The Stable Isotopic Geochemistry of the Sulfur and Carbon Cycles in a Modern Karst Environment

References

• Garrels , R. M. and Lerman , A. 1984 . Coupling of the sedimentary sulfur and carbon cycles–A improved model . Amer. J. Sci. , 284 : 989 – 1007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schidlowski , M. , Hayes , J. M. and Kaplan , I. R. 1983 . “ Isotopic interferences of ancient biochemistry of carbon, sulfur, hydrogen and nitrogen ” . In Earth's earliest biosphere: Its origin and evolution , Edited by: W. Schopf , J. 149 – 186 . Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Böttcher , M. E. and Oelschläger , B. 1998 . Sulfur isotope partitioning in permeable tidal sediments under non-steady state conditions . Mineral. Mag. , 62 : 205 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Holser , W. T. and Kaplan , I. R. 1966 . Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates . Chem. Geol. , 1 : 93 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Schidlowski , M. 1987 . Application of stable carbon isotopes to early biochemical evolution on Earth . Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. , 15 : 47 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deines , P. , Langmuir , D. and Harmon , R. S. 1974 . Stable isotope ratios and the existence of a gas phase in the evolution of carbonate ground waters . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 38 : 1147 – 1164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann , A. 1969 . Die geologische und hydrogeologische Situation der Rhumequelle am Südharz . Jh. Karst- u. Höhlenkunde , 9 : 107 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Thürnau , K. 1913 . Der Zusammenhang der Rhumequelle mit der Sieber und der Oder . Jb. Gewässerkunde Norddeutschlands, Bes. Mitt. , 2/6
   Google Scholar
• Liersch , K.-M. 1987 . Zur Wasserbilanz der Rhumequelle und ihres Einzugsgebietes, des Pöhlder Beckens . N. Arch. F. Nds. , 36 : 293 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Böttcher , M. E. and Rienäcker , I. 1990 . Hydrogeochemical and isotopical investigations of ground- and surface waters at the southwest edge of the Harz Mountains during an artificially induced high water (in German) . Z. Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. , 23 : 136 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Böttcher , M. E. and Usdowski , E. 1993 . 34S/32S ratios of the dissolved sulphate of river, well and spring waters in a gypsum-carbonate karst area at the southwest edge of the Harz Mountains . Z. dt. Geol. Ges. , 144 : 471 – 477 .
   Google Scholar
• Haase , H. , Schmidt , M. and Lenz , J. 1970 . Der Wasserhaushalt des Westharzes. Hydrologische Untersuchungen 1941–1955 . Veröff. Nieders, Inst. Landesk. Landesentw. Univ. Göttingen , A95 : 96 – 00 .
   Google Scholar
• Herrmann , A. 1956 . Der Zechstein am südwestlichen Harzrand . Geol. Jb. , 72 : 1 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , H. 1979 . Der Zechstein zwischen Osterode und Duderstadt (südliches Harzvorland) . Z. dt. Geol. Ges. , 130 : 145 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Ricken , W. 1982 . Quartärc Klimaphasen und Subrosion als Faktoren der Bildung von Kies-Terrassen im südwestlichen Harzvorland . Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart , 32 : 109 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Rössner , B. 1984 . Continuous-Flow-und HPLC-Verfahren zur Spurenanalyse von anorganische Anionen in natürlichen Wässern , Ph.D. Thesis 134 Göttingen : University of Göttingen .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson , K. 1983 . Fluorine determination in geochemistry: Errors in the electrode method of analysis . Chem. Geol. , 38 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höll , K. 1986 . Wasser, Untersuchung, Beurteilung, Aufbereitung, Chemie, Bakteriologie, Virologie, Biologie , Berlin-New York : W. de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Schwedt , G. and Schnepel , F. M. 1981 . Umweltanalytisches Praktikum 136 Stuttgart (Thieme).
   Google Scholar
• Kiba , T. , Akaza , I. and Sugishita , N. 1955 . Tin (II)-strong phosphoric acid. A new reagent for the determination of sulfate by reduction to hydrogen sulfide. Bull . Chem. Soc. Japan , 28 : 641 – 644 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki , A. , Arikawa , Y. and Folinsbee , R. E. 1979 . Kiba reagent method of sulfur extraction applied to isotopic work . Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan , 30 : 241 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Zheng , Y. F. 1991 . C-, O- und S-Isotopengeochemische Untersuchungen an hydrothermalen Lagerstätten des Harzes , Ph.D. Thesis Göttingen : University of Göttingen .
   Google Scholar
• O'Neil , J. R. , Adami , L. H. and Epstein , S. 1975 . Revised value for the 18O fractionation between CO2 and water at 25°C . U.S. Geol. Surv. J. Res. , 3 : 623 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , P. K. 1990 . Precipitation of dissolved carbonate species from natural waters for δ13C analysis–a critical appraisal . Chem. Geol. , 80 : 251 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrea , J. M. 1950 . On the isotope chemistry of carbonates and a paleo-temperature scale . J. Chem. Phys. , 18 : 849 – 857 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böttcher , M. E. 1996 . 18O/16O and 13C/12C fractionation during the reaction of carbonates with phosphoric acid: effects of cationic substitution and reaction temperature . Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. , 32 : 299 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig , H. 1957 . Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 12 : 133 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs , H. , Wachtendorf , B. , Wedepohl , K. H. , Rössner , B. and Schwedt , G. 1986 . Hydrogeochemie der Quellen und kleineren Zuflüsse der Sösetalsperre (Harz) . Neues Jahrbuch Miner. Abh. , 156 : 23 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• 1985 . Monatsberichte aus dem Meßnetz , Vol. 1/85 , 96 Berlin : Umweltbundesamt .
   Google Scholar
• Garrels , R. M. and Christ , C. L. New York1965 . Minerals, solutions and equilibria , Harpers & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Langmuir , D. 1971 . The geochemistry of some carbonate ground waters in central Pennsylvania . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 35 : 1023 – 1045 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumm , W. and Morgan , J. J. 1981 . Aquatic chemistry , 780 New York : Wiley Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Berner , E. and Berner , R. A. 1987 . The global water cycle.
   Google Scholar
• Jung , W. and Knitzschke , G. 1960 . Kombiniert-feinstratigraphisch-geochemische Untersuchungen der Anhydrite des Zechstein 1 im SE-Harzvorland . Geologie , 9 : 60 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Bath , A. H. , Darling , W. G. , George , I. A. and Milodowski , A. E. 1987 . 18O/16O and 2H/1H changes during progressive hydration of Zechstein anhydrite formation . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 51 : 3113 – 3118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , S. 1980 . Verteilung und Genese von Fluorit im Hauptdolomit Norddeutschlands . Berl. Geow. Abh. , A63 : 85
   Google Scholar
• Akaiwa , H. and Aizawa , S. 1979 . Fluorine contents of Permian carbonate rocks in central Japan . Chem. Geol. , 27 : 157 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gaans , P. F. M. 1989 . WATEQX–A restructured, generalized, and extended Fortran 77 computer code and database format for the Wateq aqueous chemical model for the element speciation and mineral saturation, for the use on personal computers or mainframes . Comp. & Geosc. , 15 : 843 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigley , T. M. L. 1973 . The incongruent solution of dolomite . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 37 : 1397 – 1402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigley , T. M. L. 1973 . Chemical evolution in the system calcite-gypsum-water . Can. J. Earth Sci. , 10 : 306 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen , H. 1968 . Schwefelisotopenverhältnisse aus St. Andreasberg und anderen Erzvorkommen des Harzes . N. Jb. Miner. Abh. , 109 : 289 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Mizutani , Y. and Rafter , T. A. 1969 . Oxygen isotopic composition of sulphates - Part 3: Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the bisulphate ion-water system . N.Z.J. Sci. , 12 : 54 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trembaczowski , A. and Halas , S. Oxygen and sulphur isotope ratios in sulphate from atmospheric precipitation . Proc. Intl. Symp. Isotope Hydrology in Water Resources Development, Isotope Hydrology . pp. 819 – 820 . Vienna : IAEA .
   Google Scholar
• Salomons , W. and Mook , W. G. 1986 . Isotope geochemistry of carbonates in the weathering zone. In: . Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry , 2 : 239 – 270 .
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffer , K. and Usdowski , E. 1992 . “ Application of stable carbon and sulfur isotope models to the development of ground water in a limestone-dolomite-anhydrite-gypsum area ” . In Progress in hydrogeochemistry , Edited by: Matthes , G. 157 – 163 . Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Michaelis , J. , Usdowski , E. and Menschel , G. 1984 . Model considerations for the evolution of carbonate groundwaters in the Schwäbische Alb (Federeal Republic of Germany) . Isot. Geosc. , 2 : 197 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Plummer , L. N. and Busenberg , E. 1982 . The solubility of calcite, aragonite and vaterite in CO2-H2O solutions between 0 and 90°C, and an evaluation of the aqueous model for the system CaCO3-CO2-H2O . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 46 : 1011 – 1040 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park and Epstein , S. 1960 . Carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 21 : 110 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerling , T. E. , Solomon , D. K. , Quade , J. and Bowman , J. B. 1991 . On the isotopic composition of carbon in soil carbon dioxide . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 55 : 3403 – 3405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel , J. C. , Grootes , P. M. and Mook , W. G. 1970 . Isotopic fractionation between gaseous and dissolved carbon dioxide . Zeit. Phys. , 230 : 225 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , F. J. , Fisher , D. W. and Plummer , L. N. 1978 . Correction of groundwater chemistry and carbon isotopic composition for effects of CO2 outgassing . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , 42 : 1799 – 1807 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwecke , H. 1993 . Hydrogeochemische und isotopenchemische Untersuchungen der Flüsse Oder und Sieber im Harz und einiger Trinkwasserbrunnen im Pöhlder Becken (südwestlicher Harzrand) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der S- und O-Isotope des gelösten Sulfats , 63 Göttingen : University of Göttingen . Thesis
   Google Scholar
• NLW Hildesheim . 1990 . Deutsches Gewässerkundliches Jahrbuch , 322 Abflußjahr : Weser- und Emsgebiet . 1986.
   Google Scholar
• NLWA Hildesheim . 1991 . Deutsches Gewässerkundliches Jahrbuch , 320 Abflußjahr : Weser- und Emsgebiet . 1987.
   Google Scholar
• NLÖ Hildesheim . 1922 . Deutsches Gewässerkundliches Jahrbuch , 320 Abflußjahr : Weser- und Emsgebiet . 1988.
   Google Scholar
• NLÖ Hildesheim . 1996 . Deutsches Gewässerkundliches Jahrbuch , 287 Abflußjahr : Weser- und Emsgebiet . 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Botz , R. , Hiltmann , W. , Schoell , M. , Teischner , M. and Wehner , H. 1981 . Kriterien und Bewertung des Zechstein-Stinkschiefers im Hinblick auf sein Erdölund Erdgaspotential . Geol. Jb. , 46 : 113 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Schramm , M. 1995 . Die Mineralparagenesen des magnesitführenden norddeutschen Zechsteins , 121 Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen .
   Google Scholar
• Salomons , W. and Mook , W. G. 1981 . Field observations of the isotopic composition of particulate organic carbon in the southern North Sea and adjacent estuaries . Mar. Geol. , 41 : 11 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böttcher , M. E. , Usdowski , E. and Hoefs , J. 1991 . 13C/12C and 18O/16O fractionation upon the absorption of CO2-gas by alkaline solutions – aspects for sampling soil gas (in German) . Z. Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. , 24 : 194 – 198 .
   Google Scholar