Loosening the ties that bind: the hidden harms of civil gang injunctions in San Diego County

References

• Alexander, M. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in an age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Allan, E. L. (2004). Civil gang abatement: The effectiveness and implications of policing by injunction. New York, NY: NFB Scholarly Publications.
   Google Scholar
• American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Southern California. (1997). False premise, false promise: The blythe street gang injunction and its aftermath. Retrieved from https://www.aclusocal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/99227764-False-Premise-False-Promise.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Barajas, F. (2007). An invading army: A civil gang injunction in a California Chicana/o community. Latino Studies, 5, 393–417.10.1057/palgrave.lst.8600280
   Google Scholar
• Barrows, J., & Huff, C. R. (2009). Gangs and public policy: Constructing and deconstructing gang databases. Criminology and Public Policy, 8, 675–703.10.1111/cpp.2009.8.issue-4
   Google Scholar
• Brotherton, D. C. (2008). Beyond social reproduction: Bringing resistance back in gang theory. Theoretical Criminology, 12, 55–77.10.1177/1362480607085794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotherton, D. C., & Barrios, L. (2004). The almighty Latin king and queen nation: Street politics and the transformation of a New York gang. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.10.7312/brot11418
   Google Scholar
• Burks, M. (2014, April 2). The scope of San Diego’s gang problem. Retrieved from http://voiceofsandiego.org/all-narratives/gang-culture/the-scope-of-san-diegos-gang-problem/.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, P. (2009). Let’s get free: A hip-hop theory of justice. New York, NY: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell, B. (2010). Criminalizing day-to-day life: A socio-legal critique of gang injunctions. American Journal of Criminal Law, 37, 241–290.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, L. (2009). No way out: An analysis of exit processes for gang injunctions. California Law Review, 9, 161–193.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, R., Fretz, R., & Shaw, L. (1995). Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226206851.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Grogger, J. (2002). The effects of civil gang injunctions on reported violent crime: Evidence from Los Angeles county. The Journal of Law and Economics, 45, 69–90.10.1086/338348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grogger, J. (2005). What we know about gang injunctions. Criminology & Public Policy, 4, 637–641.10.1111/cpp.2005.4.issue-3
   Google Scholar
• Hennigan, K. M., & Sloane, D. (2013, February 1). Improving civil gang injunctions: How implementation can affect gang dynamics, crime, and violence. Criminology & Public Policy, 12, 7–41.10.1111/capp.2013.12.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A. (2008). Family ties or criminal contacts: A case for the appointment of counsel in civil gang injunction proceedings that affect family relationships. Golden Gate University Law Review, 29, 41–67.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, R. (1997). Race, crime, and the law. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lowery, B. (2011, August 6). Exclusive: Escondido police crack down on Juggalos. North County Times. Retrieved from http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/escondido/article_5e09b8b5-8cec-5d75-9238-e99f2f94c5da.html.
   Google Scholar
• Maxson, C. L., Hennigan, K. M., & Sloane, D. C. (2005). “It’s getting crazy out there”: Can a civil gang injunction change a community? Criminology & Public Policy, 4, 577–605.10.1111/cpp.2005.4.issue-3
   Google Scholar
• Melde, C. (2013, February 1). The practicalities of targeted gang interventions. Criminology & Public Policy, 12, 43–48.10.1111/capp.2013.12.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672–682.10.2307/2084686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muniz, A. (2014). Maintain racial boundaries: Criminalization, neighborhood context, and the origins of gang injunctions. Social Problems, 61, 216–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muniz, A., & McGill, K. (2012). Tracked and trapped: Youth of color, gang databases, and gang injunctions. Los Angeles, CA: Youth Justice Coalition.
   Google Scholar
• O’Deane, M. D. (2012). Gang injunctions and abatement: Using civil remedies to curb gang-related crimes. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Deane, M. D., & Morreale, S. A. (2011). Evaluation of the effectiveness of gang injunctions in California. The Journal of Criminal Justice Research, 2(1), 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2010). Best practices to address community gang problems. OJJDP's comprehensive gang model (2nd ed.). Washington DC.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• People v. Center Street Gang (2010). San Diego Case No. 37-2010-00051319-CU-MC-NC (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Center Street Gang (2003). San Diego Case No. No. GIN 0320 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Diablos Gang (2001). San Diego Case No. GIN 013906 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Diablos Gang (2007). San Diego Case No. GIN 057995 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Diablos Gang (2010). San Diego Case No. 37-2009-00061923-CU-MC-NC (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. East Side Piru/ Skyline Gang (2004). San Diego Case No. GIC 827117 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Linda Vista 13 Gang (2000). San Diego Case No. GIC 745162 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Logan Red Steps Gang (2002). San Diego Case No. GIC 798708 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Nestor Gang (2002). San Diego Case No. GIS 9068 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Old Town National City Gang (2005) San Diego Case No. GIS 22336 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Varrio Mesa Locos Gang (1999). San Diego Case No. N82223 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Varrio Posole Locos Gang (1997). San Diego Case No. 76652 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Varrio Posole Locos Gang (2004). San Diego Case No. GIN033214 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Varrio Posole Locos Gang (2011). San Diego Case No. 37-201 0-0005913I-CU-MC-NC (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Varrio San Marcos Gang (1999). San Diego Case No. N078777 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Varrio San Marcos Gang. (2007). San Diego Case No. 37-2007-00057284-CU-MC- NC (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Vista Homeboys Gang. (2005). San Diego Case No. GIN044867 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Westside Gang (2001). San Diego Case No. GIN013907 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Westside Gang (2006). San Diego Case No. GIN057994 (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• People v. Westside Gang (2010). San Diego Case No. 37-2009-00061924- CU-MC-NC (California Superior Court, San Diego County).
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, L. (2009). Keeping at-risk kids out of jail – It’s an art. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-rodriguezluis3-2009sep03,0,2748207.story.
   Google Scholar
• Saldana, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• San Diego County District Attorney (n.d.). Department of justice gang criteria. Retrieved from http://www.sdcda.org/preventing/gangs/criteria.html.
   Google Scholar
• San Diego County District Attorney (n.d.). Gang injunctions. Retrieved from http://www.sdcda.org/preventing/gangs/injunctions.html.
   Google Scholar
• Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention (STEP) Act. (1997). Cal. Penal Code §§ 186.20-186.33. Eagan, MN: West Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson, B. (2015). Just mercy. New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, G. (1998). Black codes and broken windows: The legacy of racial hegemony in anti-gang civil injunctions. The Yale Law Journal, 107, 2249–2279.10.2307/797421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannoy, B. (2009). Turning their lives around: California cities pioneer gang injunction removal proceedings. National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary Journal, 29, 283–323.
   Google Scholar
• Vigil, J. D. (2002). A rainbow of gangs: Street cultures in the mega-city. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C. (2008). Gang injunctions under heat from equal protection: Selective enforcement as a way to defeat discrimination. Hastings Constitutional Law Review, 35, 287–308.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, J. (2005). The constitutional failure of gang databases. Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, 2, 115–142.
   Google Scholar