Zero tolerance, social control, and marginalized youth in U.S. schools: a critical reappraisal of neoliberalism’s theoretical foundations and epistemological assumptions

References

• Alexander, M. (2011). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• American Civil Liberties Union. (2001). Safety in schools: Are we on the right track? Retrieved from http://aclu-co.org/news/letters/paper_boulderschools.htm
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force. (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. American Psychologist, 63, 852–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrigo, B. A. (2013). Managing risk and marginalizing identities: On the society-of-captives thesis and the harm of social dis-ease. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(6), 672–693.10.1177/0306624X13480634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrigo, B. A., & Milovanovic, D. (2009). Revolution in penology: Rethinking the society of captives. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Arum, R. (2003). Judging school discipline: The crisis of moral authority. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beale, S. S. (2006). The news media’s influence on criminal justice policy: How market-driven news promotes punitiveness. William & Mary Law Review, 48, 397–476.
   Google Scholar
• Beger, R. R. (2002). Expansion of police power in public schools and the vanishing rights of students. Social Justice, 29, 119–130.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. J., DiIulio, J. J., & Walters, J. P. (1996). Body count: Moral poverty—and how to win America’s war against crime and drugs. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Bigo, D. (2008). Globalised (In)security: The field and the ban-opticon. In D. Bigo & A. Tsoukala (Eds.), Terror, Insecurity and Liberty: Illiberal practices of liberal regimes after 9/11 (pp. 10–49). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Blumstein, A., & Wallman, J. (2006). The crime drop in America (revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boccanfuso, C., & Kuhfeld, M. (2011). Multiple responses, promising results: Evidence-based, nonpunitive alternatives to zero tolerance. Retrieved June 5, 2012, from the Child Trends Web site http://www.childtrends.org
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. (1977). Reproduction in education, society, and culture. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bowditch, C. (1993). Getting rid of troublemakers: High school disciplinary procedures and the production of dropouts. Social Problems, 40, 493–509.10.2307/3096864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotherton, D. C. (1996). The contradictions of suppression: Notes from a study of approaches to gangs in three public high schools. Urban Review, 28, 95–117.10.1007/BF02354380
   Google Scholar
• Burns, R., & Crawford, C. (1999). School shootings, the media, and public fear: Ingredients for a moral panic. Crime, Law and Social Change, 32(2), 147–168.10.1023/A:1008338323953
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casella, R. (2003). Zero tolerance policy in schools: Rationale, consequences, and alternatives. Teachers College Record, 105, 872–892.10.1111/tcre.2003.105.issue-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, G. (2008). Communities, students, schools, and school crime: A confirmatory study of crime in U.S. high schools. Urban Education, 43, 301–318.10.1177/0042085907311791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricos, T., & Eschholz, S. (2002). The racial and ethnic typification of crime and the criminal typification of race and ethnicity in local television news. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 400–420.10.1177/002242702237286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricos, T., Eschholz, S., & Gertz, M. (1997). News and fear of crime: Toward an identification of audience effects. Social Problems, 44, 342–357.10.2307/3097181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christle, C., Nelson, C. M., & Jolivette, K. (2004). School characteristics related to the use of suspension. Education and Treatment of Children, 27(4), 509–526.
   Google Scholar
• De Giorgi, A. (2006). Re-thinking the political economy of punishment: Perspective on post-Fordism and penal politics. UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• De Giorgi, A. (2007). Toward a political economy of post-Fordist punishment. Critical Criminology, 15, 243–265.10.1007/s10612-007-9029-1
   Google Scholar
• De Voe, J. F., Peter, K., Kaufman, P., Miller, A., Noonan, M., Snyder, T. D., & Baum, K. (2004). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2004 (U.S. Department of Education and Justice, NCEJ 2005-002/NCJ 205290). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Deleuze, G. (1995). Postscript on Control Societies. In G. Deleuze (Ed.), Negotiations (pp. 177–182). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• DeMitchell, T. A., & Cobb, C. D. (2003). Policy responses to violence in our schools: An exploration of security as a fundamental value. Education & Law Journal, 2, 459–484.
   Google Scholar
• Devine, J. (1996). Maximum security: The culture of violence in inner-city schools. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dorfman, L., & Shiraldi, V. (2001). Off balance: Youth, race & crime in the news. Washington, DC: Building Blocks for Youth Initiative . Retrieved from http://www.ylc.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/media.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Elmer, G. (2003). A diagram of panoptic surveillance. New Media & Society, 5(2), 231–247.10.1177/1461444803005002005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J., Davies, B., & Rich, E. (2008). The class and cultural functions of obesity discourse: Our latter day child saving movement. International Studies in Sociology of Education, 18(2), 117–132. doi:10.1080/09620210802351367
   Google Scholar
• Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). Crime in the United States 2008. Washington D.C.: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Fenning, P., & Rose, J. (2007). Overrepresentation of African American students in exclusionary discipline the role of school policy. Urban Education, 42, 536–559.10.1177/0042085907305039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, A. A. (2000). Bad boys: Public schools in the making of black masculinity. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.16801
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (2007). Security, territory, population. Lectures at the College De France, 1977–1978. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (2008). The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France, 1978–79. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Fuentes, A. (2003). Discipline and punish: Zero tolerance policies have created a ‘lockdown environment’ in schools. The Nation, 277(20), 17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Gane, N. (2012). The governmentalities of neoliberalism: Panopticism, post-panopticism and beyond. The Sociological Review, 60, 611–634.10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02126.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, D. (1997). Governmentality and the problem of crime: Foucault, criminology, sociology. Theoretical Criminology, 1(2), 173–214.10.1177/1362480697001002002
   Google Scholar
• Giroux, H. A. (2003). Racial injustice and disposable youth in the age of zero tolerance. Qualitative Studies in Education, 16, 553–565.10.1080/0951839032000099543
   Google Scholar
• Gray, J., & Block, D. (2012). The marketisation of language teacher education and neoliberalism. In D. Block, J. Gray, & M. Holborow (Eds.), Neoliberalism and applied linguistics (pp. 114–143). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. (1975). Legitimation crisis. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, E. S., & Karanxha, Z. (2012). School today, jail tomorrow: The impact of zero tolerance on the over-representation of minority youth in the juvenile justice system. Power Play: A Journal of Educational Justice, 4(1), 1–30.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, A. L. (2005). Have zero tolerance school discipline policies turned into a nightmare? The American dream’s promise of equal educational opportunity grounded in Brown v. Board of Education. UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy, 9, 289–379.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heitzeg, N. A. (2009). Education or incarceration: Zero tolerance policies and the school to prison pipeline. Forum on Public Policy, 2, 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Hellett, M. A. (2006). Private Prisons in America: A critical race perspective. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschfield, P. J. (2008). Preparing for prison? The criminalization of school discipline in the USA. Theoretical Criminology, 12(1), 79–101.10.1177/1362480607085795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfield, P. J., & Celinska, K. (2011). Beyond fear: Sociological perspectives on the criminalization of school discipline. Sociology Compass, 5, 1–12.10.1111/soco.2010.5.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Hope, A. (2016). Biopower and school surveillance technologies 2.0. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 37(7), 885–904. doi:10.1080/01425692.2014.1001060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne, T. (2004). School safety program guidance manual. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, C. Y., Losen, D. J., & Hewitt, D. T. (2010). The school-to-prison pipeline: Structuring legal reform. New York, NY: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. H., Scheufele, D. A., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Think about it this way: Attribute agenda-setting function of the press and the public’s evaluation of a local issue. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 79, 7–25.10.1177/107769900207900102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotz, D. M. (2003). Neoliberalism and the U.S. economic expansion of the 1990s. Monthly Review, 54(11), 15–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotz, D. M. (2008). Contradictions of economic growth in the neoliberal era: Accumulation and crisis in the contemporary U.S. economy. Review of Radical Political Economics, 40(2), 174–188.10.1177/0486613407310569
   Google Scholar
• Kotz, D. M. (2009). The Financial and economic crisis of 2001: A systematic crisis of neoliberal capitalism. Review of Radical Political Economics, 41(3), 305–317.10.1177/0486613409335093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupchik, A. (2010). Homeroom security: School discipline in an age of fear. New York, NY: New York University Press.10.18574/nyu/9780814748206.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Kupchik, A., & Monahan, T. (2006). The New American School: Preparation for post‐industrial discipline. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 27, 617–631.10.1080/01425690600958816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, M. J. (2007). Big prisons, big dreams: Crime and the failure of America’s penal system. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, M. J. (2010). Radical explanations of penal trends: The rate of surplus value and the incarceration rate in the United States, 1977–2005. Journal of Crime and Justice, 33, 63–94.10.1080/0735648X.2010.9721288
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, W., & Drew, J. (2006). Punishing schools: Fear and citizenship in American public education. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.150092
   Google Scholar
• Mills, C. W. (1943). The professional ideology of social pathologists. American Journal of Sociology, 49, 165–180.10.1086/219350
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, G. M., & Skiba, R. (2001). Predicting violence from school misbehavior: Promises and perils. Psychology in the Schools, 38(2), 173–184.10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. (2005). Interrupting the school to prison pipeline. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. (2009). Table of the number and percentage of students suspended and expelled from public elementary and secondary schools: 2002, 2004, and 2006. The Condition of Education. U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov
   Google Scholar
• Nicoll, K., Fejes, A., Olson, M., Dahlstedt, M., & Biesta, G. (2013). Opening discourses of citizenship education: A theorization with Foucault. Journal of Education Policy, 28(6), 828–846.10.1080/02680939.2013.823519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No Child Left Behind Act, 20 U.S.C. § 7151. (West 2001).
   Google Scholar
• Noguera, P. A. (2003). Schools, Prisons, and Social Implications of Punishment: Rethinking Disciplinary Practices. Theory Into Practice, 42(4), 341–350.10.1207/s15430421tip4204_12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan, K., & Anyon, J. (2004). Learning to do time: Willis’ cultural reproduction model in an era of deindustrialization, globalization, and the mass incarceration of people of color. In N. Dolby, G. Dimitriadis, & P. Willis (Eds.), Learning to labor in new times (pp. 133–149). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Perryman, J. (2006). Panoptic performativity and school inspection regimes: Disciplinary mechanisms and life under special measures. Journal of Educational Policy, 21(2), 147–161.10.1080/02680930500500138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, A. M. (1969/2009). The child savers: The invention of delinquency. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57, 9–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, E. S., & Steinberg, L. (2008). Rethinking juvenile justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, B. G. (2015). Community-based recovery and youth justice. Criminal Justice & Behavior: An International Journal, 42(1), 58–69. doi:10.1177/0093854814550027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers, B. G., Desmarais, S. L., & Tirotti, M. (2014). Content and framing of male- and female-perpetrated intimate partner violence in print news. Partner Abuse, 5(3), 259–278. doi:10.1891/1946-6560.5.3.259
   Google Scholar
• Selman, D., & Leighton, P. (2010). Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Shamir, R. (2008). The age of responsibilization: On market-embedded morality. Economy and Society, 37(1), 1–19.10.1080/03085140701760833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, S. (1984). Crisis of legitimation: Schools, society, and declining faith in education. Interchange, 15(4), 26–39.10.1007/BF01808250
   Google Scholar
• Simon, J. (2007). Governing through Crime: How the war on crime transformed American democracy and created a culture of fear. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skiba, R. J., & Knesting, K. (2001). Zero tolerance, zero evidence: An analysis of school disciplinary practice. In R. J. Skiba & G. G. Noam (Eds.), Zero tolerance: Can suspension and expulsion keep schools safe? (pp. 17–43). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Skiba, R. J., Michael, R. S., Nardo, A. C., & Peterson, R. L. (2002). The color of discipline: Sources of racial and gender disproportionality in school punishment. The Urban Review, 34(4), 317–342.10.1023/A:1021320817372
   Google Scholar
• Skiba, R. J., & Rausch, M. K. (2006). Zero tolerance, suspension, and expulsion: Questions of equity and effectiveness. In C. M. Evertson & C. S. Weinstein (Eds.), Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues (pp. 1063–1089). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Stader, D. L. (2006). Zero tolerance: Safe schools or zero sense? Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 6, 65–75.10.1300/J158v06n02_05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinchcomb, J. B., Bazemore, G., & Riestenberg, N. (2006). Beyond zero tolerance: Restoring justice in secondary schools. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 123–147.10.1177/1541204006286287
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, I. (2010). Raised by the courts: One judge’s insight into juvenile justice. New York, NY: Kaplan Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Toby, J. (1998). Getting serious about school discipline. The Public Interest, 133, 68–84.
   Google Scholar
• Trull, S. L., & Arrigo, B. A. (2015). US immigration policy and the 21st century conundrum of “child saving”: A human rights, law and social science, political economic and philosophical inquiry. Studies in Law, Politics, and Society, 66, 176–225. doi:10.1108/S1059-433720150000066006
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Education. (2012). The transformed civil rights data collection (CRDC). Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/crdc-2012-data-summary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. (2001). Deadly symbiosis: When ghetto and prison meet and mesh. Punishment and Society, 3(1), 95–133.10.1177/14624740122228276
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. (2009a). Prisons of poverty. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. (2009b). Punishing the poor: The neoliberal government of social insecurity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.10.1215/9780822392255
   Google Scholar
• Ward, G. K. (2012). The black child-savers: Racial democracy and juvenile justice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226873190.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Welch, M. (2005). Ironies of imprisonment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Welch, M. (2011). Corrections: A critical approach (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, A. (1977). The limits of legitimacy: Political contradictions of contemporary capitalism. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yell, M. L., & Rozalski, M. E. (2000). Searching for safe schools: Legal issues in the prevention of school violence. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(3), 187–196.10.1177/106342660000800306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar