In vitro modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor by antidepressants

References

• Antoni FA. Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Front Neuroendocrinol 1993; 14: 76–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustyn M, Otczyk M, Budziszewska B, Jagla G, Nowak W, Basta-Kaim A, et al. Effects of some new antidepressant drugs on the glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription in fibroblast cells. Pharmacol Rep 2005; 57: 766–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelson DA, Doraiswamy PM, Boyko OB, Rodrigo EP, McDonald WM, Ritchie JC, et al. In vivo assessment of pituitary volume with magnetic resonance imaging and systematic stereology: Relationship to dexamethasone suppression test results in patients. Psychiatr Res 1992; 44: 63–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barden N. Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor gene expression by antidepressant drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996; 29: 12–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basta-Kaim A, Budziszewska B, Jaworska-Feil L, Tetich M, Kubera M, Leskiewicz M, et al. Antipsychotic drugs inhibit the human corticotropin-releasing-hormone gene promoter activity in neuro-2A cells-an involvement of protein kinases. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 853–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belanoff JK, Flores BH, Kalezhan M, Sund B, Schatzberg AF. Rapid reversal of psychotic depression using mifepristone. J Clin Psychopharmcol 2001; 21: 516–521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder EB, Salyakina D, Lichtner P, Wochnik GM, Ising M, Putz B, et al. Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with increased recurrence of depressive episodes and rapid response to antidepressant treatment. Nat Genet 2004; 36: 1319–1325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouron A, Chatton JY. Acute application of the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine presynaptically stimulates the exocytosis of glutamate in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 1999; 90: 729–736
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouwer C, Claassen J, Dinan TG, Nemeroff CB. Prednisone augmentation in treatment-resistant depression with fatigue and hypocortisolaemia: A case series. Depress Anxiety 2000; 12: 44–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budziszewska B, Jaworska-Feil L, Kajta M, Lason W. Antidepressant drugs inhibit glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription—a possible mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130: 1385–1393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budziszewska B, Basta-Kaim A, Kubera M, Jaworska L, Leskiewicz M, Tetich M, et al. Effect of lipopolysaccharide and antidepressant drugs on glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene transcription. Pharmacol Rep 2005; 57: 540–544
   Google Scholar
• Burnstein KL, Jewell CM, Sar M, Cidlowski JA. Intragenic sequences of the human glucocorticoid receptor complementary DNA mediate hormone-inducible receptor messenger RNA down-regulation through multiple mechanisms. Mol Endocrinol 1994; 8: 1764–1773
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cai W, Khaoustov VI, Xie Q, Pan T, Le W, Yoffe B. Interferon-alpha-induced modulation of glucocorticoid and serotonin receptors as a mechanism of depression. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 880–887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calfa G, Kademian S, Ceschin D, Vega G, Rabinovich GA, Volosin M. Characterization and functional significance of glucocorticoid receptors in patients with major depression: Modulation by antidepressant treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28: 687–701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll BJ, Feinberg M, Greden JF, Tarika J, Albala AA, Haskett RF, et al. A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38: 15–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cidlowski JA, Bellingham DL, Powell-Oliver FE, Lubahn DB, Sar M. Novel antipeptide antibodies to the human glucocorticoid receptor: Recognition of multiple receptor forms in vitro and distinct localization of cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors. Mol Endocrinol 1990; 4: 1427–1437
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooney JM, Dinan TG. Preservation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis fast-feedback responses in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94: 449–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBattista C, Posener JA, Kalehzan BM, Schatzberg AF. Acute antidepressant effects of intravenous hydrocortisone and CRH in depressed patients: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 1334–1337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinan TG, Lavelle E, Cooney J, Burnett F, Scott L, Dash A, et al. Dexamethasone augmentation in treatment-resistant depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 95: 58–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duman RS, Nakagawa S, Malberg J. Regulation of adult neurogenesis by antidepressant treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 25: 836–844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumser T, Barocka A, Schubert E. Weight of adrenal glands may be increased in persons who commit suicide. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998; 19: 72–76
   Google Scholar
• Eickelberg O, Roth M, Lorx R, Bruce V, Rudiger J, Johnson M, et al. Ligand-independent activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists in primary human lung fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 1005–1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenstein E, Tillmann HC, Christ M, Feuring M, Wehling M. Multiple actions of steroid hormones—a focus on rapid, nongenomic effects. Pharmacol Rev 2000; 52: 513–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald P, O'Brien SM, Scully P, Rijkers K, Scott LV, Dinan TG. Cutaneous glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in antidepressant-resistant depression. Psychol Med 2006; 36: 37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funato H, Kobayashi A, Watanabe Y. Differential effects of antidepressants on dexamethasone-induced nuclear translocation and expression of glucocorticoid receptor. Brain Res 2006; 1117: 125–134
   Google Scholar
• Gold PW, Chrousos GP. Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: High vs low CRH/NE states. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7: 254–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold PW, Goodwin FK, Chrousos GP. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression. Relation to the neurobiology of stress (1). N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 348–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gormley GJ, Lowy MT, Reder AT, Hospelhorn VD, Antel JP, Meltzer HY. Glucocorticoid receptors in depression: Relationship to the dexamethasone suppression test. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1278–1284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heiske A, Jesberg J, Krieg JC, Vedder H. Differential effects of antidepressants on glucocorticoid receptors in human primary blood cells and human monocytic u-937 cells. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 807–817
   Google Scholar
• Herr AS, Tsolakidou AF, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F, Rein T. Antidepressants differentially influence the transcriptional activity of the glucocorticoid receptor in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 2003; 78: 12–22
   Google Scholar
• Hery M, Semont A, Fache MP, Faudon M, Hery F. The effects of serotonin on glucocorticoid receptor binding in rat raphe nuclei and hippocampal cells in culture. J Neurochem 2000; 74: 406–413
   Google Scholar
• Heuser I, Yassouridis A, Holsboer F. The combined dexamethasone/CRH test: A refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 1994; 28: 341–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuser IJ, Schweiger U, Gotthardt U, Schmider J, Lammers CH, Dettling M, et al. Pituitary–adrenal system regulation and psychopathology during amitriptyline treatment in elderly depressed patients and normal comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 93–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsboer F. The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 23: 477–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ising M, Lauer CJ, Holsboer F, Modell S. The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: Premorbid neuroendocrine profile of affected high-risk probands. J Psychiatr Res 2005; 39: 21–28
   Google Scholar
• Juruena MF, Cleare AJ, Pariante CM. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoid receptor function and relevance to depression. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2004; 26: 189–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juruena MF, Cleare AJ, Papadopoulos AS, Poon L, Lightman S, Pariante CM. Different responses to dexamethasone and prednisolone in the same depressed patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 189: 225–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karst H, Berger S, Turiault M, Tronche F, Schutz G, Joels M. Mineralocorticoid receptors are indispensable for nongenomic modulation of hippocampal glutamate transmission by corticosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 19204–19207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E, Oitzl MS, Joels M. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr Rev 1998; 19: 269–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kloet ER, Derijk RH, Meijer OC. Therapy insight: Is there an imbalanced response of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in depression?. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3: 168–179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kunugi H, Ida I, Owashi T, Kimura M, Inoue Y, Nakagawa S, et al. Assessment of the dexamethasone/CRH test as a state-dependent marker for hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis abnormalities in major depressive episode: A multicenter study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 212–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai M, McCormick JA, Chapman KE, Kelly PAT, Seckl JR, Yau JLW. Differential regulation of corticosteroid receptors by monoamine neurotransmitters and antidepressant drugs in primary hippocampal culture. Neuroscience 2003; 118: 975–984
   Google Scholar
• Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Modell S, Holsboer F, Krieg JC. The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: Overview of the cross-sectional observations at index investigation. J Psychiatr Res 1998; 32: 393–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitan RD, Vaccarino FJ, Brown GM, Kennedy SH. Low-dose dexamethasone challenge in women with atypical major depression: Pilot study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2002; 27: 47–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linkowski P, Mendlewicz J, Kerkhofs M, Leclercq R, Golstein J, Brasseur M, et al. 24-hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and growth hormone in major depressive illness: Effect of antidepressant treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 141–152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowy MT. Reserpine-induced decrease in type I and II corticosteroid receptors in neuronal and lymphoid tissues of adrenalectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 1990; 51: 190–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowy MT, Reder AT, Antel JP, Meltzer HY. Glucocorticoid resistance in depression: The dexamethasone suppression test and lymphocyte sensitivity to dexamethasone. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 1365–1370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowy MT, Reder AT, Gormley GJ, Meltzer HY. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro glucocorticoid sensitivity in depression: relationship to the dexamethasone suppression test. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 24: 619–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu NZ, Cidlowski JA. Translational regulatory mechanisms generate N-terminal glucocorticoid receptor isoforms with unique transcriptional target genes. Mol Cell 2005; 18: 331–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddock C, Pariante CM. How does stress affect you? An overview of stress, immunity, depression and disease. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 2001; 10: 153–162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maddock C, Baita A, Orru MG, Sitzia R, Costa A, Muntoni E, et al. Psychopharmacological treatment of depression, anxiety, irritability and insomnia in patients receiving interferon-alpha: A prospective case series and a discussion of biological mechanisms. J Psychopharmacol 2004; 18: 41–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddock C, Landau S, Barry K, Maulayah P, Hotopf M, Cleare AJ, et al. Psychopathological symptoms during interferon-alpha and ribavirin treatment: effects on virologic response. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10: 332–333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mangelsdorf DJ, Thummel C, Beato M, Herrlich P, Schutz G, Umesono K, et al. The nuclear receptor superfamily: The second decade. Cell 1995; 83: 835–839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manier DH, Shelton RC, Ellis TC, Peterson CS, Eiring A, Sulser F. Human fibroblasts as a relevant model to study signal transduction in affective disorders. J Affect Disord 2000; 61: 51–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS, Biron CA, Brunson KW, Bulloch K, Chambers WH, Dhabhar FS, et al. The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: Neural, endocrine and immune interactions. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1997; 23: 79–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuade R, Young AH. Future therapeutic targets in mood disorders: The glucocorticoid receptor. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177: 390–395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merali Z, Du L, Hrdina P, Palkovits M, Faludi G, Poulter MO, et al. Dysregulation in the suicide brain: mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors and GABA(A) receptor subunits in frontal cortical brain region. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 1478–1485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merry S, Hamilton TG, Flanigan P, Freshney RI, Kaye SB. Circumvention of pleiotropic drug resistance in subcutaneous tumours in vivo with verapamil and clomipramine. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 31–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AH, Pariante CM, Pearce BD. Effects of cytokines on glucocorticoid receptor expression and function. Glucocorticoid resistance and relevance to depression. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 461: 107–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AH, Vogt GJ, Pearce BD. The phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, rolipram, enhances glucocorticoid receptor function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002; 27: 939–948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modell S, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Huber J, Krieg JC, Holsboer F. Hormonal response pattern in the combined DEX-CRH test is stable over time in subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 18: 253–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy BE. Steroids and depression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 38: 537–559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalepa I, Vetulani J. Involvement of protein kinase C in the mechanism of in vitro effects of imipramine on generation of second messengers by noradrenaline in cerebral cortical slices of the rat. Neuroscience 1991; 44: 585–590
   Google Scholar
• Nemeroff CB. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) hypothesis of depression: New findings and new directions. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1: 336–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley RH, Sar M, Cidlowski JA. The human glucocorticoid receptor beta isoform expression, biochemical properties, and putative function. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 9550–9559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okugawa G, Omori K, Suzukawa J, Fujiseki Y, Kinoshita T, Inagaki C. Long-term treatment with antidepressants increases glucocorticoid receptor binding and gene expression in cultured rat hippocampal neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 1999; 11: 887–895
   Google Scholar
• Okuyama-Tamura M, Mikuni M, Kojima I. Modulation of the human glucocorticoid receptor function by antidepressive compounds. Neurosci Lett 2003; 342: 206–210
   Google Scholar
• Pariante CM. Depression, stress and the adrenal axis. J Neuroendocrinol 2003; 15: 811–812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM. Glucocorticoid receptor function in vitro in patients with major depression. Stress 2004; 7: 209–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM. The glucocorticoid receptor: Part of the solution or part of the problem?. J Psychopharmacol 2006; 20: 79–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pariante CM, Miller AH. Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: Relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49: 391–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Landau S, Carpiniello B. Interferon alpha-induced adverse effects in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis. N Engl J Med 2002a; 347: 148–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Kim RB, Makoff A, Kerwin RW. Antidepressant fluoxetine enhances glucocorticoid receptor function in vitro by modulating membrane steroid transporters. Br J Pharmacol 2003b; 139: 1111–1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Dazzan P, Danese A, Morgan KD, Brudaglio F, Morgan C, et al. Increased pituitary volume in antipsychotic-free and antipsychotic-treated patients of the AEsop first-onset psychosis study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 1923–1931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Hye A, Williamson R, Makoff A, Lovestone S, Kerwin RW. The antidepressant clomipramine regulates cortisol intracellular concentrations and glucocorticoid receptor expression in fibroblasts and rat primary neurones. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003a; 28: 1553–1561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Makoff A, Lovestone S, Feroli S, Heyden A, Miller AH, et al. Antidepressants enhance glucocorticoid receptor function in vitro by modulating the membrane steroid transporters. Br J Pharmacol 2001a; 134: 1335–1343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Papadopoulos AS, Poon L, Checkley SA, English J, Kerwin RW, et al. A novel prednisolone suppression test for the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Biol Psychiatry 2002b; 51: 922–930
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pariante CM, Papadopoulos AS, Poon L, Cleare AJ, Checkley SA, English J, et al. Four days of citalopram increase suppression of cortisol secretion by prednisolone in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004a; 177: 200–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Pearce BD, Pisell TL, Owens MJ, Miller AH. Steroid-independent translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor by the antidepressant desipramine. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52: 571–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Pearce BD, Pisell TL, Sanchez CI, Po C, Su C, et al. The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1alpha, reduces glucocorticoid receptor translocation and function. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 4359–4366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Pearce BD, Pisell TL, Su C, Miller AH. The steroid receptor antagonists RU40555 and RU486 activate glucocorticoid receptor translocation and are not excreted by the steroid hormones transporter in L929 cells. J Endocrinol 2001b; 169: 309–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Thomas SA, Lovestone S, Makoff A, Kerwin RW. Do antidepressants regulate how cortisol affects the brain?. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004b; 29: 423–447, 2003 Curt Richter Award Paper
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariante CM, Vassilopoulou K, Velakoulis D, Phillips L, Soulsby B, Wood SJ, et al. Pituitary volume in psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2004c; 185: 5–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiffer A, Veilleux S, Barden N. Antidepressant and other centrally acting drugs regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA levels in rat brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1991; 16: 505–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepin MC, Beaulieu S, Barden N. Antidepressants regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA concentrations in primary neuronal cultures. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1989; 6: 77–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pepin MC, Govindan MV, Barden N. Increased glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter activity after antidepressant treatment. Mol Pharmacol 1992a; 41: 1016–1022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepin MC, Pothier F, Barden N. Antidepressant drug action in a transgenic mouse model of the endocrine changes seen in depression. Mol Pharmacol 1992b; 42: 991–995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pridmore S. Rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation and normalization of the dexamethasone suppression test. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 53: 33–37
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prima V, Depoix C, Masselot B, Formstecher P, Lefebvre P. Alteration of the glucocorticoid receptor subcellular localization by non steroidal compounds. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 72: 1–12
   Google Scholar
• Raison CL, Miller AH. When not enough is too much: The role of insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 1554–1565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangarajan PN, Umesono K, Evans RM. Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor function by protein kinase A. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6: 1451–1457
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rasenick MM, Chaney KA, Chen J. G protein-mediated signal transduction as a target of antidepressant and antibipolar drug action: Evidence from model systems. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57(Suppl 13)49–55
   Google Scholar
• Reid PD, Pridmore S. Dexamethasone suppression test reversal in rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation-treated depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1999; 33: 274–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rossum EF, Binder EB, Majer M, Koper JW, Ising M, Modell S, et al. Polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor gene and major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59: 681–688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin R, Dinan TJ, Scott LV. The neuroendocrinology of affective disorders. Hormones, brain and behaviour, D Pfaff, AP Arnold, AM Etgen, SE Fahrbach, PL Moss, RT Rubin. Academic Press, New York, NY 2001; 467–514
   Google Scholar
• Rupprecht R, Kornhuber J, Wodarz N, Lugauer J, Gobel C, Riederer P, et al. Lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding during depression and after clinical recovery. J Affect Disord 1991; 22: 31–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez ER, Hu JL, Zhong S, Shen P, Greene MJ, Housley PR. Potentiation of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression by heat and chemical shock. Mol Endocrinol 1994; 8: 408–421
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaaf MJM, Cidlowski JA. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action and resistance. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 83: 37–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt TJ, Meyer AS. Autoregulation of corticosteroid receptors. How, when, where, and why?. Receptor 1994; 4: 229–257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver PJ, Sigg EB, Moyer JA. Antidepressants and protein kinases: Inhibition of Ca2+-regulated myosin phosphorylation by fluoxetine and iprindole. Eur J Pharmacol 1986; 121: 65–71
   Google Scholar
• Spencer RL, Miller AH, Stein M, McEwen BS. Corticosterone regulation of type I and type II adrenal steroid receptors in brain, pituitary, and immune tissue. Brain Res 1991; 549: 236–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart JW, Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Klein DF. Defining the boundaries of atypical depression: Evidence from the HPA axis supports course of illness distinctions. J Affect Disord 2005; 86: 161–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo D, Szabo G, Jr., Ocsovszki I, Aszalos A, Molnar J. Anti-psychotic drugs reverse multidrug resistance of tumor cell lines and human AML cells ex-vivo. Cancer Lett 1999; 139: 115–119
   Google Scholar
• Tasker JG, Di S, Malcher-Lopes R. Minireview: Rapid glucocorticoid signaling via membrane-associated receptors. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 5549–5556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varga A, Nugel H, Baehr R, Marx U, Hever A, Nacsa J, et al. Reversal of multidrug resistance by amitriptyline in vitro. Anticancer Res 1996; 16: 209–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedder H, Bening-Abu-Shach U, Lanquillon S, Krieg JC. Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor-mRNA in human blood cells by amitriptyline and dexamethasone. J Psychiatr Res 1999; 33: 303–308
   Google Scholar
• Wang X, Wu H, Miller AH. Interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha) induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibits glucocorticoid receptor function. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9: 65–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wassef A, Smith EM, Rose RM, Gardner R, Nguyen H, Meyer WJ. Mononuclear leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor binding characteristics and down-regulation in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1990; 15: 59–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss J, Dormann SM, Martin-Facklam M, Kerpen CJ, Ketabi-Kiyanvash N, Haefeli WE. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by newer antidepressants. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305: 197–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalley LJ, Borthwick N, Copolov D, Dick H, Christie JE, Fink G. Glucocorticoid receptors and depression. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986; 292: 859–861
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wodarz N, Rupprecht R, Kornhuber J, Schmitz B, Wild K, Braner HU, et al. Normal lymphocyte responsiveness to lectins but impaired sensitivity to in vitro glucocorticoids in major depression. J Affect Disord 1991; 22: 241–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodarz N, Rupprecht R, Kornhuber J, Schmitz B, Wild K, Riederer P. Cell-mediated immunity and its glucocorticoid-sensitivity after clinical recovery from severe major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 1992; 25: 31–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau JL, Noble J, Thomas S, Kerwin R, Morgan PE, Lightman S, et al. The antidepressant desipramine requires the ABCB1 (Mdr1)-type P-glycoprotein to upregulate the glucocorticoid receptor in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007
   Google Scholar
• Yehuda R. Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 64(Suppl 17)41–46
   Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Boisoneau D, Mason JW, Giller EL. Glucocorticoid receptor number and cortisol excretion in mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34: 18–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Golier JA, Yang RK, Tischler L. Enhanced sensitivity to glucocorticoids in peripheral mononuclear leukocytes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 1110–1116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Grossman R, Golier JA, Wong C. The cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor response to low dose dexamethasone administration in aging combat veterans and holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52: 393–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda R, Yang RK, Golier JA, Grossman RA, Bierer LM, Tischler L. Effect of sertraline on glucocorticoid sensitivity of mononuclear leukocytes in post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31: 189–196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young EA, Haskett RF, Murphy-Weinberg V, Watson SJ, Akil H. Loss of glucocorticoid fast feedback in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 693–699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young EA, Lopez JF, Murphy-Weinberg V, Watson SJ, Akil H. Mineralocorticoid receptor function in major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 24–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AH, Gallagher P, Watson S, Del Estal D, Owen BM, Nicol FI. Improvements in neurocognitive function and mood following adjunctive treatment with mifepristone (RU-486) in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 1538–1545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuuki N, Ida I, Oshima A, Kumano H, Takahashi K, Fukuda M, et al. HPA axis normalization, estimated by DEX/CRH test, but less alteration on cerebral glucose metabolism in depressed patients receiving ECT after medication treatment failures. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112: 257–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobel AW, Yassouridis A, Frieboes RM, Holsboer F. Prediction of medium-term outcome by cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone-CRH test in patients with remitted depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 949–951
   Google Scholar
• Zobel AW, Nickel T, Sonntag A, Uhr M, Holsboer F, Ising M. Cortisol response in the combined dexamethasone/CRH test as predictor of relapse in patients with remitted depression. A prospective study. J Psychiatr Res 2001; 35: 83–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwanzger P, Baghai TC, Padberg F, Ella R, Minov C, Mikhaiel P, et al. The combined dexamethasone-CRH test before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28: 376–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar