117
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Violent orders and coup-proofing: A new typology of wars in Africa

Received 05 Feb 2024, Accepted 08 Apr 2024, Published online: 24 May 2024

Bibliography

  • Arias, Enrique Desmond. Criminal Enterprises and Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • Arjona, Ana. Rebelocracy. CambridgeL: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
  • Autesserre, Séverine. ‘Dangerous Tales: Dominant Narratives on the Congo and Their Unintended Consequences’. African Affairs 111, no. 443 (2012): 202–22. doi:10.1093/afraf/adr080
  • Ba, Boubacar, and Morten Bøås. The Mali Presidential Elections: Outcomes and Challenges. Oslo: Norwegian Peacebuilding Resources Centre, 2013.
  • Bagayoko, Niagalé, Boubacar Ba, Boukary Sangaré, and Kalilou Sidibé. Gestion Des Ressources Naturelles et Configuration Des Relations de Pouvoir Dans Le Centre Du Mali: Entre Ruptures et Continuité. Accra: Africa Security Network, 2017.
  • Bagayoko, Niagale, Eboe Hutchful, and Robin Luckham. ‘Hybrid Security Governance in Africa: Rethinking the Foundations of Security, Justice and Legitimate Public Authority’. Conflict, Security & Development 16, no. 1 (2016): 1–32. doi:10.1080/14678802.2016.1136137
  • Balcells, Laia, and Stathis N. Kalyvas. ‘Does Warfare Matter? Severity, Duration, and Outcomes of Civil Wars’. Journal of Conflict Resolution 58, no. 8 (2014): 1390–1418. doi:10.1177/0022002714547903
  • Bappah, Habibu Yaya. ‘Nigeria’s Military Failure against the Boko Haram Insurgency’. African Security Review 25, no. 2 (2016): 146–58. doi:10.1080/10246029.2016.1151799
  • Barkawi, Tarak. ‘Decolonising War’. European Journal of International Security 1, no. 2 (2016): 199–214. doi:10.1017/eis.2016.7
  • Barnett, James, and Rufai Murtala. The Other Insurgency: Northwest Nigeria's Worsening Bandit Crisis, War on the Rocks, November 16, 2021, https://warontherocks.com/2021/11/the-other-insurgency-northwest-nigerias-worsening-bandit-crisis/
  • Barnett, James. ‘The Oil Thieves Of Nigeria’. NewLines Magazine.
  • Bates, Robert H. When Things Fell Apart. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Bausch, Andrew W. ‘Coup-Proofing and Military Inefficiencies: An Experiment’. International Interactions 44, no. 1 (2018): 1–32. doi:10.1080/03050629.2017.1289938
  • Belkin, Aaron, and Evan Schofer. ‘Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup Risk’. Journal of Conflict Resolution 47, no. 5 (2003): 594–620. doi:10.1177/0022002703258197
  • Biddle, Stephen, and Robert Zirkle. ‘Technology, Civil-Military Relations, and Warfare in the Developing World’. The Journal of Strategic Studies 19, no. 2 (1996): 171–212. doi:10.1080/01402399608437634
  • Bøås, Morten. ‘Crime, Coping, and Resistance in the Mali-Sahel Periphery’. African Security 8, no. 4 (2015): 299–319. doi:10.1080/19392206.2015.1100506
  • Bosetti, With Louise, Rahul Chandran, James Cockayne, John de Boer, and Wilfred Wan. Major Recent Trends in Violent Conflict. Kyoto: United Nations University.
  • Buhaug, Halvard, Scott Gates, and Päivi Lujala. ‘Geography, Rebel Capability, and the Duration of Civil Conflict’. Journal of Conflict Resolution 53, no. 4 (2009): 544–69. doi:10.1177/0022002709336457
  • Carayannis, Tatiana, Koen Vlassenroot, Kasper Hoffmann, and Aaron Pangburn. Competing Networks and Political Order in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Literature Review on the Logics of Public Authority and International Intervention. New York: Social Science Research Council, 2018.
  • Chabal, Patrick, and Jean-Pascal Daloz. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
  • Chauzal, Grégory, and Thibault Van Damme. The Roots of Mali’s Conflict :Moving beyond the 2012 Crisis. The Hague: Clingeldael, 2015.
  • Collier, Paul. ‘Anke Hoeffler, and Måns Söderbom. ‘On the Duration of Civil War’’. Journal of Peace Research 41, no. 3 (2004): 253–73. doi:10.1177/0022343304043769
  • Cunningham, David, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Idean Salehyan. ‘Non-State Actors in Civil Wars: A New Dataset’. Conflict Management and Peace Science 30, no. 5 (2013): 516–31. doi:10.1177/0738894213499673
  • De Mesquita, Bruce Bueno. ‘Risk, Power Distributions, and the Likelihood of War’. International Studies Quarterly 25, no. 4 (1981): 541–68. doi:10.2307/2600512
  • De Waal, Alex. ‘South Sudan 2017: A Political Marketplace Analysis’. Justice and Security Research Programme 5 (2017) 1–27.
  • De Waal, Alex. The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power. London: John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
  • Debos, Marielle. ‘Living by the Gun in Chad: Armed Violence as a Practical Occupation’. The Journal of Modern African Studies (2011) 49.3 (2011): 409–428.
  • Doyle, Michael W., and Nicholas Sambanis. ‘International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis’. American Political Science Review 94, no. 4 (2000): 779–801. doi:10.2307/2586208
  • Ejiogu, E. C. ‘Colonial Army Recruitment Patterns and Post-Colonial Military Coups d’etat in Africa: The Case of Nigeria, 1966–1993’. Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies 35, no. 1 (2007). doi:10.5787/35-1-31
  • Elischer, Sebastian. Salafism and Political Order in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
  • Eriksen, Stein. ‘The Liberal Peace is Neither: Peacebuilding, State Building and the Reproduction of Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo’. International Peacekeeping 16, no. 5 (2009): 652–66. doi:10.1080/13533310903303289
  • European Council on Foreign Relations. ‘The European Union - Mapping Armed Groups in Mali and the Sahel’, https://ecfr.eu/special/sahel_mapping/european_union (accessed December 10, 2023).
  • Fearon, James D. ‘Why Do Some Civil Wars Last so Much Longer than Others?’. Journal of Peace Research 41, no. 3 (2004): 275–301. doi:10.1177/0022343304043770
  • Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. ‘Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States’. International Security 28, no. 4 (2004): 5–43. doi:10.1162/0162288041588296
  • Ferguson, James. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006.
  • Fortna, Virginia Page. ‘Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace after Civil War’. International Studies Quarterly 48, no. 2 (2004): 269–92. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00301.x
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Globalization of Democracy. New York: Macmillan, 2014.
  • Gayer, Laurent. Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
  • Guichaoua, Yvan. ‘The Bitter Harvest of French Interventionism in the Sahel’. International Affairs 96, no. 4 (2020): 895–911. doi:10.1093/ia/iiaa094
  • Gutiérrez-Sanín, Francisco, and Elisabeth Jean Wood. ‘What Should We Mean by ‘Pattern of Political Violence’? Repertoire, Targeting, Frequency, and Technique’. Perspectives on Politics 15, no. 1 (2017): 20–41. doi:10.1017/S1537592716004114
  • Haavelmo, Trygve. A Study in the Theory of Economic Evolution, Contributions to Economic Analysis. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1954.
  • Hagmann, Tobias, and Didier Péclard. ‘Negotiating Statehood: Dynamics of Power and Domination in Africa’. Development and Change 41, no. 4 (2010): 539–62. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01656.x
  • Harnischfeger, Johannes. ‘The Bakassi Boys: Fighting Crime in Nigeria’. The Journal of Modern African Studies 41, no. 1 (2003): 23–49. doi:10.1017/S0022278X02004135
  • Harriss, John, and Olle Törnquist. Comparative Notes on Indian Experiences of Social Democracy: Kerala and West Bengal. Kochi: Centre for Socio-Economic & Environmental Studies, 2015.
  • Hirshleifer, Jack. ‘Theorizing about Conflict’. Handbook of Defense Economics 1 (1995): 165–89. doi:10.1016/S1574-0013(05)80009-2
  • Hobsbawm, Eric J. Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Manchester University Press, 1971 Manchester.
  • Idrissa Abdoulaye, A. ‘The Sahel: A Cognitive Mapping’. New Left Review 132 (2021): 5–39.
  • ‘Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre’. www.interal-displacement.org, 2022.
  • International Crisis Group. Mali: Enabling Dialogue with the Jihadist Coalition JNIM. Brussels: Crisis Group, 2021.
  • Jackman, David. ‘Violent Intermediaries and Political Order in Bangladesh’. The European Journal of Development Research 31 (2019): 705–23. doi:10.1057/s41287-018-0178-8
  • Kathman, Jacob, and Michelle Benson. ‘Cut Short? United Nations Peacekeeping and Civil War Duration to Negotiated Settlements’. Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 7 (2019): 1601–29. doi:10.1177/0022002718817104
  • Kishi, Roudabeh. SPECIAL REPORT: South Sudan — July 2016 Update. Sussex: ACLED, 2016.
  • Kleinfeld, Rachel. A Savage Order: How the World’s Deadliest Countries Can Forge a Path to Security. New York: Vintage, 2019.
  • Lacher, Wolfram. Libya’s Fragmentation: Structure and Process in Violent Conflict. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
  • LeBas, Adrienne. ‘Violence and Urban Order in Nairobi, Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria’. Studies in Comparative International Development 48 (2013): 240–62. doi:10.1007/s12116-013-9134-y
  • Lecocq, Baz. Disputed Desert: Decolonization, Competing Nationalisms and Tuareg Rebellions in Mali. Berlin: Brill, 2010.
  • Lecocq, Baz, and Georg Klute. ‘Tuareg Separatism in Mali’. International Journal 68, no. 3 (2013): 424–34.
  • Mampilly, Zachariah. Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2017.
  • Mann, Gregory. From Empires to NGOs in the West African Sahel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Marchal, Roland. ‘Being Rich, Being Poor: Wealth and Fear in the Central African Republic’. in T Carayannis and L Lombard (eds.), Making Sense of the Central African Republic, London: Bloomsbury, 53–75, 2015.
  • Marshall, Monty G. Coup D’état Events, 1946–2018 Codebook. Vienna: Center for Systemic Peace, 2019.
  • Meagher, Kate, Tom De Herdt, and Kristof Titeca. Unravelling Public Authority: Paths of Hybrid Governance in Africa. Ghent: IS Academy, 2014.
  • Michelutti, Lucia, Ashraf Hoque, Nicolas Martin, David Picherit, Paul Rollier, Arild E. Ruud, and Clarinda Still. Mafia Raj: The Rule of Bosses in South Asia. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, 2018.
  • Montclos. Marc-Antoine Pérouse de. Une Guerre Perdue: La France Au Sahel. Paris: JC Lattès, 2020.
  • Narang, Vipin, and Caitlin Talmadge. ‘Civil-Military Pathologies and Defeat in War: Tests Using New Data’. Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 7 (2018): 1379–1405. doi:10.1177/0022002716684627
  • OHCHR. End of Visit Statement of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions on Her Visit to Nigeria. Press statement. Geneva: OHCHR, 2019.
  • Okojie, Christiana. Decentralization and public service delivery in Nigeria. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009.
  • Omeje, Kenneth. ‘The Egbesu and Bakassi Boys: African Spiritism and the Mystical Re-Traditionalisation of Security’. In Civil Militia, 71–88. 2017.
  • Omotola, J. Shola. ‘From Political Mercenarism to Militias: The Political Origin of the Niger Delta Militias’ in Fresh Dimensions on the Niger Delta Crisis of Nigeria, ed. Victor Ojakorotu. Delray Beach: JAPSS Press, 2009.
  • Osaghae, Eghosa E. The Crippled Giant: Nigeria since Independence. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
  • Paffenholz, Thania. ‘Unpacking the Local Turn in Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment towards an Agenda for Future Research’. Third World Quarterly 36, no. 5 (2015): 857–74. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1029908
  • Pilster, Ulrich, and Tobias Böhmelt. ‘Coup-Proofing and Military Effectiveness in Interstate Wars, 1967–99’. Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 4 (2011): 331–50. doi:10.1177/0738894211413062
  • Quinlivan, James T. ‘Coup-Proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East’. International Security 24, no. 2 (1999): 131–65. doi:10.1162/016228899560202
  • Reiter, Andrew G. Fighting over Peace: Spoilers, Peace Agreements, and the Strategic Use of Violence. New York: Springer, 2016.
  • Said, Edward W. The Question of Palestine. New York: Vintage, 1992.
  • Sardan, Jean-Pierre Olivier de. Les Sociétés Songhay-Zarma (Niger-Mali): Chefs, Guerriers, Esclaves, Paysans. Paris: Karthala Editions, 1984.
  • Sidibe, Ousmane. ‘La Crisis de Malí: Entrevista’. New Left Review 84 (2014): 75–91.
  • Slater, Dan. Ordering power: Contentious politics and authoritarian leviathans in Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Stearns, Jason. ‘Involution and Symbiosis: The Self-Perpetuating Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo’. International Affairs 98, no. 3 (2022): 873–91. doi:10.1093/ia/iiac062
  • Stearns, Jason K. The War That Doesn’t Say its Name: The Unending Conflict in the Congo. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022.
  • Stearns, Jason, and Christoph Vogel. The Landscape of Armed Groups in Eastern Congo: Fragmented, Politicized Networks. New York: Congo Research Group, 2017.
  • Toynbee, Arnold, and Albert Vann Fowler. War and Civilization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1950.
  • Trejo, Guillermo, and Sandra Ley. Votes, Drugs, and Violence: The Political Logic of Criminal Wars in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Valentino, Benjamin A. ‘Why We Kill: The Political Science of Political Violence against Civilians’. Annual Review of Political Science 17 (2014): 89–103. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141937
  • Van Woudenberg, Anneke’. We Will Crush You’: The Restriction of Political Space in the Democratic Republic of Congo. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2008.
  • Verweijen, Judith, and Esther Marijnen. ‘The Counterinsurgency/Conservation Nexus: Guerrilla Livelihoods and the Dynamics of Conflict and Violence in the Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo’. The Journal of Peasant Studies 45, no. 2 (2018): 300–320. doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1203307
  • Von Clausewitz, Carl. On War. Berlin: Jazzybee Verlag, 1950.
  • Von Einsiedel, Sebastian, Louise Bosetti, James Cockayne, Cale Salih, and Wilfred Wan. ‘Civil War Trends and the Changing Nature of Armed Conflict’. United Nations University Centre for Policy Research Occasional Paper 10 (2017): 1–10.
  • Wang, Yuhua. The Rise and Fall of Imperial China: The Social Origins of State Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022.
  • Williams, Paul. War and conflict in Africa. London: John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.