Attention All Shoppers, Queer Customers in Aisle Two: Investigating Lesbian and Gay Discrimination in the Marketplace

References

• Adams , Henry E. , Wright , Lester W. Jr. and Lohr , Bethany A. 1996 . Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 105 : 440 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew , Christopher R. , Thompson , Vaida D. , Smith , Valerie A. , Gramzow , Richard H. and Currey , David P. 1993 . Proximal and distal predictors of homophobia: framing the multivariate roots of outgroup rejection . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , : 23 – 24 . 2013 – 2042 .
   Google Scholar
• Alien , Louise . 1997 . The Lesbian Idol: Martina, kd and the Consumption of Lesbian Masculinity , London : Cassell .
   Google Scholar
• Atwood , Brett . 1995 . Gay audience targeted by classical compilations . Billboard , 107 20 May : 4
   Google Scholar
• Becker , Howard . 1967 . Whose side are we on? . Social Problems , 14 : 239 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett-Alexander , Dawn D. and Pincus , Laura B. 1998 . Employment Law for Business, , 2nd Ed. , Boston : Irwin McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Berger , Gregory , Hank , Lori , Rauzi , Tom and Simkins , Lawrence . 1987 . Detection of sexual orientation by heterosexuals and homosexuals . Journal of Homosexuality , 13 : 83 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitner , Mary Jo , Booms , Bernard H. and Tetreault , Mary Stanfield . 1990 . The service encounter: diagnosing favorable and unfavorable incidents . Journal of Marketing , 54 : 71 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenfeld , W.J. , ed. 1992 Homophobia: How We All Pay the Price , Boston : Beacon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bodenhausen , G.V. 1988 . Stereotypie biases in social decision making and memory: testing process models of stereotype use . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 55 : 726 – 737 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowes , John E. 1996 . Out of the closet and into the marketplace: meeting basic needs in the gay community . Journal of Homosexuality , 31 (1/2} ) : 219 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulmer , Martin , ed. 1982 . Social Research Ethics , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Chidester , TR . 1986 . Problems in the study of interracial aggression: pseudo-interracial dyad paradigm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 50 : 74 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Augelli , Anthony R. 1989 . Lesbians' and gay men's experiences of discrimination and harassment in a university community . American Journal of Community Psychology , 17 : 317 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLozier , M. Wayne and Rodrigue , Iason . 1996 . Marketing to the homosexual (gay} market: a profile and strategy implications . Journal of Homosexuality , 31 (1/2} ) : 203 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey , Jennifer I. and Friedman , Richard C. 1996 . “ The negative therapeutic reaction and self-hatred in gay and lesbian patients ” . In Textbook of Homosexuality and Mental Health , Edited by: Cabaj , Robert P. and Stein , Terry S. 471 – 484 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dyer , R. 1990 . Now You See It: Studies on Lesbian and Gay Film , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , Alan L. and Vasseur , R. Brent . 1993 . Prior interpersonal contact with and attitudes towards gays and lesbians in an interviewing context . Journal of Homosexuality , 25 : 31 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson , Kai . 1967 . A comment on disguised observation in sociology . Social Problems , 14 : 366 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajardo , D.M. 1985 . Author race, essay quality, and reverse discrimination . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 15 : 255 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ficarrotto , Thomas J. 1990 . Racism, sexism, erotophobia: attitudes of heterosexuals toward homosexuals . Journal of Homosexuality , 19 : 111 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , Richard C. 1989 . “ Denial and development of homosexual men ” . In Denial: A Clarification of Concepts and Research , Edited by: Edelstein , E.L. , Nathanson , Donald L. and Stone , Andrew M. 219 – 230 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friedman , Richard C. 1991 . Couple therapy with gay couples . Psychiatric Annals , 21 : 485 – 490 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry , Cynthia S. 1987 . Social distance regarding male and female homosexuals . Journal of Social Psychology , 127 : 199 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonsiorek , John C. 1991 . “ The empirical basis for the demise of the illness model of homosexuality ” . In Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy , Edited by: Gonsiorek , John C. and Weinrich , James D. 115 – 136 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gonsiorek , John C. 1996 . “ Mental health and sexual orientation ” . In The Lives of Lesbians, Cays, andBisexuals: Children to Adults , Edited by: Savin-Williams , Ritch C. and Cohen , Kenneth M. 462 – 478 . Fort Worth : Harcoun Brace College Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Goode , Erich . 1996 . The ethics of deception in social research: a case study . Qualitative Sociology , 19 : 11 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , Colin , Russell , Phil and Blockley , Stephanie . 1991 . The effects upon helping behaviour of wearing pro-gay identification . British Journal of Social Psychology , 30 : 171 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammersley , Martyn and Atkinson , Paul . 1983 . Ethnography: Principles in Practice , London : Tavistock .
   Google Scholar
• Herek , Gregory M. 1984 . Beyond 'Homophobia': a social psychological perspective on attitudes towards lesbians and gay men . Journal of Homosexuality , 10 (1/2} ) : 1 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , Gregory M. 1988 . Heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: correlates and gender differences . The Journal of Sex Research , 25 : 451 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , Gregory M. 1992 . “ Psychological heterosexism and anti-gay violence: the social psychology of bigotry and bashing ” . In Hate Crimes: Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Cay Men , Edited by: Herek , Gregory M. and Berrill , Kenneth . 149 – 169 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Herek , Gregory M. and Glunt , Eric K. 1993 . Interpersonal contact and heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men: results from a national survey . The Journal of Sex Research , 30 : 239 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys , Laud . 1975 . Tearoom Trade: Impersonal Sex in Public Places , New York : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , David A. 1996 . “ Discrimination against same-sex couples in hotel reservation policies ” . In Gays, Lesbians, and Consumer Behavior: Theory, Practice, and Research Issues in Marketing , Edited by: Wardlow , Daniel L. 153 – 159 . New York : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kates , Steven M. 1998 . Twenty Million New Customers! Understanding Gay Men 's Consumer Behavior , New York : Harrington Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kates , Steven M. 2000 . Gay men on film: a typology of the scopophilic consumption pleasures of cultural context . Consumption, Markets and Culture , 4 : 281 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , Lee A. 1993 . Fundamentalism, Christian orthodoxy, and intrinsic religious orientation as predictors of discriminatory attitudes . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 32 : 256 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite , Mary E. 1992 . Individual differences in males' reactions to gay males and lesbians . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 22 : 1222 – 1239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite , Mary E. and Deaux , Kay . 1986 . Attitudes toward homosexuality: assessment and behavioral consequences . Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 7 : 137 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft , Ronald . 1994 . Absolutely gay-friendly . Advocate , 652 5 April : 48
   Google Scholar
• Lance , Larry M. 1987 . The effects of interaction with gay persons on attitudes toward homosexuality . Human Relations , 40 : 329 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehne , G.K. 1992 . “ Homophobia among men: supporting and defining the male role ” . In Men's Lives , , 2nd Ed. , Edited by: Kimmel , Michael S. and Messner , Michael A. 381 – 394 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Logan , Colleen R. 1996 . Homophobia? no, homoprejudice . Journal of Homosexuality , 31 : 31 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukenbill , Grant . 1995 . Untold Millions: Positioning Your Business for the Gay and Lesbian Consumer Revolution , New York : Harper Business .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , Kristin L. , Park , Bernadette and Rothbart , Myron . 1995 . Subtyping versus subgrouping processes in stereotype representation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 812 – 824 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland , Sam G. 1989 . Religious orientations and targets of discrimination . Journal of the Scientific Study of Religion , 28 : 324 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann , Earl . 1995 . Creating Customer Value: The Path to Sustainable Competitive Advantage , Cincinnati, OH : Thomson Executive Press .
   Google Scholar
• Newport , Frank . 2001 . American Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Continue to Become More Tolerant , Princeton, NJ : The Gallup Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Patton , M.Q. 1987 . How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Penaloza , Lisa . 1996 . “ We're here, we're queer, and we're going shopping!: a critical perspective on the accommodation of gays and lesbians in the U.S. marketplace ” . In Gays, Lesbians, and Consumer Behavior: Theory, Practice, and Research Issues in Marketing , Edited by: Wardlow , Daniel L. 9 – 41 . New York : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew , Thomas F. 1986 . “ The intergroup contact hypothesis reconsidered ” . In Contact and Conflict in Intergroup Encounters , Edited by: Hewstone , Miles and Brown , Rupert . 169 – 195 . Oxford, , England : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Pilkington , Neil W. and D'Augelli , Anthony R. 1995 . Victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth in community settings . Journal of Community Psychology , 23 : 34 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piuzan , Todd . 1996 . Brewing new ties with gay consumers: two beer companies target gay and lesbian markets . Advertising Age , 67 8 April : 13
   Google Scholar
• Punch , Maurice . 1994 . “ Politics and ethics in qualitative research ” . In Handbook of Qualitative Research , Edited by: Denzin , Norman and Lincoln , Yvonna . 83 – 97 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Quittner , Jeremy . 2001 . Ad fab: A slew of new commercials takes direct-and sometimes indirect-aim at gay and lesbian consumers . The Advocate , 3 July : 27 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Roese , Neal J. , Olson , James M. , Borenstein , Marianne N. , Martin , Angela and Shores , Alison L. 1992 . Same-sex touching behavior: the moderating role of homophobic attitudes . Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , 16 : 249 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollins , Judith . 1985 . Between Women: Domestics and Their Employers , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rucker , Margaret , Freitas , Anthony and Huidor , Oscar . 1996 . “ Gift-giving among gay men: the reification of social relations ” . In Gays, Lesbians, and Consumer Behavior: Theory, Practice, and Research Issues in Marketing , Edited by: Wardlow , Daniel L. 43 – 56 . New York : Qiscvroah Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rudd , Nancy A. 1996 . Appearance and self-presentation research in gay consumer cultures: issues and impact . Journal of Homosexuality , 31 (1/2} ) : 109 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , Phil and Gray , Colin D. 1992 . Prejudice against a progay man in an everyday situation: a scenario study . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 22 : 1676 – 1687 .
   Google Scholar
• Russo , V. 1987 . The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Rust , Roland T. and Zahorik , Anthony J. 1993 . Consumer satisfaction, consumer retention, and market share . Journal of Retailing , 69 : 193 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad , Lydia . 14 December 1996 . Americans Crowing More Tolerant of Gays , 14 December , Princeton, NJ : The Gallup Poll Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Sigelman , Carol K. , Howell , Jennifer L. , Cornell , David P. , Outright , John D. and Dewey , Janine C. 1991 . Courtesy stigma: the social implications of associating with a gay person . The Journal of Social Psychology , 13 : 45 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberman , Blossom O. and Hawkins , Robert O. Jr. 1988 . “ Lesbian women and gay men: issues for counseling ” . In Sexuality Counseling: Issues and Implications , Edited by: Weinstein , E. and Rosen , E. Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Stokes , Joseph P. , Damon , Will and McKirnan , David J. 1997 . Predictors of movement toward homosexuality: a longitudinal study of bisexual men . The Journal of Sex Research , 34 : 304 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Maanen , John . 1983 . “ The moral fix: on the ethics of fieldwork ” . In Contemporary Field Research , Edited by: Emerson , Robert . 269 – 287 . Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , Andrew S. 1994 . Using visual media to reduce homophobia: a classroom demonstration . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 20 : 92 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , Andrew S. 1997 . The influence of homophobia in HIV/AIDS education . Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality , 9 : 17 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , Andrew S. and Curran , Maria-Cristina . 1996 . “ Excuse me, sir? May I help you and your boyfriend?: Salespersons' differential treatment of homosexual and straight customers ” . In Gays, Lesbians, and Consumer Behavior: Theory, Practice, and Research Issues in Marketing , Edited by: Wardlow , Daniel L. 135 – 152 . New York : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , Andrew S. and Phillips , Carolyn P. 1994 . Hurdles . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 20 : 198 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg , George . 1972 . Society and the Healthy Homosexual , New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Whitley , Bernard E. Jr. and Kite , Mary E. 1995 . Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuality: a comment on Oliver and Hyde . Psychological Bulletin , 117 : 146 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilke , Michael . 1996 . Ad survey shows appeal of gay themes . Advertising Age , 67 6 May : 19
   Google Scholar
• Wyman , Bill . 1995 . Selling out. Atlantic records' new target market: gay music fans . Rolling Stone , 721 16 November : 40
   Google Scholar