528
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Scalable musculoskeletal model for dynamic simulations of upper body movement

, &
Pages 306-337 | Received 28 Oct 2022, Accepted 07 Feb 2023, Published online: 06 Mar 2023

References

  • Alexander RM. 1984. The gaits of bipedal and quadrupedal animals. Int J Robot Res. 3(2):49–59.
  • Alexander RM. 1990. Optimum take-off techniques for high and long jumps. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Series B Biol Sci. 329(1252):3–10.
  • Ackermann M, van den Bogert AJ. 2010. Optimality principles for model-based prediction of human gait. J Biomech. 43(6):1055–1060.
  • Alderink GJ, Kuck DJ. 1986. Isokinetic shoulder strength of high school and college-aged pitchers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 7(4):163–172.
  • Amis AA, Dowson D, Wright V. 1980. Analysis of elbow forces due to high-speed forearm movements. J Biomech. 13(10):825–831.
  • Banerjee JM, McPhee J. 2013. Symbolic sensitivity analysis of multibody systems. Comput Methods Appl Sci. 28:123–146.
  • Bańkosz Z, Winiarski S. 2018. Correlations between angular velocities in selected joints and velocity of table tennis racket during topspin Forehand and Backhand. J Sports Sci Med. 17(2):330–338.
  • Bell S, McPhee J. 2022. Muscle torque generator model for a two degree-of-freedom shoulder joint. In Proceedings of the North American Congress on Biomechanics, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Anderson DE, Madigan ML, Nussbaum MA. 2007. Maximum voluntary joint torque as a function of joint angle and angular velocity: Model development and application to the lower limb. J Biomech. 40(14):3105–3113.
  • Anderson FC, Pandy MG. 2001. Static and dynamic optimization solutions for gait are practically equivalent. J Biomech. 34(2):153–161.
  • Brown C. 2018. Predictive forward dynamic simulation of manual wheelchair propulsion [Ph.D. dissertation]. Waterloo, ON, Canada: University of Waterloo.
  • Buchanan TS, Delp SL, Solbeck JA. 1998. Muscular resistance to varus and valgus loads at the elbow. J Biomech Eng. 120(5):634–639.
  • Buchanan TS, Lloyd DG, Manal K, Besier TF. 2004. Neuromusculoskeletal modeling: estimation of muscle forces and joint moments and movements from measurements of neural command. J Appl Biomech. 20(4):367–395.
  • Cardona M, García Cena CE. 2019. Biomechanical analysis of the lower limb: A full-body musculoskeletal model for muscle-driven simulation. IEEE Access. 7:92709–92723.
  • Carpenter MB. 1968. The co-ordination and regulation of movements. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 27(2):348.
  • Cazzola D, Holsgrove TP, Preatoni E, Gill HS, Trewartha G. 2017. Cervical spine injuries: a whole-body musculoskeletal model for the analysis of spinal loading. PLoS One. 12(1):e0169329.
  • Côté JN, Raymond D, Mathieu PA, Feldman AG, Levin MF. 2005. Differences in multi-joint kinematic patterns of repetitive hammering in healthy, fatigued and shoulder-injured individuals. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 20(6):581–590.
  • Brown C, McNally W, McPhee J. 2020. Optimal control of joint torques using direct collocation to maximize ball carry distance in a golf swing. Multibody Syst Dyn. 50(3):323–333.
  • Brown C, McPhee J. 2020. Predictive forward dynamic simulation of manual wheelchair propulsion on a rolling dynamometer. Trans ASME, J Biomech Eng. 142(7):071008.
  • Damsgaard M, Rasmussen J, Christensen ST, Surma E, de Zee M. 2006. Analysis of musculoskeletal systems in the Anybody modeling system. Simul Modell Pract Theory. 14(8):1100–1111.
  • Delp SL, Grierson AE, Buchanan TS. 1996. Maximum isometric moments generated by the wrist muscles in flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation. J Biomech. 29(10):1371–1375.
  • Destarac MA, García Cena CE, Saltarén Pazmiño RJ, Reyes Urbina MJ, López López J, Gómez RE. 2016. Modeling and simulation of upper brachial plexus injury. IEEE Syst J. 10(3):912–921.
  • Doriot N, Wang X. 2006. Effects of age and gender on maximum voluntary range of motion of the upper body joints. Ergonomics. 49(3):269–281.
  • Dudley GA, Harris RT, Duvoisin MR, Hather BM, Buchanan P. 1990. Effect of voluntary vs. artificial activation on the relationship of muscle torque to speed. J Appl Physiol (1985). 69(6):2215–2221.
  • Dumas R, Chèze L, Verriest JP. 2007. Adjustments to McConville et al. and Young et al. body segment inertial parameters. J Biomech. 40(3):543–553.
  • Durkin JL, Dowling JJ. 2003. Analysis of body segment parameter differences between four human populations and the estimation errors of four popular mathematical models. J Biomech Eng. 125(4):515–522.
  • Dvir Z, Prushansky T. 2000. Reproducibility and instrument validity of a new ultrasonography-based system for measuring cervical spine kinematics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 15(9):658–664.
  • Engin AE, Kaleps I. 1980. Active muscle torques about long-bone axes of major human joints. Aviat Space Environ Med. 51(6):551–555.
  • Ezati M, Ghannadi B, McPhee J. 2019. A review of simulation methods for human movement dynamics with emphasis on gait. Multibody Syst Dyn. 47(3):265–292.
  • Febrer-Nafría M, Nasr A, Ezati M, Brown P, Font-Llagunes JM, McPhee J. 2022. Predictive multibody dynamic simulation of human neuromusculoskeletal systems: a review. Multibody Syst Dyn. in press.
  • Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Serrao G, Grassi GP, Mossi E. 2002. Active range of motion of the head and cervical spine: a three-dimensional investigation in healthy young adults. J Orthop Res. 20(1):122–129.
  • Flash T, Hogan N. 1985. The coordination of arm movements: an experimentally confirmed mathematical model. J Neurosci. 5(7):1688–1703.
  • Forrester SE, Yeadon MR, King MA, Pain MT. 2011. Comparing different approaches for determining joint torque parameters from isovelocity dynamometer measurements. J Biomech. 44(5):955–961.
  • Frey-Law LA, Laake A, Avin KG, Heitsman J, Marler T, Abdel-Malek K. 2012. Knee and elbow 3D strength surfaces: peak torque-angle-velocity relationships. J Appl Biomech. 28(6):726–737.
  • Fu WY, Cheng G, Ma YF, Yang AP. 2016. Experimental research of range of motion about wrist joint. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management, vol. 9745. Toronto, ON, Canada: Springer, p. 3–12.
  • Gallagher MA, Cuomo F, Polonsky L, Berliner K, Zuckerman JD. 1997. “Effects of age, testing speed, and arm dominance on isokinetic strength of the elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 6(4):340–346.
  • Garner BA, Pandy MG. 2001. Musculoskeletal model of the upper limb based on the visible human male dataset. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 4(2):93–126.
  • Gentil P, Fischer B, Martorelli AS, Lima RM, Bottaro M. 2015. “Effects of equal-volume resistance training performed one or two times a week in upper body muscle size and strength of untrained young men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 55(3):144. 149.
  • Ghannadi B, Mehrabi N, Razavian RS, McPhee J. 2017. Nonlinear model predictive control of an upper extremity rehabilitation robot using a two-dimensional human-robot interaction model. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on intelligent robots and systems. Vancouver, BC, Canada: IEEE, p. 502–507.
  • Ghannadi B, Razavian RS, McPhee J. 2018. Upper extremity rehabilitation robots: A survey. In Handbook of biomechatronics. San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier, ch. 9, p. 319–353.
  • Gonzalez RV. 1994. A computational musculoskeletal model of the human elbow and forearm in the analysis of ballistic movements [Ph.D. dissertation]. Austin, TX, USA: The University of Texas at Austin.,
  • Haering D, Pontonnier C, Bideau N, Nicolas G, Dumont G. 2019. Using torque-angle and torque-velocity models to characterize elbow mechanical function: modeling and applied aspects. Trans ASME J Biomech Eng. 141(8):084501.
  • Harbo T, Brincks J, Andersen H. 2012. Maximal isokinetic and isometric muscle strength of major muscle groups related to age, body mass, height, and sex in 178 healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 112(1):267–275.
  • Hayford CF, Montefiori E, Pratt E, Mazzà C. 2020. Predicting longitudinal changes in joint contact forces in a juvenile population: scaled generic versus subject-specific musculoskeletal models. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 23(13):1014–1025.
  • Hoang PD, Gorman RB, Todd G, Gandevia SC, Herbert RD. 2005. A new method for measuring passive length-tension properties of human gastrocnemius muscle in vivo. J Biomech. 38(6):1333–1341.
  • Hughes RE, Johnson ME, O'Driscoll SW, An KN. 1999. Age-related changes in normal isometric shoulder strength. Am J Sports Med. 27(5):651–657.
  • Hutchins EL. 1993. The musculoskeletal geometry of the human elbow and wrist: An analysis using torque-angle relationships [Ph.D. dissertation]. Austin, TX, USA: University of Texas at Austin.
  • Inkol KA, Brown C, McNally W, Jansen C, McPhee J. 2020. Muscle torque generators in multibody dynamic simulations of optimal sports performance. Multibody Syst Dyn. 50(4):435–452.
  • Jansen C, McPhee J. 2020. Predictive dynamic simulation of Olympic track cycling standing start using direct collocation optimal control. Multibody Syst Dyn. 49(1):53. 70.
  • Jordan A, Mehlsen J, Bülow PM, Ostergaard K, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. 1999. “Maximal isometric strength of the cervical musculature in 100 healthy volunteers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 24(13):1343–1348.
  • Katz B. 1939. The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction. J Physiol. 96(1):45–64.
  • Keller TS, Roy AL. 2002. Posture-dependent isometric trunk extension and flexion strength in normal male and female subjects. J Spinal Disord Tech. 15(4):312–318.
  • King MA, Wilson C, Yeadon MR. 2006. Evaluation of a torque-driven model of jumping for height. J Appl Biomech. 22(4):264–274.
  • Kramer JF, Nusca D, Bisbee L, MacDermid J, Kemp D, Boley S. 1994. Forearm pronation and supination: reliability of absolute torques and nondorninant/dorninant ratios. J Hand Therapy. 7(1):15–20.
  • Kumar S. 1996. Isolated planar trunk strengths measurement in normals: part III - Results and database. Int J Ind Ergon. 17(2):103–111.
  • Laschowski B, Razavian RS, McPhee J. 2021. Simulation of stand-to-sit biomechanics for robotic exoskeletons and prostheses with energy regeneration. IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics. 3(2):455–462.
  • Lewis MG, Yeadon MR, King MA. 2018. The effect of accounting for biarticularity in hip flexor and hip extensor joint torque representations. Hum Mov Sci. 57:388–399.
  • MacKenzie SJ, Sprigings EJ. 2009. A three-dimensional forward dynamics model of the golf swing. Sports Eng. 11(4):165–175.
  • McConville JT, Churchill T, Kaleps I, Clauser CE, Cuzzi J. 1980. Anthropometric relationships of body and body segment moments of inertia. Dayton, OH, USA: Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division. Technical Report.
  • McNally W, McPhee J. 2018. Dynamic optimization of the golf swing using a six degree-of-freedom biomechanical model. In Proceedings, vol. 2. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: MDPI, p. 243.
  • Mehrabi N, Razavian RS, Ghannadi B, McPhee J. 2017. Predictive simulation of reaching moving targets using nonlinear model predictive control. Front Comput Neurosci. 10:143.
  • Meyer AJ. 2016. Prediction of optimal rehabilitation outcomes post-stroke [Ph.D. dissertation]. Gainesville, FL, USA: University of Florida.
  • Mombaur KD, Clever D. 2017. Inverse optimal control as a tool to understand human movement. In Laumond J-P, Mansard N, Lasserre J-B, editors. Geometric and numerical foundations of movements. Cham: Springer, vol. 117, p. 163. 186.
  • Moromizato K, Kimura R, Fukase H, Yamaguchi K, Ishida H. 2016. Whole-body patterns of the range of joint motion in young adults: masculine type and feminine type. J Physiol Anthropol. 35(1):1–12.
  • Nasr A, Arami A, McPhee J. 2019. Optimal cost function for predicting upper-limb movement with external load. In Proceedings of the 16th annual Ontario Biomechanics Conference, Alliston, ON, Canada.
  • Nasr A, Bell S, He J, Whittaker RL, Jiang N, Dickerson CR, McPhee J. 2021b. MuscleNET: Mapping electromyography to kinematic and dynamic biomechanical variables. J Neural Eng. 18(4):0460d3.
  • Nasr A, Bell S, McPhee J. 2023. Optimal design of active-passive shoulder exoskeletons: a computational modeling of human-robot interaction. Multibody Syst Dyn. 57(1):73–106.
  • Nasr A, Ferguson S, McPhee J. 2022a. Model-based design and optimization of passive shoulder exoskeletons. J Comput Nonlinear Dyn. 17(5):051004.
  • Nasr A, Hashemi A, McPhee J. 2022b. Model-based mid-level regulation for assist-as-needed hierarchical control of wearable robots: a computational study of human-robot adaptation. Robotics (Basel). 11(1):20.
  • Nasr A, Inkol KA, Bell S, McPhee J. 2021c. InverseMuscleNET: Alternative machine learning solution to static optimization and inverse muscle modelling. Front Comput Neurosci. 15:759489.
  • Nasr A, Laschowski B, McPhee J. 2021a. Myoelectric control of robotic leg prostheses and exoskeletons: a review. In Proceedings of the ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, vol. 85444. ASME, p. 69203.
  • Nasr A, McPhee J. 2022a. Multibody constrained dynamic modelling of human-exoskeleton: toward optimal design and control of an active-passive wearable robot. In Proceedings of the 6th Joint International Conference on Multibody System Dynamics and the 10th Asian Conference on Multibody System Dynamics. New Delhi, India: Springer, p. 189.
  • Nasr A, McPhee J. 2022b. Biarticular MuscleNET: a machine learning model of biarticular muscles. In Proceedings of the North American Congress on Biomechanics, Ottawa, Canada.
  • Dvir Z. 1997. An isokinetic study of submaximal effort in elbow flexion. Percept Mot Skills. 84(3 Pt 2):1431–1438.
  • Hincapie JG, Kirsch RF. 2007. EMG-based control for a C5/C6 spinal cord injury upper extremity neuroprosthesis. In Proceedings of the annual international conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and biology. Lyon, France: IEEE, p. 2432–2435.
  • Lewis MG, Yeadon MR, King MA. 2021. Are torque-driven simulation models of human movement limited by an assumption of monoarticularity? Appl Sci. 11(9):3852.
  • Morrison TM, Pathmanathan P, Adwan M, Margerrison E. 2018. Advancing regulatory science with computational modeling for medical devices at the FDA’s office of science and engineering laboratories. Medicine. 5(SEP):1–11.
  • Neptune RR, Hull ML. 1998. Evaluation of performance criteria for simulation of submaximal steady-state cycling using a forward dynamic model. J Biomech Eng. 120(3):334–341.
  • Nordin M, Frankel VH. 2001. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Nussbaum MA, Iridiastadi H, Wojcik, LA, Yassierli. 2007. The influence of age on isometric endurance and fatigue is muscle dependent: a study of shoulder abduction and torso extension. Ergonomics. 50(1):26–45.
  • Okada T, Hakkaku T, Iwai K, Nakazato K. 2021. Weight category-dependent trunk muscle strength and its relation with LBP in elite judokas. Sports Med Int Open. 5(1):E14–E21.
  • Otis JC, Warren RF, Backus SI, Santner TJ, Mabrey JD. 1990. “Torque production in the shoulder of the normal young adult male. Am J Sports Med. 18(2):119–123.
  • Parijat P, Lockhart TE, Liu J. 2015. EMG and kinematic responses to unexpected slips after slip training in virtual reality. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 62(2):593–599.
  • Pavol MJ, Owings TM, Grabiner MD. 2002. Body segment inertial parameter estimation for the general population of older adults. J Biomech. 35(5):707–712.
  • Pina-Martinez E, Roberts R, Leal-Merlo S, Rodriguez-Leal E. 2018. Vision system-based design and assessment of a novel shoulder joint mechanism for an enhanced workspace upper limb exoskeleton. Appl Bionics Biomech. 2018:1–14.
  • Razavian RS, Ghannadi B, McPhee J. 2019. On the relationship between muscle synergies and redundant degrees of freedom in musculoskeletal systems. Front Comput Neurosci. 13:23.
  • Razavian RS, McPhee J. 2015. Minimization of muscle fatigue as the criterion to solve muscle forces-sharing problem. In Proceedings of the ASME dynamic systems and control conference, vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio, USA: ASME, p. V001T15A001.
  • Reid JG, Jensen RK. 1990. Human body segment inertia parameters: A survey and status report. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 18(1):225–241.
  • Reinkensmeyer DJ, Wynne JH, Harkema SJ. 2002. A robotic tool for studying locomotor adaptation and rehabilitation. In Proceedings of the annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology, vol. 3. Houston, TX, USA: IEEE, p. 2353–2354.
  • Ren LL, Qian Z, Ren LL. 2014. “Biomechanics of musculoskeletal system and its biomimetic implications: A review. J Bionic Eng. 11(2):159. 175.
  • Roberson JM, Witt P, Gross MT. 1997. A comparison of trunk extensor strength and squat lifting ability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 25(2):137–144.
  • Robertson DGE, Caldwell GE, Hamill J, Kamen G, Whittlesey SN. 2014. Research methods in biomechanics. Human Kinetics, Inc., Edwards Brothers, USA.
  • Rockenfeller R, Günther M, Schmitt S, Götz T. 2015. Comparative sensitivity analysis of muscle activation dynamics. Comput Math Methods Med. 2015:1–16.
  • Romero F, Alonso FJ. 2016. A comparison among different Hill-type contraction dynamics formulations for muscle force estimation. Mech Sci. 7(1):19–29.
  • Seth A, Dong M, Matias R, Delp SL. 2019. Muscle contributions to upper-extremity movement and work from a musculoskeletal model of the human shoulder. Front Neurorobot. 13:90.
  • Shadmehr R, Holcomb HH. 1999. Inhibitory control of competing motor memories. Exp Brain Res. 126(2):235–251.
  • Shah H, Tripathi S, Lee LF, Krovi V. 2010. Role of automated symbolic generation of equations of motion in mechanism and robotics education. In Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference, vol. 2. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: ASME, p. 995–1002.
  • Shao Z, Wu Q, Chen B, Wu H. 2019. Force and deformation transmission characteristics of a compliant tendon–sheath actuation system based on Hill-type muscle model. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 233(7):695–705.
  • Shourijeh MS, Mehrabi N, McPhee JJ, Fregly BJ. 2020. Advances in musculoskeletal modeling and their application to neurorehabilitation. Front Neurorobot. 14:65.
  • Silva RT, Gracitelli GC, Saccol MF, Frota De Souza Laurino C, Silva AC, Braga-Silva JL. 2006. Shoulder strength profile in elite junior tennis players: horizontal adduction and abduction isokinetic evaluation. Br J Sports Med. 40(6):513–517.
  • Simoneau M, Denninger M, Hain TC. 2008. Role of loading on head stability and effective neck stiffness and viscosity. J Biomech. 41(10):2097–2103.
  • Söderman K, Bergström E, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. 2000. Bone mass and muscle strength in young female soccer players. Calcif Tissue Int. 67(4):297–303.
  • Soucie JM, Wang C, Forsyth A, Funk S, Denny M, Roach KE, Boone D. 2011. Range of motion measurements: reference values and a database for comparison studies. Haemophilia. 17(3):500–507.
  • Sprigings EJ. 1986. Simulation of the force enhancement phenomenon in muscle. Comput Biol Med. 16(6):423–430.
  • Staudte HW, Duhr N. 1994. Age- and sex-dependent force-related function of the cervical spine. Eur Spine J. 3(3):155–161.
  • Thelen DG, Lenz A, Hernandez A. 2011. Measurement and simulation of joint motion induced via biarticular muscles during human walking. Procedia IUTAM. 2:290–296.
  • Thelen DG. 2003. Adjustment of muscle mechanics model parameters to simulate dynamic contractions in older adults. J Biomech Eng. 125(1):70–77.
  • Timm KE. 1997. The isokinetic torque curve of shoulder instability in high school baseball pitchers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 26(3):150–154.
  • Van Den Tillaar R, Ettema G. 2007. A three-dimensional analysis of overarm throwing in experienced handball players. J Appl Biomech. 23(1):12–19.
  • van Soest AJ, Bobbert MF. 1993. The contribution of muscle properties in the control of explosive movements. Biol Cybern. 69(3):195–204.
  • Vanswearingen JM. 1983. Measuring wrist muscle strength. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 4(4):217–228.
  • Vasavada AN, Li S, Delp SL. 2001. Three-dimensional isometric strength of neck muscles in humans. Spine. 26(17):1904–1909.
  • Weir JP, Wagner LL, Housh TJ, Johnson GO. 1992. Horizontal abduction and adduction strength at the shoulder of high school wrestlers across age. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 15(4):183–186.
  • Willson AM, Anderson AJ, Richburg CA, Muir BC, Czerniecki J, Steele KM, Aubin PM. 2023. Full body musculoskeletal model for simulations of gait in persons with transtibial amputation. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 26(4):412–423.
  • Winters JM, Kleweno DG. 1993. Effect of initial upper-limb alignment on muscle contributions to isometric strength curves. J Biomech. 26(2):143–153.
  • Winters JM. 1990. Hill-based muscle models: A systems engineering perspective. In Multiple muscle systems. New York, NY, USA: Springer, ch. 5, p. 69–93.
  • Wu G, Van Der Helm FC, Veeger HE, Makhsous M, Van Roy P, Anglin C, Nagels J, Karduna AR, McQuade K, Wang X, et al. 2005. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion - Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Biomech. 38(5):981–992.
  • Yamaguchi GT. 2006. Dynamic modeling of musculoskeletal motion: a vectorized approach for biomechanical analysis in three dimensions, 1st ed. Boston, MA, USA: Springer.
  • Yeadon MR, King MA, Wilson C. 2006. Modelling the maximum voluntary joint torque/angular velocity relationship in human movement. J Biomech. 39(3):476–482.
  • Yoon YS, Mansour JM. 1982. The passive elastic moment at the hip. J Biomech. 15(12):905–910.
  • Zhang L, Liu G, Yan Y, Han B, Li H, Ma J, Wang X. 2022. A subject-specific musculoskeletal model to predict the tibiofemoral contact forces during daily living activities. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 1–14.
  • Zhang Q, Wang X, Tian M, Shen X, Wu Q. 2018. Modeling of novel compound tendon-sheath artificial muscle inspired by hill muscle model. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 65(8):6372–6381.
  • Zhu Y, Zhang G, Zhang C, Liu G, Zhao J. 2015. Biomechanical modeling and load-carrying simulation of lower limb exoskeleton. BME. 26(s1):S729–S738.
  • Zuzgina O, Wdowski MM. 2019. Asymmetry of dominant and non-dominant shoulders in university level men and women volleyball players. Hum Mov. 20(4):19–27.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.