Stabilisation of walking by intrinsic muscle properties revealed in a three-dimensional muscle-driven simulation

References

• Anderson , FC and Pandy , MG . 2001 . Dynamic optimization of human walking . J Biomech Eng , 123 : 381 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , FC and Pandy , MG . 2003 . Individual muscle contributions to support in normal walking . Gait Posture , 17 : 159 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , FC , Goldberg , SR , Pandy , MG and Delp , SL . 2004 . Contributions of muscle forces and toe-off kinematics to peak knee flexion during the swing phase of normal gait: an induced position analysis . J Biomech , 37 : 731 – 737 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold , AS , Anderson , FC , Pandy , MG and Delp , SL . 2005 . Muscular contributions to hip and knee extension during the single limb stance phase of normal gait: a framework for investigating the causes of crouch gait . J Biomech , 38 : 2181 – 2189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , IE and Loeb , GE . 2000 . “ A reductionist approach to creating and using neuromusculoskeletal models ” . In Biomechanics and Neuro-Control of Posture and Movement , Edited by: Winters , J and Crago , P . 148 – 163 . New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Cappellini , G , Ivanenko , YP , Poppele , RE and Lacquaniti , F . 2006 . Motor patterns in human walking and running . J Neurophysiol , 95 : 3426 – 3437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappozzo , A . 1983 . The forces and couples in the human trunk during level walking . J Biomech , 16 : 265 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappozzo , A , Leo , T and Pedotti , A . 1975 . A general computing method for the analysis of human locomotion . J Biomech , 8 : 307 – 320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavagna , GA and Kaneko , M . 1977 . Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running . J Physiol , 268 : 467 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowninshield , RD , Johnston , RC , Andrews , JG and Brand , RA . 1978 . A biomechanical investigation of the human hip . J Biomech , 11 : 75 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley , MA , Voloshina , A and Biewener , AA . 2009 . The role of intrinsic muscle mechanics in the neuromuscular control of stable running in the guinea fowl . J Physiol , 587 : 2693 – 2707 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delp , SL , Anderson , FC , Arnold , AS , Loan , P , Habib , A , John , CT , Guendelman , E and Thelen , DG . 2007 . OpenSim: open-source software to create and analyze dynamic simulations of movement . IEEE Trans Biomed Eng , 55 : 1940 – 1950 .
   Google Scholar
• Delp , SL , Loan , JP , Hoy , MG , Zajac , FE , Topp , EL and Rosen , JM . 1990 . An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures . IEEE Trans Biomed Eng , 37 : 757 – 767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyhre-Poulsen , P , Simonsen , EB and Voigt , M . 1991 . Dynamic control of muscle stiffness and H reflex modulation during hopping and jumping in man . J Physiol , 437 : 287 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Featherstone , R and Orin , D . 2000 . Robot dynamics: equations and algorithms . Proc IEEE Int Conf Robot Automat , : 826 – 834 .
   Google Scholar
• Friederich , JA and Brand , RA . 1990 . Muscle fiber architecture in the human lower limb . J Biomech , 23 : 91 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gareis , H , Solomonow , M , Baratta , R , Best , R and D'Ambrosia , R . 1992 . The isometric length-force models of nine different skeletal muscles . J Biomech , 25 : 903 – 916 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritsen , KGM , van den Bogert , AJ , Hulliger , M and Zernicke , RF . 1998 . Intrinsic muscle properties facilitate locomotor control – a computer simulation study . Motor Control , 2 : 206 – 220 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg , SR , Anderson , FC , Pandy , MG and Delp , SL . 2004 . Muscles that influence knee flexion velocity in double support: implications for stiff-knee gait . J Biomech , 37 : 1189 – 1196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hase , K , Miyashita , K , Ok , S and Arakawa , Y . 2003 . Human gait simulation with a neuromusculoskeletal model and evolutionary computation . J Visual Comput Animat , 14 : 73 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Higginson , JS , Zajac , FE , Neptune , RR , Kautz , SA , Burgar , CG and Delp , SL . 2006a . Effect of equinus foot placement and intrinsic muscle response on knee extension during stance . Gait Posture , 23 : 32 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higginson , JS , Zajac , FE , Neptune , RR , Kautz , SA and Delp , SL . 2006b . Muscle contributions to support during gait in an individual with post-stroke hemiparesis . J Biomech , 39 : 1769 – 1777 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inman , VT , Ralston , HJ and Todd , F . 1981 . Human walking , Baltimore, MD : Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Kadaba , MP , Ramakrishnan , HK , Wootten , ME , Gainey , J , Gorton , G and Cochran , GVB . 1989 . Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait . J Orthop Res , 7 : 849 – 860 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadaba , MP , Ramakrishnan , HK and Wootten , ME . 1990 . Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking . J Orthop Res , 8 : 383 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura , J , Daube , J , Burke , D , Hallett , M , Cruccu , G , Ongerboer de Visser , BW , Yanagisawa , N , Shimamura , M and Rothwell , J . 1994 . Human reflexes and late responses. Report of an IFCN committee . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol , 90 : 393 – 403 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuo , AD . 1998 . A least-squares estimation approach to improving the precision of inverse dynamics computations . J Biomech Eng , 120 : 148 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo , AD . 1999 . Stabilization of lateral motion in passive dynamic walking . Int J Robot Res , 18 : 917 – 930 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , MQ , Anderson , FC , Pandy , MG and Delp , SL . 2006 . Muscles that support the body also modulate forward progression during walking . J Biomech , 39 : 2623 – 2630 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , MQ , Anderson , FC , Schwartz , MH and Delp , SL . 2008 . Muscle contributions to support and progression over a range of walking speeds . J Biomech , 41 : 3243 – 3252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mille , M-L , Rogers , MW , Martinez , K , Hedman , LD , Johnson , ME and Lord , SR . 2003 . Thresholds for inducing protective stepping responses to external perturbations of human standing . J Neurophysiol , 90 : 666 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , MP , Spurr , GB , Sepic , SB , Gardner , GM and Mollinger , LA . 1985 . Treadmill vs. floor walking: kinematics, electromyogram, and heart rate . J Appl Physiol , 59 : 87 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neptune , RR , Kautz , SA and Zajac , FE . 2001 . Contributions of the individual ankle plantar flexors to support, forward progression and swing initiation during walking . J Biomech , 34 : 1387 – 1398 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neptune , RR , Zajac , FE and Kautz , SA . 2004 . Muscle force redistributes segmental power for body progression during walking . Gait Posture , 19 : 194 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neptune , RR , Sasaki , K and Kautz , SA . 2008 . The effect of walking speed on muscle function and mechanical energetics . Gait Posture , 28 : 135 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriarco , AG , Mann , RW , Simon , SR and Mansour , JM . 1981 . An evaluation of the approaches of optimization models in the prediction of muscle forces during human gait . J Biomech , 14 : 513 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry , J. 1992 . Gait Analysis: Normal and pathological function , Thorofare, NJ : SLACK Incorporated .
   Google Scholar
• Rack , PMH and Westbury , DR . 1974 . The short range stiffness of active mammalian muscle and its effect on mechanical properties . J Physiol , 240 : 331 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raibert , MH and Hodgins , JK . 1991 . Animation of dynamic legged locomotion . Comput Graph , 25 : 349 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Reis , DJ . 1961 . The palmomental reflex: a fragment of a general nociceptive skin reflex: a physiological study in normal man . Arch Neurol , 4 : 486 – 498 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts , TJ and Azizi , E . 2010 . The series-elastic shock absorber: tendons attenuate muscle power during eccentric actions . J Appl Physiol , 109 : 396 – 404 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roby-Brami , A and Bussel , B . 1987 . Long-latency spinal reflex in man after flexor reflex afferent stimulation . Brain , 110 : 707 – 725 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillings , AM , Van Wezel , BMH , Mulder , T and Duysens , J . 1999 . Widespread short-latency stretch reflexes and their modulation during stumbling over obstacles . Brain Res , 816 : 480 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahani , BT and Young , RR . 1971 . Human flexor reflexes . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , 34 : 616 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taga , G . 1995 . A model of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system for human locomotion: I. emergence of basic gait . Biol Cybern , 73 : 97 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelen , DG . 2003 . Adjustment of muscle mechanics model parameters to simulate dynamic contractions in older adults . J Biomech Eng , 125 : 70 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelen , DG and Anderson , FC . 2006 . Using computed muscle control to generate forward dynamic simulations of human walking from experimental data . J Biomech , 39 : 1107 – 1115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickiewicz , TL , Roy , RR , Powell , PL and Edgerton , VR . 1983 . Muscle architecture of the human lower limb . Clin Orthop Relat Res , 179 : 275 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakovenko , S , Gritsenko , V and Prochazka , A . 2004 . Contribution of stretch reflexes to locomotor control: a modeling study . Biol Cybern , 90 : 146 – 155 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zajac , FE . 1989 . Muscle and tendon: properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control . Crit Rev Biomed Eng , 17 : 359 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac , FE and Gordon , ME . 1989 . Determining muscle's force and action in multi-articular movement . Exerc Sport Sci Rev , 17 : 187 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar