Source attribution of agriculture-related deposition by using total nitrogen and δ¹⁵N in epiphytic lichen tissue, bark and deposition water samples in Germany

References

• Erisman , J. W. , Sutton , M. A. , Galloway , J. , Klimont , Z. and Winiwarter , W. 2008 . How a Century of Ammonia Synthesis Changed the World . Nat. Geosci. , 1 : 636 (doi:10.1038/ngeo325)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway , J. N. , Dentener , F. J. , Capone , D. G. , Boyer , E. W. , Howarth , R. W. , Seitzinger , S. P. , Asner , G. P. , Cleveland , C. C. , Green , P. A. , Holland , E. A. , Karl , D. M. , Michaels , A. F. , Porter , J. H. , Townsend , A. R. and Vörösmarty , C. J. 2004 . Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future . Biogeochemistry , 70 : 153 (doi:10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway , J. N. , Townsend , A. R. , Erisman , J. W. , Bekunda , M. , Cai , Z. , Freney , J. R. , Martinelli , L. A. , Seitzinger , S. P. and Sutton , M. A. 2008 . Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions . Science , 32 : 889 (doi:10.1126/science.1136674)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton , M. A. 2011 . “ The Challenge to Integrate Nitrogen Science and Politics: The European Nitrogen Assessment Approach ” . In The European Nitrogen Assessment–Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives , Edited by: Sutton , M. A. , Howard , C. M. , Erisman , J. W. , Billen , G. , Bleeker , A. , Grennfelt , P. , van Grinsven , H. and Grizzetti , B. 82 – 96 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Balla , S. , Müller-Pfannenstiel , K. , Lüttmann , J. and Uhl , R. 2010 . Eutrophierende Stickstoffeinträge als aktuelles Problem der FFH-Verträglichkeitsprüfung . Natur und Recht , 32 : 616 (doi:10.1007/s10357-010-1937-2)
   Google Scholar
• LAI-Arbeitskreis, Leitfaden zur Ermittlung und Bewertung von Stickstoffeinträgen, Final Report (long version), Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft für Immissionsschutz, Dusseldorf/Dessau-Roßlau, Germany (in German), 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Oenema , O. 2011 . “ Developing Integrated Approaches to Nitrogen Management ” . In The European Nitrogen Assessment–Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives , Edited by: Sutton , M. A. , Howard , C. M. , Erisman , J. W. , Billen , G. , Bleeker , A. , Grennfelt , P. , van Grinsven , H. and Grizzetti , B. 541 – 550 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Asman , W. W.H. , Sutton , M. A. and Schjørring , J. K. 1998 . Ammonia: Emission, Atmospheric Transport and Deposition . New Phytol. , 139 : 27 (doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00180.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton , M. A. , Erisman , J. W. , Dentener , F. and Möller , D. 2008 . Ammonia in the Environment: From Ancient Times to the Present . Environ. Pollut. , 156 : 583 (doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.013)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton , M. A. , Milford , C. , Dragosits , U. , Place , C. J. , Singles , R. J. , Smith , R. I. , Pitcairn , C. E.R. , Fowler , D. , Hill , J. , ApSimon , H. M. , Ross , C. , Hill , R. , Jarvis , S. C. , Pain , B. F. , Phillips , V. C. , Harrison , R. , Moss , D. , Webb , J. , Espenhahn , S. E. , Lee , D. S. , Hornung , M. , Ullyett , J. , Bull , K. R. , Emmett , B. A. , Lowe , J. and Wyers , G. P. 1998 . Dispersion, Deposition and Impacts of Atmospheric Ammonia: Quantifying Local Budgets and Spatial Variability . Environ. Pollut. , 102 : 349 (doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80054-7)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylander , W. 1866 . Les lichens des jardins du Luxembourg . Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. , 13 : 364
   Google Scholar
• Barkman , J. J. The Influence of Air Pollution on Bryophytes and Lichens . Air Pollution: Proceedings of the First European Congress on the Influence of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals, Wageningen, April 22–27, 1968 . pp. 197 – 209 . Wageningen : Centre for Agricultural Publication and Documentation Pudoc .
   Google Scholar
• Türk , R. Monitoring Air Pollutants by Lichen Mapping . Proceedings of the International Workshop, Osnabrück (FRG) . September 24–25 1981 . Monitoring of Air Pollutants by Plants: Methods & Problems , Edited by: Steubing , L. and Jäger , H. J. pp. 25 – 28 . The Hague : Junk Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Puckett , K. J. 1988 . “ Bryophytes and Lichens as Monitors of Metal Depositions ” . In Lichens, Bryophytes and Air Quality , Edited by: Nash III , T. H. and Wirth , V. 231 – 267 . Berlin, Stuttgart : Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , A. M. , Bates , J. W. and Bell , J. 1992 . “ Ecophysiological Effects of Acid Rain on Bryophytes and Lichens ” . In Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Environment , Edited by: Bates , J. W. and Farmer , A. M. 284 – 313 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conti , M. E. and Cecchetti , G. 2001 . Biological Monitoring: Lichens as Bioindicators of Air Pollution Assessment – A Review . Environ. Pollut. , 114 : 471 (doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00224-4)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Herk , C. M. , Aptroot , A. and van Dobben , H. F. 2002 . Long-Term Monitoring in the Netherlands Suggests That Lichens Respond to Global Warming . Lichenologist , 34 : 141 (doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0378)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossbach , M. and Lambrecht , S. 2006 . Lichens as Biomonitors: Global, Regional and Local Aspects . Croat. Chem. Acta , 79 : 119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusu , A. M. , Jones , G. C. , Chimonides , P. D.J. and Purvis , O. W. 2006 . Biomonitoring Using the Lichen Hypogymnia physodes and Bark Samples Near Zlatna, Romania Immediately Following Closure of a Copper Ore-Processing Plant . Environ. Pollut. , 143 : 81 (doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.002)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochoa-Hueso , R. and Manrique , E. 2011 . Effects of Nitrogen Deposition and Soil Fertility on Cover and Physiology of Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd., a Lichen of Biological Soil Crusts from Mediterranean Spain . Environ. Pollut. , 159 : 449 (doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.021)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asta , J. , Ehrhardt , W. , Ferretti , M. , Fornasier , F. , Kirschbaum , U. , Nimis , P. L. , Pirintsos , S. , Purvis , O. W. , Scheidegger , C. , van Haluwyn , C. and Wirth , V. 2002 . “ Mapping Lichen Diversity as an Indicator of Environmental Quality ” . In Monitoring with Lichens – Monitoring Lichens , Edited by: Nimis , P. L , Scheidegger , C. and Wolseley , P. A. 273 – 279 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Nimis , P. L. and Purvis , O. W. 2002 . “ Monitoring Lichens as Indicators of Pollution ” . In Monitoring with Lichens – Monitoring Lichens , Edited by: Nimis , P. L , Scheidegger , C. and Wolseley , P. A. 7 – 10 . Dordrecht : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Nash III , T. H. 2008 . “ Lichen Sensitivity to Air Pollution ” . In Lichen Biology , Edited by: Nash III , T. H. 301 – 316 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stapper , N. J. and Kricke , R. 2004 . Epiphytische Moose und Flechten als Bioindikatoren von städtischer Überwärmung, Standorteutrophierung und verkehrsbedingten Immissionen . Limprichtia , 24 : 187
   Google Scholar
• Dahlman , L. , Persson , J. , Palmqvist , K. and Näsholm , T. 2004 . Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake in Lichens . Planta , 219 : 459 (doi:10.1007/s00425-004-1247-0)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauck , M. 2010 . Ammonium and Nitrate Tolerance in Lichens . Environ. Pollut. , 158 : 1127 (doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.12.036)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubin , E. 1990 . “ A Survey of Element Concentrations in the Epiphytic Lichens Hypogymnia physodes in Finland in 1985–86 ” . In Acidification in Finland , Edited by: Kauppi , P. , Anttila , P. and Kenttämies , K. 421 – 446 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Bruteig , I. E. 1993 . The Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia physodes as a Biomonitor of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Sulphur Deposition in Norway . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 26 : 27 (doi:10.1007/BF00555060)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Søchting , U. 1995 . Lichens as Monitors of Nitrogen Deposition . Crypt. Bot. , 5 : 264
   Google Scholar
• Poikolainen , J. , Lippo , H. , Hongisto , M. , Kubin , E. , Mikkola , K. and Lindgren , M. 1998 . On the Abundance of Epiphytic Green Algae in Relation to the Nitrogen Concentrations of Biomonitors and Nitrogen Deposition in Finland . Environ. Pollut. , 102 : 85 (doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(98)80019-5)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruoss , E. 1999 . How Agriculture Affects Lichen Vegetation in Central Switzerland . Lichenologist , 31 : 63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gombert , S. , Asta , J. and Seaward , M. R.D. 2003 . Correlation between the Nitrogen Concentration of Two Epiphytic Lichens and the Traffic Density in an Urban Area . Environ. Pollut. , 123 : 281 (doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00367-6)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzen-Reuter , I. 2004 . Untersuchungen zu den Auswirkungen atmosphärischer Stickstoffeinträge auf epiphytische Flechten und Moose im Hinblick auf die Bioindikation , Germany : University of Bonn . Ph.D. thesis (in German).
   Google Scholar
• Gaio-Oliveira , G. , Branquinho , C. , Máguas , C. and Martins-Loução , M. A. 2001 . The Concentration of Nitrogen in Nitrophilous and Non-Nitrophilous Lichen Species . Symbiosis , 31 : 187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaio-Oliveira , G. , Dahlman , L. , Palmqvist , K. , Martins-Loução , M. A. and Máguas , C. 2005 . Nitrogen Uptake in Relation to Excess Supply and Its Effects on the Lichen Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. and Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. . Planta , 220 : 794 (doi:10.1007/s00425-004-1396-1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frati , L. , Santoni , S. , Nicolardi , V. , Gaggi , C. , Brunialti , G. , Guttova , A. , Pati , S. Gaudino. A. , Pirintsos , S. A. and Loppi , S. 2007 . Lichen Biomonitoring of Ammonia Emission and Nitrogen Deposition around a Pig Stockfarm . Environ. Pollut. , 146 : 311 (doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.029)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson , O. , Palmqvist , K. and Olofsson , J. 2012 . Nitrogen Deposition Drives Lichen Community Changes through Differential Species Responses . Glob. Change Biol. , 18 : 2626 (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02723.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , R. D. 2001 . Physiological Mechanisms Influencing Plant Nitrogen Isotope Composition . Trends Plant Sci. , 6 : 121 (doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(01)01889-1)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson , T. E. , Mambelli , S. , Plamboeck , A. H. , Templer , P. H. and Tu , K. P. 2002 . Stable Isotopes in Plant Ecology . Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , 33 : 507 (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095451)
   Google Scholar
• Cuna , S. , Balas , G. and Hauer , E. 2007 . Effects of Natural Environmental Factors on δ13C of Lichens . Isot. Environ. Health Stud. , 43 : 95 (doi:10.1080/10256010701362401)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauch , G. , Haendel , D. , Maass , I. , Mühle , K. and Runge , A. 2011 . Isotope Variations of Hydrogen, Carbon and Nitrogen in Florae from the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica . Isot. Environ. Health Stud. , 47 : 280 (doi:10.1080/10256016.2011.600455)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högberg , P. 1997 . Tansley Review No. 95: 15N Natural Abundance in Soil-Plant Systems . New Phytol. , 137 : 179 (doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00808.x)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , D. 2001 . δ15N as an Integrator of the Nitrogen Cycle . Trends Ecol. Evol. , 16 : 153 (doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02098-X)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russow , R. , Veste , M. and Littmann , T. 2004 . Using the Natural 15N Abundance to Assess the Main Nitrogen Inputs into the Sand Dune Area of the North-Western Negev Desert (Israel) . Isot. Environ. Health Stud. , 40 : 57 (doi:10.1080/10256010310001646554)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozer , W. C. , Hackell , D. , Miers , D. B. and Silvester , W. B. 2005 . Extreme Isotopic Depletion of Nitrogen in New Zealand Lithophytes and Epiphytes; The Result of Diffusive Uptake of Atmospheric Ammonia? . Oecologia , 144 : 628 (doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0098-0)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner , R. A. , Ineson , P. , Jones , H. , Sleep , D. , Leith , I. D. and Sheppard , L. J. 2006 . Heathland Vegetation as a Bio-Monitor for Nitrogen Deposition and Source Attribution Using δ15N Values . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 498 (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.054)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel , M. L. , Wooller , M. J. , Cheeseman , J. , Smallwood , B. J. , Roberts , Q. , Romero , I. and Meyers , M. J. 2008 . Unusually Negative Nitrogen Isotopic Compositions (δ15N) of Mangroves and Lichens in an Oligotrophic, Microbially-Influenced Ecosystem . Biogeosciences , 5 : 1693 (doi:10.5194/bg-5-1693-2008)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , Y. I. , Lim , H. S. and Yoon , H. I. 2009 . Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Composition of Vegetation on King George Island, Maritime Antarctic . Polar Biol. , 32 : 1607 (doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0659-5)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norwegian Institute for Air Research . 1996 . “ EMEP Co-Operative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe, EMEP Manual for Sampling and Chemical Analysis – EMEP/CCC-Report 1/95 ” . Kjeller , , Norway
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, International . 2009 . “ Co-Operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests, Manual on Methods and Criteria for Harmonized Sampling, Assessment, Monitoring and Analysis of the Effects on Air Pollution on Forests – Part VI, Sampling and Analysis of Deposition, Manual ” . ICP-Forest , , Germany
   Google Scholar
• DIN . 2011 . “ Wasserchemische Gesellschaft in der GDCh ” . In Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser- und Schlammuntersuchung; Kationen (Gruppe E), DIN 38406-E5-1–Ammonium.Stickstoff (photometrisch) Weinheim , , Germany
   Google Scholar
• Stark , J. M. and Hart , S. C. 1995 . Diffusion Technique for Preparing Salt Solutions, Kjeldahl Digests and Persulfate Digests for Nitrogen-15 Analysis . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 60 : 1846 (doi:10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000060033x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Association of German Engineers (VDI) . 2005 . “ VDI Directive 3957/13 – Biological Measurement Procedures for Determining and Evaluating the Effects of Ambient Air Pollutants by Means of Lichens (Bioindication) – Mapping the Diversity of Epiphytic Lichens as an Indicator of Air Quality ” . Berlin , , Germany
   Google Scholar
• von Härtel , O. and Grill , D. 1972 . Die Leitfähigkeit von Fichtenborken-Extrakten als empfindlicher Indikator für Luftverunreinigungen . Eur. J. Forest Pathol. , 2 : 205 (doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1972.tb00364.x)
   Google Scholar
• Grodzinska , K. Monitoring of Air Pollutants by Mosses and Tree Bark . Proceedings of the 1981 International Workshop Monitoring of Air Pollutants by Plants – Methods and Problems . Edited by: Steubing , L. and Jäger , H.-J. pp. 33 – 42 . London : Dr. W. Junk Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Honegger , R. 1993 . Tansley Review No. 60: Developmental Biology of Lichens . New Phytol. , 125 : 659 (doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03916.x)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. E. and Brown , D. H. 1999 . Studies of Ammonia Uptake and Loss by Lichens . Lichenologist , 31 : 85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crittenden , P. D. 1998 . Nutrient Exchange in an Antarctic Macrolichen during Summer Snowfall – Snow Melt Events . New Phytol. , 139 : 697 (doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00236.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , C. J. , Crittenden , P. D. , Scrimgeour , C. M. and Ashcroft , C. J. 2005 . Translocation of 15N Indicates Recycling in the Mat-Forming Lichen . Cladonia portentosa, New Phytol. , 168 : 423 (doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01524.x)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , H. , Gehre , M. , Hofmann , D. and Jung , K. 2001 . Nitrogen Isotope Ratios in Pine Bark as an Indicator of N Emissions from Anthropogenic Sources . Environ. Monit. Assess. , 69 : 283 (doi:10.1023/A:1010705907525)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , R. J. , Truscot , A. M. , Leith , I. D. , Cape , J. N. , Van Dijk , N. , Tang , Y. S. , Fowler , D. and Sutton , M. A. 2005 . A Study of the Epiphytic Communities of Atlantic Oak Woods along an Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Gradient . J. Ecol. , 93 : 482 (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.00967.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , H. , Popp , P. , Huhn , G. , Stärk , H.-J. and Schüürmann , G. 1999 . Biomonitoring of Airborne Inorganic and Organic Pollutants by Means of Pine Tree Barks. I. Temporal and Spatial Variations . Sci. Total Environ. , 232 : 49 (doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00109-6)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertel , O. , Skjøth , C. A. , Løfstrøm , P. , Geels , C. , Frohn , L. M. , Ellermann , T. and Madsen , P. V. 2006 . Modelling Nitrogen Deposition on a Local Scale: A Review of the Current State of Art . Environ. Chem. , 3 : 317 (doi:10.1071/EN06038)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyer , H. D. 1978 . Seasonal Trends of and Nitrogen Isotope Composition in Rain Collected at Jülich . Tellus , 30 : 83 Germany (doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00820.x)
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , T. H.E. , Spiro , B. and Robertson , S. M.C. 1997 . Potential Canopy Influences on the Isotopic Composition of Nitrogen and Sulphur in Atmospheric Deposition . Oecologia , 109 : 600 (doi:10.1007/s004420050122)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , G. R. , Schmidt , S. , Handley , L. L. , Turnbull , M. H. , Erskine , P. D. and Joly , C. A. 1995 . 15N Natural Abundance of Vascular Rainforest Epiphytes: Implications for Nitrogen Source and Acquisition . Plant Cell Environ. , 18 : 85 (doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00547.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hietz , P. , Wanek , W. and Popp , M. 1999 . Stable Isotopic Composition of Carbon and Nitrogen and Nitrogen Content in Vascular Epiphytes along an Altitudinal Transect . Plant Cell Environ. , 22 : 1435 (doi:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00502.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebauer , G. and Taylor , A. F.S. 1999 . 15N Natural Abundance in Fruit Bodies of Different Functional Groups of Fungi in Relation to Substrate Utilization . New Phytol. , 142 : 93 (doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00373.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohzu , A. , Yoshioka , T. , Ando , T. , Takahashi , M. , Koba , K. and Wada , E. 1999 . Natural 13C and 15N Abundance of Field-Collected Fungi and their Ecological Implications . New Phytol. , 144 : 323 (doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00508.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solga , A. , Burkhardt , J. , Zechmeister , H. G. and Frahm , J.-P. 2005 . Nitrogen Content, 15N Natural Abundance and Biomass of the Two Pleurocarpous Mosses Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. and Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr. in Relation to Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition . Environ. Pollut. , 134 : 465 (doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.09.008)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zechmeister , H. G. , Richter , A. , Smidt , S. , Hohenwallner , D. , Roder , I. , Maringer , S. and Wanek , W. 2008 . Total Nitrogen Content and δ15N Signatures in Moss Tissue: Indicative Value for Nitrogen Deposition Patterns and Source Allocation on a Nationwide Scale . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 42 : 8661 (doi:10.1021/es801865d)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragazza , L. , Limpens , J. , Gerdol , R. , Grosvernier , P. , Hájek , M. , Hájek , T. , Hajkova , P. , Hansen , I. , Iacumin , P. , Kutnar , L. , Rydin , H. and Tahvanainen , T. 2005 . Nitrogen Concentration and δ15N Signature of Ombrotrophic Sphagnum Mosses at Different N Deposition Levels in Europe . Glob. Change Biol. , 11 : 106 (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00886.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solga , A. , Eichert , T. and Frahm , J.-P. 2006 . Historical Alteration in the Nitrogen Concentration and 15N Natural Abundance of Mosses in Germany: Indication for Regionally Varying Changes in Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition within the Last 140 Years . Atmos. Environ. , 40 : 8044 (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.024)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupa , S. V. 2003 . Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia (NH3) on Terrestrial Vegetation: a Review . Environ. Pollut. , 124 : 179 (doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00434-7)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leip , A. 2011 . “ Integrating Nitrogen Fluxes at the European Scale ” . In The European Nitrogen Assessment–Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives , Edited by: Sutton , M. A. , Howard , C. M. , Erisman , J. W. , Billen , G. , Bleeker , A. , Grennfelt , P. , van Grinsven , H. and Grizzetti , B. 345 – 376 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , T. H.E. 1987 . 15N/14N Ratios of Nitrate and Ammonium in Rain at Pretoria, South Africa . Atmos. Environ. , 21 : 843 (doi:10.1016/0004-6981(87)90080-1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sah , S. P. and Brumme , R. 2003 . Natural 15N Abundance in Two Nitrogen Saturated Forest Ecosystems at Solling . J. For. Sci. , 49 : 515 Germany
   Google Scholar
• Gaio-Oliveira , G. , Dahlman , L. , Palmqvist , K. and Máguas , C. 2004 . Ammonium Uptake in the Nitrophytic Lichen Xanthoria parietina and Its Effects on Vitality and Balance between Symbionts . Lichenologist , 36 : 75 (doi:10.1017/S0024282904014124)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar