Publication Cover
Stress
The International Journal on the Biology of Stress
Volume 5, 2002 - Issue 2
521
Views
123
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Stress and Reproduction: Central Mechanisms and Sex Differences in Non-rodent Species

, &
Pages 83-100 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

  • Adam, C.L. and Findlay, P.A. (1998) "Inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion and expression of c-fos and corticotrophin-releasing factor genes in the paraventricular nucleus during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in sheep", J. Neuroendocrinol. 10, 777 - 783
  • Adams, L.A., Vician, L., Clifton, D.K. and Steiner, R.A. (1991) "Testosterone regulates pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression in the primate brain", Endocrinology 128, 1881 - 1886
  • Ahima, R.S. and Harlan, R.E. (1992) "Glucocorticoid receptors in LHRH neurons", Neuroendocrinology 56, 845 - 850
  • Akana, S.F. and Dallman, M.F. (1997) "Chronic cold in adrenalectomized, corticosterone (b)-treated rats--facilitated corticotropin responses to acute restraint emerge as b increases", Endocrinology 138, 3249 - 3258
  • Akesson, T.R. and Micevych, P.E. (1991) "Endogenous opioid-immunoreactive neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus concentrate estrogen in male and female rats", J. Neurosci. Res. 28, 359 - 366
  • Barb, C.R., Kraeling, R.R., Rampacek, G.B., Fonda, E.S. and Kiser, T.E. (1982) "Inhibition of ovulation and LH secretion in the gilt after treatment with ACTH or hydrocortisone", J. Reprod. Fertil. 64, 85 - 92
  • Barbarino, A., De Marinis, L., Folli, G., Tofani, A., Della, C.S., D'Amico, C., Mancini, A., Corsello, S.M., Sambo, P. and Barini, A. (1989a) "Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibition of gonadotropin secretion during the menstrual cycle", Metabolism 38, 504 - 506
  • Barbarino, A., De Marinis, L., Tofani, A., Della, C.S., D'Amico, C., Mancini, A., Corsello, S.M., Sciuto, R. and Barini, A. (1989b) "Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibition of gonadotropin release and the effect of opioid blockade", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68, 523 - 528
  • Barnes, M.A., Kazmer, G.W., Birrenkott, G.P. and Grimes, L.W. (1983) "Induced gonadotropin release in adrenocorticotropin-treated bulls and steers", J. Anim. Sci. 56, 155 - 161
  • Battaglia, D.F., Brown, M.E., Krasa, H.B., Thrun, L.A., Viguie, C. and Karsch, F.J. (1998) "Systemic challenge with endotoxin stimulates corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin secretion into hypophyseal portal blood--coincidence with gonadotropin-releasing hormone suppression", Endocrinology 139, 4175 - 4181
  • Bhat, G.K., Mahesh, V.B., Lamar, C.A., Ping, L., Aguan, K. and Brann, D.W. (1995) "Histochemical localization of nitric oxide neurons in the hypothalamus--association with gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and co-localization with N -methyl- d -aspartate receptors", Neuroendocrinology 62, 187 - 197
  • Braden, A.W.H. and Moule, G.R. (1964) "Effects of stress on ovarian morphology and oestrous cycles in ewes", Aust. J. Agric. Res. 15, 937 - 949
  • Brann, D.W. and Mahesh, V.B. (1991) "Role of corticosteroids in female reproduction", FASEB J. 5, 2691 - 2698
  • Broad, K.D., Kendrick, K.M., Sirinathsinghji, D.J.S. and Keverne, E.B. (1993) "Changes in pro-opiomelanocortin and pre-proenkephalin mRNA levels in the ovine brain during pregnancy, parturition and lactation and in response to oestrogen and progesterone", J. Neuroendocrinol. 5, 711 - 719
  • Canny, B.J., Funder, J.W. and Clarke, I.J. (1989) "Glucocorticoids regulate ovine hypophysial portal levels of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin in a stress-specific manner", Endocrinology 125, 2532 - 2539
  • Caraty, A. and Locatelli, A. (1988) "Effect of time after castration on secretion of LHRH and LH in the ram", J. Reprod. Fertil. 82, 263 - 269
  • Caraty, A., Grino, M., Locatelli, A., Guillaume, V., Boudouresque, F., Conte-Devolx, B. and Oliver, C. (1990) "Insulin-induced hypoglycemia stimulates corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin secretion into hypophysial portal blood of conscious, unrestrained rams", J. Clin. Investig. 85, 1716 - 1721
  • Caraty, A., Miller, D.W., Delaleu, B. and Martin, G.B. (1997) "Stimulation of LH secretion in sheep by central administration of corticotrophin-releasing hormone", J. Reprod. Fertil. 111, 249 - 257
  • Cardinali, D.P., Romeo, H.E., Ochatt, C.M. and Moguilevsky, J.A. (1989) "Estrous cycle delay and inhibition of gonadotropin and prolactin release during sympathetic nerve degeneration after superior cervical ganglionectomy of rats", Neuroendocrinology 50, 59 - 65
  • Chantaraprateep, P. and Thibier, M. (1978) "Effects of dexamethasone on the responses of luteinizing hormone and testosterone to two injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in young postpubertal bulls", J. Endocinol. 77, 389 - 395
  • Chaouloff, F. (1993) "Physiopharmacological interactions between stress hormones and central serotonergic systems", Brain Res.--Brain Res. Rev. 18, 1 - 32
  • Chatterton, R.T. (1990) "The role of stress in female reproduction: animal and human considerations", Int. J. Fertil. 35, 8 - 13
  • Chen, W.P., Witkin, J.W. and Silverman, A.J. (1990) "Sexual dimorphism in the synaptic input to gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons", Endocrinology 126, 695 - 702
  • Chen, M.D., O'Byrne, K.T., Chiappini, S.E., Hotchkiss, J. and Knobil, E. (1992) "Hypoglycemic 'stress' and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey: role of the ovary", Neuroendocrinology 56, 666 - 673
  • Chen, M.D., Ordog, T., Obyrne, K.T., Goldsmith, J.R., Connaughton, M.A. and Knobil, E. (1996) "The insulin hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey--roles of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor", Endocrinology 137, 2012 - 2021
  • Chiocchio, S.R., Cardinali, D.P., Vacas, M.I. and Tramezzani, J.H. (1984) "Acute superior cervical ganglionectomy depresses the postcastration rise of the gonadotropins in male rats", Brain Res. 309, 354 - 357
  • Chrousos, G.P. (1998) "Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response. The 1997 Hans Selye memorial lecture", Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 851, 311 - 335
  • Chrousos, G.P., Torpy, D.J. and Gold, P.W. (1998) "Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications", Ann. Intern. Med. 129, 229 - 240
  • Clarke, I.J. (1996) "Effector mechanisms of the hypothalamus that regulate the anterior pituitary gland", In: Unsicker, K. and Burnstock, G., eds, Autonomic-Endocrine Interactions The Autonomic Nervous System, (Harwood Academic Publishers, London) Vol. 10, pp 45 - 88
  • Clarke, I.J. and Cummins, J.T. (1982) "The temporal relationship between gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in ovariectomized ewes", Endocrinology 111, 1737 - 1739
  • Clarke, I.J., Findlay, J.K., Cummins, J.T. and Ewens, W.J. (1986) "Effects of ovine follicular fluid on plasma LH and FSH secretion in ovariectomized ewes to indicate the site of action of inhibin", J. Reprod. Fertil. 77, 575 - 585
  • Clarke, I.J., Thomas, G.B., Yao, B. and Cummins, J.T. (1987) "GnRH secretion throughout the ovine estrous cycle", Neuroendocrinology 46, 82 - 88
  • Clarke, I.J., Horton, R.J.E. and Doughton, B.W. (1990) "Investigation of the mechanism by which insulin-induced hypoglycemia decreases luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized ewes", Endocrinology 127, 1470 - 1476
  • Clarke, I.J., Hemsworth, P.H., Barnett, J.L. and Tilbrook, A.J. (1992) "Stress and reproduction in farm animals", In: Sheppard, K.E., Boublik, J.H. and Funder, J.W., eds, Stress and Reproduction (Serono Symposia Publications, Raven Press, New York) Vol. 86, pp 239 - 252
  • Conover, C.D., Kuljis, R.O., Rabii, J. and Advis, J.P. (1993) "Beta-endorphin regulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release at the median eminence in ewes: immunocytochemical and physiological evidence", Neuroendocrinology 57, 1182 - 1195
  • Dailey, R.A., Tsou, R.C., Tindall, G.T. and Neill, J.D. (1978) "Direct hypophysial inhibition of luteinizing hormone release by dopamine in the rabbit", Life Sci. 22, 1491 - 1498
  • Dailey, R.A., Deaver, D.R. and Goodman, R.L. (1987) "Neurotransmitter regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin secretion", J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 34, 17 - 26
  • Deaver, D.R. and Dailey, R.A. (1982) "Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin on plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in ovariectomized and anestrous ewes", Biol. Reprod. 27, 624 - 632
  • Demura, R., Suzuki, T., Nakamura, S., Komatsu, H., Odagiri, E. and Demura, H. (1989) "Effect of immobilization stress on testosterone and inhibin in male rats", J. Androl. 10, 210 - 213
  • Dierschke, D.J., Bhattacharya, A.N., Atkinson, L.E. and Knobil, E. (1970) "Circhoral oscillations of plasma LH levels in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey", Endocrinology 87, 850 - 853
  • Dobson, H. and Smith, R.F. (1995) "Stress and reproduction in farm animals", J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 49, 451 - 461
  • Dobson, H., Essawy, S.A. and Alam, M.G.S. (1988) "Suppression of LH response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or oestradiol by ACTH(1-24) treatment in anoestrous ewes", J. Endocinol. 118, 193 - 197
  • Dobson, H., Tebble, J.E., Ozturk, M. and Smith, R.F. (1999) "Effect of transport on pulsatile LH release in ovariectomized ewes with or without prior steroid exposure at different times of year", J. Reprod. Fertil. 117, 213 - 222
  • Doney, J.M., Gunn, R.G., Smith, W.F. and Carr, W.R. (1976) "Effects of pre-mating environmental stress, ACTH, cortisone acetate or metyrapone on oestrus and ovulation in sheep", J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 87, 127 - 132
  • Donnelly, P.J. and Dailey, R.A. (1991) "Effects of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin on secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin on ovariectomized, pituitary stalk-transected ewes", Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 8, 87 - 98
  • Dubey, A.K. and Plant, T.M. (1985) "A suppression of gonadotropin secretion by cortisol in castrated male Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) mediated by the interruption of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release", Biol. Reprod. 33, 423 - 431
  • Elias, A.N. and Wilson, A.F. (1993) "Exercise and gonadal function", Hum. Reprod. 8, 1747 - 1761
  • Engler, D., Pham, T., Fullerton, M.J., Ooi, G., Funder, J.W. and Clarke, I.J. (1989) "Studies of the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine vasopressin into the hypophysial-portal circulation of the conscious sheep. I. Effect of an audiovisual stimulus and insulin-induced hypoglycemia", Neuroendocrinology 49, 367 - 381
  • Estienne, M.J., Barb, C.R., Kesner, J.S., Kraeling, R.R. and Rampacek, G.B. (1991) "Luteinizing hormone secretion in hypophysial stalk-transected gilts given hydrocortisone acetate and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone", Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 8, 407 - 414
  • Feng, Y.J., Shalts, E., Xia, L.N., Rivier, J., Rivier, C., Vale, W. and Ferin, M. (1991) "An inhibitory effects of interleukin-1α on basal gonadotropin release in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey: reversal by a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist", Endocrinology 128, 2077 - 2082
  • Ferin, M. (1993) "Neuropeptides, the stress response, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in the female rhesus monkey", Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 697, 106 - 116
  • Ferin, M. (1999) "Stress and the reproductive cycle", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 1768 - 1774
  • Fischer, U.G., Wood, S.H., Bruhn, J., Roseff, S.J., Mortola, J., Rivier, J.E. and Yen, S.S. (1992) "Effect of human corticotropin-releasing hormone on gonadotropin secretion in cycling and postmenopausal women", Fertil. Steril. 58, 1108 - 1112
  • Fletcher, T.P. and Clarke, I.J. (1994) "Effects of hypothyroidism on the growth hormone axis in sheep", J. Endocrinol. 140, 495 - 502
  • Fonda, E.S., Rampacek, G.B. and Kraeling, R.R. (1984) "The effect of adrenocorticotropin or hydrocortisone on serum luteinizing hormone concentrations after adrenalectomy and/or ovariectomy in the prepuberal gilt", Endocrinology 114, 268 - 273
  • Frautschy, S.A., Gaon, D. and Liptrap, R.M. (1989) "Effect of dexamethasone on gonadotrophin secretion in the gonadectomized sow and boar", Can. J. Vet. Res. 53, 490 - 492
  • Fuquay, J.W. and Moberg, G.P. (1983) "Influence of the pituitary-adrenal axis on the induced release of luteinizing hormone in rams", J. Endocinol. 99, 151 - 155
  • Gilmore, D.P. (1998) "The involvment of the endogenous opioids in regulating reproduction", Biog. Amines 14, 331 - 354
  • Gindoff, P.R. and Ferin, M. (1987) "Endogenous opioid peptides modulate the effect of corticotropin-releasing factor on gonadotropin release in the primate", Endocrinology 121, 837 - 842
  • Goldsmith, P.C. and Thind, K.K. (1995) "Morphological basis for neuronal control of GnRH secretion in the monkey", In: Plant, T.M. and Lee, P.A., eds, The Neurobiology of Puberty (Journal of Endocrinology, Bristol), pp 73 - 85
  • Goldsmith, P.C., Thind, K.K., Perera, A.D. and Plant, T.M. (1994) "Glutamate-immunoreactive neurons and their gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal interactions in the monkey hypothalamus", Endocrinology 134, 858 - 868
  • Goldstein, D.S. (1987) "Stress-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system", In: Grossman, A., ed, Neuroendocrinology of Stress (Bailliere Tindall, London), pp 253 - 278
  • Goubillon, M.L., Forsdike, R.A., Robinson, J.E., Ciofi, P., Caraty, A. and Herbison, A.E. (2000) "Identification of neurokinin B-expressing neurons as an highly estrogen-receptive, sexually dimorphic cell group in the ovine arcuate nucleus", Endocrinology 141, 4218 - 4225
  • Guillamon, A. and Segovia, S. (1996) "Sexual dimorphism in the CNS and the role of steroids", In: Stone, T.W., ed, CNS Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators (CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, London, Tokyo) Vol. 1, pp 127 - 152
  • Handa, R.J., Burgess, L.H., Kerr, J.E. and O'Keefe, J.A. (1994) "Gonadal steroid hormone receptors and sex differences in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis", Horm. Behav. 28, 464 - 476
  • Hardin, D.R. and Randel, R.D. (1983) "Effect of epinephrine, norepinephrine and (or) GnRH on serum LH in prepuberal beef heifers", J. Anim. Sci. 57, 706 - 709
  • Hayashi, K.T. and Moberg, G.P. (1987) "Influence of acute stress and the adrenal axis on regulation of LH and testosterone in the male Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)", Am. J. Primatol. 12, 263 - 273
  • Heisler, L.E., Pallotta, C.M., Reid, R.L. and Van Vugt, D.A. (1993) "Hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rhesus monkey is not mediated by endogenous opioid peptides", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76, 1280 - 1285
  • Heisler, L.E., Tumber, A.J., Reid, R.L. and Van Vugt, D.A. (1994) "Vasopressin mediates hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey", Neuroendocrinology 60, 297 - 304
  • Herman, J.P. and Cullinan, W.E. (1997) "Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis", Trends Neurosci. 20, 78 - 84
  • Hoffman, G.E. (1985) "Organization of LHRH cells: differential apposition of neurotensin, substance P and catecholamine axons", Peptides 6, 439 - 461
  • Hoffman, G.E., Fitzsimmons, M.D. and Watson, Jr., R.E. (1989) "Relationship of endogenous opioid peptide axons to GnRH neurons in the rat", In: Dyer, C.J. and Bicknell, R.J., eds, Brain Opioid Systems in Reproduction (Oxford University Press, Oxford), pp 125 - 132
  • Horton, R.J. and Clarke, I.J. (1988) "Lack of an effect of morphine or naloxone on the oestrogen-induced LH surge in anoestrous ewes", J. Endocrinol. 119, 89 - 93
  • Howlett, T.A. and Rees, L.H. (1987) "Endogenous opioid peptides and human reproduction", In: Clarke, J.R., ed, Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology (Clarendon Press, Oxford) Vol. 9, pp 260 - 293
  • Hsueh, P.L.P.S. (1987) "Effect of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone on luteinizing hormone secretion by pig pituitary cells in vitro", Life Sci. 41, 2493 - 2501
  • Hughes, P.E. (1982) "Factors affecting the natural attainment of puberty in the gilt", In: Cole, D.J.A. and Foxcroft, G.R., eds, Control of Pig Reproduction (Butterworth, London), pp 117 - 138
  • Jackson, G.L., Kuehl, D. and Rhim, T.J. (1991) "Testosterone inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency in the male sheep", Biol. Reprod. 45, 188 - 191
  • Jezova, D., Jurankova, E., Mosnarova, A., Kriska, M. and Skultetyova, I. (1996) "Neuroendocrine response during stress with relation to gender differences", Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsz) 56, 779 - 785
  • Johns, M.A., Azmitia, E.C. and Krieger, D.T. (1982) "Specific in vitro uptake of serotonin by cells in the anterior pituitary of the rat", Endocrinology 110, 754 - 760
  • Juniewicz, P.E. and Johnson, B.H. (1981) "Influence of adrenal steroids upon testosterone secretion by the boar testis", Biol. Reprod. 25, 725 - 733
  • Kalra, S.P., Horvath, T., Naftolin, F., Xu, B., Pu, S. and Kalra, P.S. (1997) "The interactive language of the hypothalamus for the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) system", J. Neuroendocrinol. 9, 569 - 576
  • Kesner, J.S., Kaufman, J.M., Wilson, R.C., Kuroda, G. and Knobil, E. (1986) "The effect of morphine on the electrophysiological activity of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone pulse generator in the rhesus monkey", Neuroendocrinology 43, 686 - 688
  • Khachaturian, H., Lewis, M.E., Haber, S.N., Houghten, R.A., Akil, H. and Watson, S.J. (1985) "Prodynorphin peptide immunocytochemistry in rhesus monkey brain", Peptides 6 (Suppl. 66)
  • Kiss, J. and Halasz, B. (1985) "Demonstration of serotoninergic axons terminating on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in the preoptic area of the rat using a combination of immunocytochemistry and high resolution autoradiography", Neuroscience 14, 69 - 78
  • Kiyoshi, K., Kondoh, M., Hirunagi, K. and Korf, H. (1998) "Confocal laser scanning and electron-microscopic analyses of the relationship between VIP-like and GnRH-like-immunoreactive neurons in the lateral septal-preoptic area of the pigeon", Cell Tissue Res. 293, 39 - 46
  • Koh, T., Nakai, Y., Kinoshita, F., Tsukada, T., Tsujii, S., Imura, H. and Maeda, K. (1984) "Serotonin involvement in the inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) release during immobilization in castrated male rats", Life Sci. 34, 1635 - 1641
  • Kononen, J., Honkaniemi, J., Alho, H., Koistinaho, J., Iadarola, M. and Pelto-Huikko, M. (1992) "Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamic-pituitary axis after immobilization stress", Endocrinology 130, 3041 - 3047
  • Laatikainen, T.J. (1991) "Corticotropin-releasing hormone and opioid peptides in reproduction and stress", Ann. Med. 23, 489 - 496
  • Lachelin, G.C., Judd, H.L., Swanson, S.C., Hauck, M.E., Parker, D.C. and Yen, S.S. (1982) "Long term effects of nightly dexamethasone administration in patients with polycystic ovarian disease", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 55, 768 - 773
  • Lamond, D.R. (1962) "Synchronization of oestrus and ovulation in beef heifers", Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 4, 72 - 78
  • Lehman, M.N., Karsch, F.J. and Silverman, A.J. (1988) "Potential sites of interaction between catecholamines and LHRH in the sheep brain", Brain Res. Bull. 20, 49 - 58
  • Leranth, C., MacLusky, N.J., Shanabrough, M. and Naftolin, F. (1988) "Catecholaminergic innervation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and glutamic acid decarboxylase immunopositive neurons in the rat medial preoptic area. An electron-microscopic double immunostaining and degeneration study", Neuroendocrinology 48, 591 - 602
  • Leranth, C., Naftolin, F., Shanabrough, M. and Horvath, T.L. (1995) "Neuronal circuits regulating gonadotrophin release in the rat", In: Plant, T.M. and Lee, P.A., eds, The Neurobiology of Puberty (Journal of Endocrinology, Bristol)
  • Leshin, L.S., Rund, L.A., Kraeling, R.R., Crim, J.W. and Kiser, T.E. (1992) "Distribution of β-endorphin immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus and the median eminence of postpartum anestrus and luteal phase cows", Neuroendocrinology 56, 436 - 444
  • Li, P.H. (1987) "Effect of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone on luteinizing hormone secretion by pig pituitary cells in vitro", Life Sci. 41, 2493 - 2501
  • Li, P.H. (1989) "Catecholamine inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in isolated pig pituitary cells", Biol. Reprod. 40, 914 - 919
  • Li, P.S. (1994) "Modulation by cortisol of luteinizing hormone secretion from cultured porcine anterior pituitary cells--effects on secretion induced by phospholipase c, phorbol ester and camp", Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 349, 107 - 112
  • Li, P.S. and Wagner, W.C. (1983a) "Effects of hyperadrenal states on luteinizing hormone in cattle", Biol. Reprod. 29, 11 - 24
  • Li, P.S. and Wagner, W.C. (1983b) "In vivo and in vitro studies on the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone or cortisol on the pituitary response to gonadotropin releasing hormone", Biol. Reprod. 29, 25 - 37
  • Liptrap, R.M. (1993) "Stress and reproduction in domestic animals", Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 697, 275 - 284
  • Liptrap, R.M. and McNally, P.J. (1976) "Steroid concentrations in cows with corticotropin-induced cystic ovarian follicles and the effect of prostaglandin F2alpha and indomethacin given by intrauterine injection", Am. J. Vet. Res. 37, 369 - 375
  • Liptrap, R.M. and Raeside, J.I. (1968) "Effect of corticotrophin and corticosteroids on plasma interstitial cell-stimulating hormone and urinary steroids in the boar", J. Endocinol. 42, 33 - 43
  • Liptrap, R.M. and Raeside, J.I. (1975) "Increase in plasma testosterone concentration after injection of adrenocorticotrophin into the boar", J. Endocinol. 66, 123 - 131
  • Liptrap, R.M. and Raeside, J.I. (1983) "Effect of cortisol on the response to gonadotrophin releasing hormone in the boar", J. Endocrinol. 97, 75 - 81
  • MacLusky, N.J., Naftolin, F. and Leranth, C. (1988) "Immunocytochemicl evidence for direct synaptic connections between corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-containing neurons in the preoptic area of the rat", Brain Res. 439, 391 - 395
  • Madeira, M.D. and Lieberman, A.R. (1995) "Sexual dimorphism in the mammalian limbic system", Prog. Neurobiol. 45, 275
  • Marson, L., Lauterio, T.J., Della-Fera, M.A. and Baile, C.A. (1987) "Immunohistochemical distribution of cholecystokinin, dynorphin A and met-enkephalin neurons in sheep hypothalamus", Neurosci. Lett. 81, 35 - 40
  • Martin, G.B., Oldham, C.M. and Lindsay, D.R. (1981) "Effect of stress due to laparoscopy on plasma cortisol levels, the preovulatory surge of LH, and ovulation in the ewe", Theriogenology 16, 39 - 44
  • Martin, A.I., Fernandez-Ruiz, J. and Lopez-Calderon, A. (1995) "Effects of catecholamine synthesis inhibitors and adrenergic receptor antagonists on restraint-induced LH release", J. Endocinol. 144, 511 - 515
  • Matteri, R.L. and Moberg, G.P. (1982) "Effect of cortisol or adrenocorticotrophin on release of luteinizing hormone induced by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in the dairy heifer", J. Endocinol. 92, 141 - 146
  • Matteri, R.L., Watson, J.G. and Moberg, G.P. (1984) "Stress or acute adrenocorticotrophin treatment suppresses LHRH-induced LH release in the ram", J. Reprod. Fertil. 72, 385 - 393
  • Matteri, R.L., Moberg, G.P. and Watson, J.G. (1986) "Adrenocorticotropin-induced changes in ovine pituitary gonadotropin secretion in vitro", Endocrinology 118, 2091 - 2096
  • McEwen, B.S. (1998) "Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators", N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 171 - 179
  • Melis, G.B., Mais, V., Gambacciani, M., Paoletti, A.M., Antinori, D. and Fioretti, P. (1987) "Dexamethasone reduces the postcastration gonadotropin rise in women", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 65, 237 - 241
  • Metzger, D.L., Kerrigan, J.R. and Rogol, A.D. (1997) "The short-term infusion of ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone does not alter luteinizing hormone concentrations in young adult men", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 697 - 700
  • Moberg, G.P. (1987) "Influence of the adrenal axis upon the gonads", Oxf. Rev. Reprod. Biol. 9, 456 - 496
  • Morrell, J.I., McGinty, J.F. and Pfaff, D.W. (1985) "A subset of beta-endorphin- or dynorphin-containing neurons in the medial basal hypothalamus accumulates estradiol", Neuroendocrinology 41, 417 - 426
  • Naylor, A.M., Porter, D.W.F. and Lincoln, D.W. (1990) "Central administration of corticotrophin-releasing factor in the sheep: effects on secretion of gonadotrophins, prolactin and cortisol", J. Endocinol. 124, 117 - 125
  • Norman, R.L. (1993) "Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and cortisol secretion in intact male rhesus macaques", Biol. Reprod. 49, 148 - 153
  • Norman, R.L. (1994) "Corticotropin-releasing hormone effects on luteinizing hormone and cortisol secretion in intact female rhesus macaques", Biol. Reprod. 50, 949 - 955
  • Norman, R.L. and Smith, C.J. (1992) "Restraint inhibits luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in intact male rhesus macaques: effects of concurrent naloxone administration", Neuroendocrinology 55, 405 - 415
  • Norman, R.L., McGlone, J. and Smith, C.J. (1994) "Restraint inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in rhesus macaques", Biol. Reprod. 50, 16 - 26
  • Nunez, E.A., Gershon, M.D. and Silverman, A.J. (1981) "Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by gonadotrophs of the bat's pituitary: a combined immunocytochemical radioautographic analysis", J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29, 1336 - 1346
  • O'Byrne, K.T., Lunn, S.F. and Dixson, A.F. (1989) "Naloxone reversal of stress-induced suppression of LH release in the common marmoset", Physiol. Behav. 45, 1077 - 1080
  • Oguro, H., Okada, K., Yamaguchi, S. and Kobayashi, S. (1998) "Sex differences in morphology of the brain stem and cerebellum with normal ageing", Neuroradiology 40, 788 - 792
  • Olster, D.H. and Ferin, M. (1987) "Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits gonadotropin secretion in the ovariectomized Rhesus monkey", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 65, 262 - 267
  • Owens, P.C. and Smith, R. (1987) "Opioid peptides in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during acute stress", Bailliere's Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1 : 415 - 437
  • Pacak, K. and Palkovits, M. (2001) "Stressor specificity of central neuroendocrine reponses: implications for stress-related disorders", Endocr. Rev. 22, 502 - 548
  • Padmanabhan, V., Keech, C. and Convey, E.M. (1983) "Cortisol inhibits and adrenocorticotropin has no effect on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-induced release of luteinizing hormone from bovine pituitary cells in vitro", Endocrinology 112, 1782 - 1787
  • Parrott, R.F. and Vellucci, S.V. (1994) "Stress-induced changes in c-fos immunoreactivity in the porcine brain", Br. Vet. J. 150, 355 - 363
  • Parrott, R.F., Misson, B.H. and de la Riva, C.F. (1994) "Differential stressor effects on the concentrations of cortisol, prolactin and catecholamines in the blood of sheep", Res. Vet. Sci. 56, 234 - 239
  • Patchev, V.K. and Almeida, O.F. (1998) "Gender specificity in the neural regulation of the response to stress: new leads from classical paradigms", Mol. Neurobiol. 16, 63 - 77
  • Pearce, G.P., Paterson, A.M. and Hughes, P.E. (1988) "Effect of short-term elevations in plasma cortisol concentration on LH secretion in prepubertal gilts", J. Reprod. Fertil. 83, 413 - 418
  • Pecins-Thompson, M. and Keller-Wood, M. (1994) "Prolonged absence of ovarian hormones in the ewe reduces the adrenocorticotrpin response to hypotension, but not to hypoglycemia or corticotrpin-releasing factors", Endocrinology 134, 678 - 684
  • Petrovic, S.L., McDonald, J.K., Snyder, G.D. and McCann, S.M. (1983) "Characterization of beta-adrenergic receptors in rat brain and pituitary using a new high-affinity ligand, [125I] iodocyanopindolol", Brain Res. 261, 249 - 259
  • Phogat, J.B., Smith, R.F. and Dobson, H. (1997) "Effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on gonadotrophin releasing hormone-induced luteinizing hormone secretion in vitro", Anim. Reprod. Sci. 48, 53 - 65
  • Plotsky, P.M., Cunningham, Jr., E.T. and Widmaier, E.P. (1989) "Catecholaminergic modulation of corticotropin-releasing factor and adrenocorticotropin secretion", Endocr. Rev. 10, 437 - 458
  • Polkowska, J. and Przekop, F. (1997) "The effect of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on the gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH) hypothalamic neuronal system during preovulatory period in the ewe", Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsz) 57, 91 - 99
  • Pompolo, S., Rawson, J. and Clarke, I.J. (2001) "Projections from the arcuate/ventromedial region of the sheep hypothalamus to the preoptic area and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; lack of direct input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons", Brain Res. 904, 1 - 12
  • Porter, D.W.F., Lincoln, D.W. and Naylor, A.M. (1990) "Plasma cortisol is increased during the inhibition of LH secretion by central LHRH in the ewe", Neuroendocrinology 51, 705 - 712
  • Przekop, F. and Tomaszewska, D. (1996) "Responses in the hypothalamic monoaminergic system activity in ewes to beta-endorphin, CRF and their antagonists", Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsz) 56, 807 - 817
  • Rasmussen, D.D. and Malven, P.V. (1983) "Effects of confinement stress on episodic secretion of LH in ovariectomized sheep", Neuroendocrinology 36, 392 - 396
  • Rawson, J.A., Scott, C.J., Pereira, A., Jakubowska, A. and Clarke, I.J. (2001) "Noradrenergic projections from the A1 field to the preoptic area in the brain of the ewe and Fos responses to oestrogen in the A1 cells", J. Neuroendocrinol. 13, 129 - 138
  • Reeve, J.L., Parr, R.A., Hughes, P.E. and Tilbrook, A.J. (1992) "Incidence of ovulation in anoestrous ewes subjected to rams and transport", Proc. Aust. Soc. Reprod. Biol. 24, 28
  • Reid, N.L. (1994) "Corticotropin-releasing hormone effects on luteinizing hormone and cortisol secretion in intact female rhesus macaques", Biol. Reprod. 50, 949 - 955
  • Reisine, T.D., Heisler, S., Hook, V.Y. and Axelrod, J. (1983) "Activation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors on mouse anterior pituitary tumor cells increases cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate synthesis and adrenocorticotropin release", J. Neurosci. 3, 725 - 732
  • Rivest, S. and Rivier, C. (1991) "Influence of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the alteration of neuroendocrine functions induced by intermittent footshock or interleukin", Endocrinology 129, 2049 - 2057
  • Rivier, C. and Rivest, S. (1991) "Effect of stress on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: peripheral and central mechanisms", Biol. Reprod. 45, 523 - 532
  • Romeo, H.E., Spinedi, E., Vacas, M.I., Estivariz, F. and Cardinali, D.P. (1990) "Increase in adrenocorticotropin release during wallerian degeneration of peripheral sympathetic neurons after superior cervical ganglionectomy of rats", Neuroendocrinology 51, 213 - 218
  • Romeo, H.E., Arias, P., Szwarcfarb, B., Moguilevsky, J.A. and Cardinali, D.P. (1991) "Hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone content and serum luteinizing hormone levels in male rats during wallerian degeneration of sympathetic nerve terminals after superior cervical ganglionectomy", J. Neural. Transm. Gen. Sect. 85, 41 - 49
  • Saketos, M., Sharma, N. and Santoro, N.F. (1993) "Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in normal women by glucocorticoids", Biol. Reprod. 49, 1270 - 1276
  • Sannella, M.I. and Petersen, S.L. (1997) "Dual label in situ hybridization studies provide evidence that luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons do not synthesize messenger ribonucleic acid for mu, kappa, or delta opiate receptors", Endocrinology 138, 1667 - 1672
  • Sapolsky, R.M. and Krey, L.C. (1988) "Stress-induced suppression of luteinizing hormone concentrations in wild baboons: role of opiates", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66, 722 - 726
  • Shalts, E., Feng, Y.-J. and Ferin, M. (1992) "Vasopressin mediates the interleukin-1α-induced decrease in luteinizing hormone secretion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey", Endocrinology 131, 153 - 158
  • Shalts, E., Xia, L., Xiao, E. and Ferin, M. (1994) "Inhibitory effect of arginine-vasopressin on LH secretion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey", Neuroendocrinology 59, 336 - 342
  • Smart, D. (1994) "Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) 1-39 and corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) induced changes in luteinizing hormone secretion from perifused ovine pituitaries", Anim. Reprod. Sci. 37, 25 - 34
  • Stith, R.D. and Weingarten, D. (1978) "In vitro nuclear 3H-hydrocortisone binding in the hypothalamus of the pig", Neuroendocrinology 26, 129 - 140
  • Stoebel, D.P. and Moberg, G.P. (1982a) "Repeated acute stress during the follicular phase and luteinizing hormone surge of dairy heifers", J. Dairy Sci. 65, 92 - 96
  • Stoebel, D.P. and Moberg, G.P. (1982b) "Effect of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol on luteinizing hormone surge and estrous behavior of cows", J. Dairy Sci. 65, 1016 - 1024
  • Swaab, D.F. and Hofman, M.A. (1995) "Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus in relation to gender and sexual orientation", Trends Neurosci. 18, 264 - 270
  • Swartz, S.R. and Moberg, G.P. (1986) "Effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone in vitro", Endocrinology 118, 2425 - 2431
  • Thibier, M. and Rolland, O. (1976) "The effect of dexamethasone (DXM) on circulating testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in young postpubertal bulls", Theriogenology 5, 53 - 60
  • Thind, K.K. and Goldsmith, P.C. (1988) "Infundibular gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons are inhibited by direct opioid and autoregulatory synapses in juvenile monkeys", Neuroendocrinology 47, 203 - 216
  • Thind, K.K., Boggan, J.E. and Goldsmith, P.C. (1991) "Interactions between vasopressin- and gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-containing neuroendocrine neurons in the monkey supraoptic nucleus", Neuroendocrinology 53, 287 - 297
  • Thom, B., Canny, B.J., Cowley, M., Wright, P.J. and Clarke, I.J. (1996) "Changes in the binding characteristics of the mu, delta and kappa subtypes of the opioid receptor in the hypothalamus of the normal cyclic ewe and in the ovariectomised ewe following treatment with ovarian steroids", J. Endocinol. 149, 509 - 518
  • Thomas, M.A., Rebar, R.W., LaBarbera, A.R., Pennington, E.J. and Liu, J.H. (1991) "Dose-response effects of exogenous pulsatile human corticotropin-releasing hormone on adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and gonadotropin concentrations in agonadal women", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72, 1249 - 1254
  • Tilbrook, A.J. and Clarke, I.J. (2001) "Negative feedback regulation of the secretion and actions of GnRH in males", Biol. Reprod. 64, 735 - 742
  • Tilbrook, A.J., de Kretser, D.M., Cummins, J.T. and Clarke, I.J. (1991) "The negative feedback effects of testicular steroids are predominantly at the hypothalamus in the ram", Endocrinology 129, 3080 - 3092
  • Tilbrook, A.J., Canny, B.J., Serapiglia, M.D., Ambrose, T.J. and Clarke, I.J. (1999a) "Suppression of the secretion of luteinizing hormone due to isolation/restraint stress in gonadectomized rams and ewes is influenced by sex steroids", J. Endocinol. 160, 469 - 481
  • Tilbrook, A.J., Canny, B.J., Stewart, B.J., Serapiglia, M.D. and Clarke, I.J. (1999b) "Central administration of corticotrophin releasing hormone but not arginine vasopressin stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone in rams in the presence and the absence of testosterone", J. Endocinol. 162, 301 - 311
  • Tilbrook, A.J., Turner, A.I. and Clarke, I.J. (2000) "Effects of stress on reproduction in non-rodent mammals: considerations of the role of glucocorticoids and sex differences", Rev. Reprod. 5, 105 - 113
  • Tillet, Y. (1995) "Distribution of neurotransmitters in the sheep brain", J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 49, 199 - 220
  • Tsuruo, Y., Kawano, H., Kagotani, Y., Hisano, S., Daikoku, S., Chihara, K., Zhang, T. and Yanaihara, N. (1990) "Morphological evidence for neuronal regulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-containing neurons by neuropeptide Y in the rat septo-preoptic area", Neurosci. Lett. 110, 261 - 266
  • Tsuruo, Y., Kawano, H., Hisano, S., Kagotani, Y., Daikoku, S., Zhang, T. and Yanaihara, N. (1991) "Substance P-containing neurons innervating LHRH-containing neurons in the septo-preoptic area of rats", Neuroendocrinology 53, 236 - 245
  • Turner, A.I., Hemsworth, P.H., Hughes, P.E., Canny, B.J. and Tilbrook, A.J. (1998a) "The effect of repeated boar exposure on cortisol secretion and reproduction in gilts", Anim. Reprod. Sci. 51, 143 - 154
  • Turner, A.I., Hemsworth, P.H., Hughes, P.E. and Tilbrook, A.J. (1998b) "Repeated acute activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis prior to and during estrus did not affect reproductive performance in gilts", Biol. Reprod. 58, 1458 - 1462
  • Turner, A.I., Hemsworth, P.H., Canny, B.J. and Tilbrook, A.J. (1999a) "Sustained but not repeated acute elevation of cortisol impaired the LH surge, estrus and ovulation in gilts", Biol. Reprod. 61, 614 - 620
  • Turner, A.I., Hemsworth, P.H., Canny, B.J. and Tilbrook, A.J. (1999b) "Inhibition of the secretion of LH in ovariectomised pigs by sustained but not repeated acute elevation of cortisol in the absence but not the presence of oestradiol", J. Endocinol. 163, 477 - 486
  • Van de Kar, L.D. and Blair, M.L. (1999) "Forebrain pathways mediating stress-induced hormone secretion", Front. Neuroendocrinol. 20, 1 - 48
  • Van Vugt, D.A., Piercy, J., Farley, A.E., Reid, R.L. and Rivest, S. (1997a) "Luteinizing hormone secretion and corticotropin-releasing factor gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus of rhesus monkeys following cortisol synthesis inhibition", Endocrinology 138, 2249 - 2258
  • Van Vugt, D.A., Washburn, D.L.S., Farley, A.E. and Reid, R.L. (1997b) "Hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of LH and stimulation of ACTH secretion in the rhesus monkey is blocked by alprazolam", Neuroendocrinology 65, 344 - 352
  • Vellucci, S.V. and Parrott, R.F. (1994) "Expression of c-fos in the ovine brain following different types of stress, or central administration of corticotrophin-releasing hormone", Exp. Physiol. 79, 241 - 241
  • Walsh, J.P. and Clarke, I.J. (1996) "Effects of central administration of highly selective opioid mu-, delta- and kappa-receptor agonists on plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, and the estrogen-induced LH surge in ovariectomized ewes", Endocrinology 137, 3640 - 3648
  • Walsh, J.P. and Clarke, I.J. (1998) "Blockade of the oestrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in ovariectomized ewes by a highly selective opioid mu-receptor agonist: evidence for site of action", Neuroendocrinology 67, 164 - 170
  • Walsh, J.P., Rao, A., Simmons, D.M. and Clarke, I.J. (1998) "Proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels in ovine hypothalamus are not reduced at the time of the preovulatory luteinising hormone surge", J. Neuroendocrinol. 10, 803 - 808
  • Walsh, J.P., Rao, A., Thompson, R.C. and Clarke, I.J. (2001) "Proenkephalin and opioid μ receptor mRNA expression in ovine hypothalamus across the estrous cycle", Neuroendocrinology 73, 26 - 36
  • Watanabe, T. and Nakai, Y. (1987) "Electron microscopic cytochemistry of catecholaminergic innervation of LHRH neurons in the medial preoptic area of the rat", Arch. Histol. Jpn 50, 103 - 112
  • Weeding, C.M., Hunter, E.J., Guise, H.J. and Penny, R.H. (1993) "Effects of abattoir and slaughter handling systems on stress indicators in pig blood", Vet. Rec. 133, 10 - 13
  • Whisnant, C.S., Curto, K. and Goodman, R.L. (1992) "Immunocytochemical localization of beta endorphin and gonadal steroid regulation of proopiomelanocortin messenger ribonucleic acid in the ewe", Neuroendocrinology 56, 812 - 821
  • Williams, C.L., Nishihara, M., Thalabard, J.-C., Grosser, P.M., Hotchkiss, J. and Knobil, E. (1990) "Corticotropin-releasing factor and gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in the rhesus monkey", Neuroendocrinology 52, 133 - 137
  • Wilson, R.C., Kesner, J.S., Kaufman, J.M., Uemura, T., Akema, T. and Knobil, E. (1984) "Central electrophysiologic correlates of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the rhesus monkey", Neuroendocrinology 39, 256 - 260
  • Xiao, E.N. and Ferin, M. (1988) "The inhibitory action of corticotropin-releasing hormone on gonadotropin secretion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey is not mediated by adrenocorticotropic hormone", Biol. Reprod. 38, 763 - 767
  • Xiao, E. and Ferin, M. (1997) "Stress-related disturbances of the menstrual cycle", Ann. Med. 29, 215 - 219
  • Xiao, E., Luckhaus, J., Niemann, W. and Ferin, M. (1989) "Acute inhibition of gonadotroipin secretion by corticotropin-releasing hormone in the primate: are the adrenal glands involved?", Endocrinology 124, 1632 - 1637
  • Xiao, E., Xia, L., Shanen, D., Khabele, D. and Ferin, M. (1994) "Stimulatory effects of interleukin-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis on gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized monkeys replaced with estradiol", Endocrinology 135, 2093 - 2098
  • Xiao, E., Xia-Zhang, L., Thornell, D. and Ferin, M. (1996a) "Interleukin-1 stimulates luteinizing hormone release during the midfollicular phase in the rhesus monkey: a novel way in which stress may influence the menstrual cycle", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 2136 - 2141
  • Xiao, E.N., Xiazhang, L., Thornell, D., Shalts, E. and Ferin, M. (1996b) "The luteinizing hormone but not the cortisol response to arginine vasopressin is prevented by naloxone and a corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey", Neuroendocrinology 64, 225 - 232
  • Xiao, E., Xia-Zhang, L., Barth, A., Zhu, J. and Ferin, M. (1998) "Stress and the menstrual cycle: relevance of cycle quality in the short- and long-term response to a 5-day endotoxin challenge during the follicular phase in the rhesus monkey", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83, 2454 - 2460
  • Xiao, E., Xia-Zhang, L.N. and Ferin, M. (1999) "Stress and the menstrual cycle: short- and long-term response to a five-day endotoxin challenge during the luteal phase in the rhesus monkey", J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 623 - 626

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.