Development and airborne operation of a compact water isotope ratio infrared spectrometerFootnote†

^†Originally presented at the JESIUM 2008 Conference (31 August–5 September 2008, Presqu'île de Giens, France).

References

• Rosenlof , K. H. , Oltmans , S. J. , Kley , D. , Russell III , J. M. , Chiou , E.-W. , Chu , W. P. , Johnson , D. G. , Kelly , K. K. , Michelsen , H. A. , Nedoluha , G. E. , Remsberg , E. E. , Toon , G. C. and McCormick , M. P. 2001 . Stratospheric Water Vapor Increases Over the Past Half-Century . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 28 : 1195
   Google Scholar
• Forster , P. M. and Shine , K. P. 2002 . Assessing the Climate Impact of Trends in Stratospheric Water Vapor . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 29 : 1086
   Google Scholar
• Kirk-Davidoff , D. B. , Anderson , J. G. , Hintsa , E. J. and Keith , D. W. 1999 . The Effect of Climate Change on Ozone Depletion Through Changes in Stratospheric Water Vapor . Nature , 402 : 399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessler , A. E. 1998 . A Reexamination of the “Stratospheric Fountain” Hypothesis . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 25 : 4165
   Google Scholar
• Kaye , J. A. 1990 . Analysis of the Origins and Implications of the 18O Content of Stratospheric Water Vapor . J. Atmos. Chem. , 10 : 39
   Google Scholar
• Moyer , E. J. , Irion , F. W. , Yung , Y. L. and Gunson , M. R. 1996 . ATMOS Stratospheric Deuterated Water and Implications for Troposphere–Stratosphere Transport . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 23 ( 17 ) : 2385
   Google Scholar
• Keith , W. 2000 . Stratospheric-Tropospheric Exchange: Inferences from the Isotopic Composition of Water Vapor . J. Geophys. Res. , 105 : 15167
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood , S. C. and Dessler , A. E. 2001 . A Model for Transport Across the Tropical Tropopause . J. Atmos. Sci. , 58 : 765
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. G. , Jucks , K. W. , Traub , W. A. and Chance , K. V. 2001 . Isotopic Composition of Stratospheric Water Vapor: Implications for Transport . J. Geophys. Res , D106 : 12211 ibid., 12219 (2001)
   Google Scholar
• Dessler , A. E. and Sherwood , S. C. 2003 . A Model of HDO in the Tropical Tropopause Layer . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 3 : 2173
   Google Scholar
• Kuang , Z. , Toon , G. C. , Wennberg , P. O. and Yung , Y. L. 2003 . Measured HDO/H2O Ratios Across the Tropical Tropopause . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 30 ( 7 ) : 1372
   Google Scholar
• Bechtel , C. and Zahn , A. 2003 . The Isotope Composition of Water Vapour: A Powerful Tool to Study Transport and Chemistry of Middle Atmospheric Water Vapour . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 3 : 3991
   Google Scholar
• Clark , I. D. and Fritz , P. 1997 . Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dansgaard , W. 1964 . Stable Isotopes in Precipitation . Tellus , 16 : 436
   Google Scholar
• Jouzel , J. 1986 . “ Isotopes in Cloud Physics: Multistep and Multistage Processes, The Terrestrial Environment B ” . In Handbook of Environmental Isotopes Geochemistry , Edited by: Fritz , P. and Fontes , J. C. Vol. 2 , 61 – 112 . New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Holton , J. R. and Gettelman , A. 2001 . Horizontal Transport and the Dehydration of the Stratosphere . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 28 : 2799
   Google Scholar
• Webster , C. R. and Heymsfield , A. 2003 . Water Isotope Ratios D/H, O, O In and Out of Clouds Map Dehydration Pathways . Science , 302 : 1742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanisco , T. F. , Moyer , E. J. , Weinstock , E. M. , St Clair , J. M. , Sayres , D. S. , Smith , J. B. , Lockwood , R. , Anderson , J. G. , Dessler , A. E. , Keutsch , F. N. , Spackman , J. R. , Read , W. G. and Bui , T. P. 2007 . Observations of Deep Convective Influence on Stratospheric Water Vapor and its Isotopic Composition . Geophys. Res. Lett. , 34 : L04814; doi:10.1029/2006GL027899
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franz , P. and Röckmann , Th. 2005 . High-Precision Isotope Measurements of H O, H O, H O, and the Δ17O-Anomaly of Water Vapor in the Southern Lowermost Stratosphere . Atmos. Chem. Phys , 5 : 2949
   Google Scholar
• Zahn , A. , Barth , V. , Pfeilsticker , K. and Platt , U. 1998 . Deuterium, Oxygen-18 and Tritium as Tracers for Water Vapour Transport in the Lower Stratosphere and Tropopause Region . J. Atmos. Chem. , 30 : 25
   Google Scholar
• Steinwagner , J. , Milz , M. , von Clarmann , T. , Glatthor , N. , Grabowski , U. , Höpfner , M. , Stiller , G. P. and Röckmann , Th. 2007 . Global HDO Measurements with MIPAS . Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 7 : 2601
   Google Scholar
• D.S. Sayres, E.J. Moyer, T.F. Hanisco, J.M. St. Clair, F.N. Keutsch, A. O'Brien, N.T. Allen, L. Lapson, J.N. Demusz, M. Rivero, T. Martin, M. Greenberg, C. Tuozzolo, G.S. Engel, J.H. Kroll, J. Paul, and J.G. Anderson, A New Cavity Based Absorption Instrument for the Detection of Water Isotopologues in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (28 March 2008) http://www.arp.harvard.edu/atmobs/sciobj/instrument/IcosInstrumentPaper.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Moyer , E. J. , Sayres , D. S. , Engel , G. S. , Clair , J. M. St. , Keutsch , F. N. , Allen , N. T. , Kroll , J. H. and Anderson , J. G. 2008 . Design Considerations in High-Sensitivity Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy . Appl. Phys. B , 92 ( 3 ) : 467
   Google Scholar
• Kerstel , E. R.Th. , Iannone , R. Q. , Chenevier , M. , Kassi , S. , Jost , H.-J. and Romanini , D. 2006 . A Water Isotope (2H, 17O, and 18O) Spectrometer Based on Optical-Feedback Cavity Enhanced Absorption for In-situ Airborne Applications . Appl. Phys. B , 85 ( 2–3 ) : 397
   Google Scholar
• Morville , J. , Kassi , S. , Chenevier , M. and Romanini , D. 2005 . Fast, Low-Noise, Mode-by-Mode, Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy by Diode-Laser Self-Locking . Appl. Phys. B , 80 : 1027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessler , A. E. and Minschwaner , K. 2007 . An Analysis of the Regulation of Tropical Tropospheric Water Vapor . J. Geophys. Res , 112 : D10120; doi:10.1029/2006JD007683
   Google Scholar
• Franz , P. and Röckmann , Th. 2004 . A New Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry System for the Analysis of δ2H, δ17O and δ18O of Small (120 μg) Water Samples in Atmospheric Application . Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom , 18 : 1429
   Google Scholar
• Viciani , S. , D'Amato , F. , Mazzinghi , P. , Castagnoli , F. , Toci , G. and Werle , P. 2008 . A Cryogenic Operated Diode-Laser Spectrometer for Airborne Measurement of Stratospheric Trace Gases . Appl. Phys. B , 90 : 581
   Google Scholar
• Rothman , L. S. , Jacquemart , D. , Barbe , A. , Benner , D. C. , Birk , M. , Brown , L. R. , Carleer , M. R. , Chackerian , C. , Chance , K. , Coudert , L. H. , Dana , V. , Devi , V. M. , Flaud , J. M. , Gamache , R. R. , Goldman , A. , Hartmann , J. M. , Jucks , K. W. , Maki , A. G. , Mandin , J. Y. , Massie , S. T. , Orphal , J. , Perrin , A. , Rinsland , C. P. , Smith , M. A.H. , Tennyson , J. , Tolchenov , R. N. , Toth , R. A. , Vander Auwera , J. , Varanasi , P. and Wagner , G. 2005 . HITRAN Molecular Database . J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. , 96 : 139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstel , E. R.Th. 2004 . “ Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectrometry, Chapter 34 ” . In Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques , Edited by: de Groot , P. A. 759 – 787 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Gonfiantini , R. 1978 . Standards for Stable Isotope Measurements in Natural Compounds . Nature , 271 : 534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannone , R. Q. , Romanini , D. , Kassi , S. , Meijer , H. A.J. and Kerstel , E. R.T. A Microdrop Generator for the Calibration of a Water Vapor Isotope Ratio Spectrometer . J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. , (accepted 2008). doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1218.1
   Google Scholar
• G. Hut, Report to the Director General, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1987)
   Google Scholar
• R. Gonfiantini, Advisory Group Meeting on Stable Isotope Reference Samples for Geochemical and Hydrological Investigations, IAEA, Vienna (1984)
   Google Scholar
• Kerstel , E. R.Th. , van Trigt , R. , Dam , N. , Reuss , J. and Meijer , H. A.J. 1999 . Simultaneous Determination of the 2H/1H, O, and O Isotope Abundance Ratios in Water by Means of Laser Spectrometry . Anal. Chem. , 71 : 5297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstel , E. R.Th. , Gagliardi , G. , Gianfrani , L. , Meijer , H. A.J. , van Trigt , R. and Ramaker , R. 2002 . Determination of the 2H/1H, O, and O Isotope Ratios in Water by Means of Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy at 1.39 μm . Spectrochimica Acta Part A , 58 : 2389
   Google Scholar
• Kiemle , C. , Wirth , M. , Fix , A. , Ehret , G. , Schumann , U. , Gardiner , T. , Schiller , C. , Sitnikov , N. and Stiller , G. 2008 . First Airborne Water Vapor Lidar Measurements in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Mid-Latitudes Lower Stratosphere: Accuracy Evaluation and Intercomparison with Other Instruments . Atmos. Chem. Phys , 8 : 5245
   Google Scholar
• Majoube , M. 1971 . Fractionnement en oxygène-18 et en deutérium entre l'eau et sa vapeur . Jour. Chem. Phys , 197 : 1423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlivat , L. and Nief , G. 1967 . Fractionnement isotopique lors de changement d’état solide-vapeur et liquide-vapeur de l’éau a des temperatures à 0°C . Tellus , 19 : 122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IAEA/WMO, Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation, The GNIP Database, accessible at: http://isohis.iaea.org (2006)
   Google Scholar
• IAEA, GNIP Maps and Animations, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, accessible at: http://isohis.iaea.org (2001)
   Google Scholar
• Meijer , H. and Li , W. 1998 . The Use of Electrolysis for Accurate 17O and 18O Isotope Measurements in Water Isotopes . Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. , 34 : 349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm , K. , Hoffmann , G. , Langmann , B. and Stichler , W. 2005 . Simulation of δ18O in Precipitation by the Regional Circulation Model REMOiso . Hydrol. Processes , 19 : 3425
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassar , R. , Bernath , P. F. , Boone , C. D. , Gettelman , A. , McLeod , S. D. and Rinsland , C. P. 2007 . Variability in HDO/H2O Abundance Ratios in the Tropical Tropopause Layer . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : D21305; doi:10.1029/2007JD008417
   Google Scholar
• Dessler , A. E. , Hanisco , T. F. and Fueglistaler , S. 2007 . Effects of Convective Ice Lofting on H2O and HDO in the Tropical Tropopause Layer . J. Geophys. Res. , 112 : D18309; doi:10.1029/2007JD008609
   Google Scholar
• Young , E. D. , Galy , A. and Nagahara , H. 2002 . Kinetic and Equilibrium Mass-Dependent Isotope Fractionation Laws in Nature and Their Geochemical and Cosmochemical Significance . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 66 : 1095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mook , W. G. 2000 . Environmental Isotopes in Hydrological Cycle, Principles and Applications , Vol. 1 , Vienna : IAEA .
   Google Scholar