperia
- Paris . International peacebuilding and the ‘mission civilisatrice’ 652
- International peacebuilding and the ‘mission civilisatrice’ 653f
- Duffield . 1064 . Social reconstruction and the radicalization of development
- 1067 . Social reconstruction and the radicalization of development