References
- Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.
- Alexander, M. (2014, June 10). Black America in new legal marijuana industry: The drug policy alliance’s Sharda Sekaran talks about how white big business, not black businessmen, are cashing in on selling weed. Black Enterprise. Retrieved from http://www.blackenterprise.com/small-business/black-america-in-new-legal-marijuana-industry/
- American Civil Liberties Union. (2013, June). The war on marijuana in black and white. Retrieved from https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/aclu-thewaronmarijuana-rel2.pdf
- AS 17.38 [Ballot Measure 2]. (2015). An Act to tax and regulate the production, sale, and use of marijuana. Retrieved from https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/portals/9/pub/MCB/StatutesAndRegulations/MJ_BallotMeasure2.pdf
- Baum, D. (1997). Smoke and mirrors: The war on drugs and the politics of failure. New York, NY: Back Bay Books.
- Baum, D. (2016, March 25). Legalize it all: How to win the war on drugs. Harpers Magazine. Retrieved from https://harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/?single=1
- Bernd, B. (2011). Ending public space as we know it. Social Justice (Policing the Crisis – Policing in Crisis), 38, 13–27.
- Brungard, R. E. (2012). Comment: Finally, crack sentencing reform: Why it should be retroactive. Tulsa Law Review Spring, 47, 745–773.
- Bushway, S., Briggs, S., Taxman, F., Thanner, M., & Van Brakle, M. (2007). Private providers of criminal history records: Do you get what you pay for? In S. Bushway, M. A. Stoll, & D. F. Weiman (Eds.), Barriers to reentry? The labor market for released prisoners in post-industrial America (pp. 174–200). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Caulkins, J., Hawken, A., Kilmer, B., & Kleiman, M. A. R. (2012). Marijuana legalization: What everyone needs to know. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Caulkins, J. P., & Kilmer, B. (2014). Criminal justice costs of prohibiting marijuana in California. In K. Tate, J. L. Taylor, & M. Q. Sawyer (Eds.), Something in the air: Race, crime, and the legalization of marijuana (pp. 13–30). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2015). Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50). Retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/
- Center for Disease Control. (1983, September 16). Urine testing for detection of marijuana: An advisory. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 32, 469–471. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000138.htm
- Day, K. (2006). Being feared: Masculinity and race in public space. Environment and Planning A, 38, 569–586.10.1068/a37221
- Decker, S. H., Ortiz, N., Spohn, C., & Hedberg, E. (2015). Criminal stigma, race, and ethnicity: The consequences of imprisonment for employment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43, 108–121.10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.02.002
- Department of Justice. (2013, August 29). Guidance regarding marijuana enforcement. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/3052013829132756857467.pdf
- Department of Justice. (2016, October 13). Federal statutes imposing collateral consequences upon conviction. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pardon/legacy/2006/11/13/collateral_consequences.pdf
- Drug Policy Alliance. (2015, March 25). New report provides comprehensive data on marijuana arrests and charges in Colorado after legal regulation for adult use. Retrieved from http://www.drugpolicy.org/news/2015/03/new-report-provides-comprehensive-data-marijuana-arrests-and-charges-colorado-after-leg
- Drug Policy Alliance. (2015, May 1). Oregon Governor signs new law to implement marijuana legalization that includes broad sentencing reform. Retrieved from http://www.drugpolicy.org/news/2015/07/oregon-governor-signs-new-law-implement-marijuana-legalization-includes-broad-sentencin
- Drug Policy Alliance. (2015, May 23). Marijuana legalization in Washington after 1 year of retail sales and 2.5 years of legal possession. Retrieved from http://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/files/Drug_Policy_Alliance_Status_Report_Marijuana_Legalization_in_Washington_July2015.pdf
- Earleywine, M. (2005). Understanding marijuana: A new look at the scientific evidence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Ellis Jr., G. M., Mann, M., Judson, B., Schramm, N., & Tashchian, A. (1985). Excretion patterns of cannabinoid metabolites after last use in a group of chronic users. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 38, 572–578.10.1038/clpt.1985.226
- Ferriss, S. (2012, November 26). Marijuana decriminalization drops youth crime rates by stunning 20% in one year. Alternet. Retrieved from http://www.alternet.org/marijuana-decriminalization-drops-youth-crime-rates-stunning-20-one-year.
- Giuliani, R., & Bratton, W. J. (1994, July 6). Police strategy no. 5: Reclaiming the public spaces of New York. New York, NY: Mayors Office. Retrieved from http://marijuana-arrests.com/docs/Bratton-blueprint-1994–Reclaiming-the-public-spaces-of-NY.pdf
- Herivel, T., & Wright, P. (Eds.). (2003). Prison nation: The warehousing of America’s poor. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Holzer, H. J., Raphael, S., & Stoll, M. A. (2007). The effect of an applicant’s criminal history on employer hiring decisions and screening practices: Evidence from Los Angeles. In S. Bushway, M. A. Stoll, & D. F. Weiman (Eds.), Barriers to reentry? The labor market for released prisoners in post-industrial America (pp. 117–150). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Initiative Measure No. 502. (2011, July 8). Bill Req. #: I-2465.1/11.Washington State. Retrieved from http://sos.wa.gov/_assets/elections/initiatives/i502.pdf
- Initiative Measure No. 71. (2014). Legalization of possession of minimal amounts of marijuana for personal use act of 2014. Washington, DC.
- Johnson, K. (2015, September 21). Oregon’s legal sale of marijuana comes with reprieve. New York Times, 1, 12–12. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/21/us/oregons-legal-sale-of-marijuana-comes-with-reprieve.html
- Kelling, G. L., & Wilson, J. Q. (1982, March). Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. The Atlantic, 29–38.
- Males, M. (2014, September). Reforming marijuana laws: Which approach best reduces the harms of criminalization? A five state analysis. San Francisco, CA: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Retrieved from http://www.cjcj.org/uploads/cjcj/documents/cjcj_marijuana_reform_comparison.pdf
- Markowitz, E. (2015, February 24). How will Alaska’s weed law affect arrest rates? Vocativ. Retrieved from http://www.vocativ.com/usa/justice-usa/legalize-weed-alaska/
- Mason, P. (2015, May 26). Oregon ill pay reparations to individuals formerly convicted of marijuana related crimes. United Media Publishing. Retrieved from http://unitedmediapublishing.com/oregon-will-pay-reparations-to-individuals-formerly-convicted-of-marijuana-related-crimes/
- Mears, D. P., & Cochran, J. C. (2015). Prisoner reentry in the era of mass incarceration. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Press.
- Measure 91. (2014). Control, regulation, and taxation of marijuana and industrial hemp act. Oregon State. Retrieved from https://www.oregon.gov/olcc/marijuana/Documents/Measure91.pdf
- Michelson, M. R., & Tafoga, J. (2014). The Latino politics of proposition 19: Criminal justice and immigration. In K. Tate, J. L. Taylor, & M. Q. Sawyer (Eds.), Something in the air: Race, crime, and the legalization of marijuana (p. 118). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Mitchell, S. D. (2009). In with the new, out with the old: Expanding scope of retroactive amelioration. American Journal of Criminal Law, 37(1), 1–51.
- Mitchell, S. D. (2013). Blanket retroactive amelioration: A remedy for disproportionate punishments. Fordham URB. L.J. City Square, XL, 14–19).
- Morrison, E. L. (2015). Note: Resurrecting the amelioration doctrine: A call to action for courts and legislatures. Boston University Law Review, 95, 335–370.
- Musto, D. (1987). The American disease: Origins of narcotic control. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Myrstol, B. A. (2013). Fact sheet: Arrests for drug offenses in Alaska: 2000–2011, AJSAC 13-09. Anchorage: University of Alaska Justice Center. Retrieved from http://justice.uaa.alaska.edu/ajsac/2013/ajsac.13-09.drug_arrests.pdf
- NORML. (2016). States that have decriminalized. Retrieved February 13, 2016, from http://norml.org/aboutmarijuana/item/states-that-have-decriminalized
- Norris, J. J. (2011–12). State efforts to reduce racial disparities in criminal justice: Empirical analysis and recommendations for action. Gonzaga Law Review, 47, 493–530.
- Nucklos, B. (2014, October 7). DC Council approves record sealing for pot crimes. Washington Times. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/oct/7/dc-council-to-vote-on-medical-pot-record-sealing/
- Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2012). Federal drug control budget. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-research/fy12highlight_exec_sum.pdf
- Pager, D. (2007a). Marked: Race, crime, and finding work in the era of mass incarceration. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226644851.001.0001
- Pager, D. (2007b). Two strikes and you’re out: The intensification of racial and criminal stigma. In S. Bushway, M. A. Stoll, & D. F. Weiman (Eds.), Barriers to Reentry? The labor market for released prisoners in post-industrial America (pp. 151–173). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Paulson, S. K. (2015, September 3). New Denver push for private clubs for consumption. Associated Press. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/denver-leaders-discuss-allowing-pot-clubs-bars-33515306
- Peralta, E. (2014, March 13). Colorado Court rules some marijuana convictions can be overturned. NPR. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/03/13/289961369/colo-court-rules-some-marijuana-convictions-can-be-overturned
- Petersilia, J. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Pettit, B., & Loyns, C. J. (2007). Status and the stigma of incarceration: The labor market effects of incarceration, by race, class, and criminal involvement. In S. Bushway, M. A. Stoll, & D. F. Weiman (Eds.), Barriers to reentry? The labor market for released prisoners in post-industrial America (pp. 203–226). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Provine, D. M. (2007). Under the law: Race in the war on drugs. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226684789.001.0001
- Pryor, M. (2013). The disconnect between education and social opportunity for the formerly incarcerated. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 38, 457–479.
- Quinn, K. (2015, August 5). Woman accuses officer of going too far during traffic stop. ABC 13 News. Retrieved from http://abc13.com/news/woman-accuses-officer-of-going-too-far-during-traffic-stop/905180/
- Reinhart, C. (2003, March 28). Consequences of a felony conviction. Connecticut general assembly. Retrieved from https://www.cga.ct.gov/2003/olrdata/jud/rpt/2003-r-0333.htm.
- RT Staff. (2014, March 24). Colorado approves retroactive reversal of marijuana convictions. Retrieved from https://www.rt.com/usa/colorado-marijuana-reverse-convictions-929/
- Sledge, M. (2014, November 7). California voters deal blow to prisons, drug war. Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/05/california-prisons_n_6070654.html
- Smith, A. (2013). Texas challenges EEOC felon guidance. Society for Human Resource Management, November 12. Retrieved February 14, 2016, from http://www.shrm.org/legalissues/federalresources/pages/eeoc-felon-guidance.aspx
- Subramanian, R., & Delaney, R. (2014). Playbook for change? States reconsider mandatory sentences. New York, NY: VERA Institute of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/mandatory-sentences-policy-report-v2b.pdf
- Sullum, J. (2014, December 2). Did marijuana kill Michael Brown? Prosecutors suggested to a grand jury that reefer madness caused the behavior that led to a police shooting. Reason.com. Retrieved from http://reason.com/archives/2014/12/02/did-marijuana-kill-michael-brown
- Texas State Law Library. 2015. Restrictions on convicted felons in Texas. Retrieved from http://www.sll.texas.gov/assets/pdf/publications/restrictions-on-convicted-felons-in-texas-2015.pdf
- The People of the State of Colorado v. Brandi Jessica Russell. (2014). COA 21. Court of Appeals No. 11CA1929.
- Tiger, R. (2013). Judging addicts: Drug courts and coercion in the justice system. New York, NY: New York University Press.
- Urban Institute. (2015, October). Drug offenders in federal prison: Estimates of characteristics based on linked data. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dofp12.pdf
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2010). Definitions of child abuse and neglect (pp. 1–91). Washington, DC: Administration for Children & Families. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/define.pdf
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2011). Medical marijuana use in public housing and housing choice voucher programs, February 10. Washington, DC: Assistant Secretary for Public and Indian Housing. Retrieved from http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=med-marijuana.pdf
- Washington Post Staff. (2015, December 18). Here are the 95 people whose sentences Obama just commuted. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/12/18/here-are-the-95-people-whose-sentences-obama-just-commuted/
- Weiman, D. F. (2007). Barriers to prisoners’ reentry into the labor market and the social costs of recidivism. Social Research, 74, 575–611.
- Weiman, D. F., Stoll, M. A., & Bushway, S. (2007). The regime of mass incarceration: A labor market perspective. In S. Bushway, M. A. Stoll, & D. F. Weiman (Eds.), Barriers to reentry? The labor market for released prisoners in post-industrial America (pp. 29–79). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Williams, C. T., & Lyons, T. (2014). Public health considerations in the legalization debate. In K. Tate, J. L. Taylor, & M. Q. Sawyer (Eds.), Something in the air: Race, crime, and the legalization of marijuana (pp. 31–39). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Woodham, S. (2015, September 17). Can people convicted of pot crimes get their records cleared after Alaska’s vote to legalize? Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved from http://www.adn.com/article/20150917/can-people-convicted-pot-crimes-get-their-records-cleared-after-alaskas-vote
- Wyatt, K. (2015, May 5). Dispute over felons in pot industry flares at Statehouse. CBS Denver. Retrieved from http://denver.cbslocal.com/2015/05/05/dispute-over-felons-in-pot-industry-flares-at-statehouse/
- White, D. (2015, October 20). DEA must stop interfering with legal medical marijuana dispensaries, federal court rules. Time Magazine. Retrieved from http://time.com/4080110/dea-medical-marijuana-california-ruling/
- Zeidner, R. (2014). Choices and chances: The dilemma of criminal background screening. June. HR Magazine, 51–56.