The politics of accountability: violence, mass punishment and restorative justice

References

• Abramovitz, M. (2014). Economic crises, neoliberalism, and the US welfare state: Trends, outcomes and political struggle. In C. Noble, H. Strauss, & B. Littlechild (Eds.), Global social work: Crossing borders, blurring boundaries (pp. 225–240). Sydney University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1fxm2q.20
   Google Scholar
• Abu-Jamal, M., & Fernández, J. (2014). Locking up black dissidents and punishing the poor: The roots of mass incarceration in the US. Socialism & Democracy, 28(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854300.2014.974983
   Google Scholar
• Agnihotri, S., & Veach, C. (2017). Reclaiming restorative justice: An alternate paradigm for justice. CUNY Law Review, 20(323), 323–350. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/clr/vol20/iss2/3
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, M. (2010). The new jim crow. New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alliance for Safety and Justice. (2022). Crime survivors speak: National survey on victims views on safety and justice. https://allianceforsafetyandjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Alliance-for-Safety-and-Justice-Crime-Survivors-Speak-September-2022.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Allot, D. (2015). The third rail of criminal justice reform. Washington Examiner. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/the-third-rail-of-criminal-justice-reform
   Google Scholar
• Armatta, J. (2018). Ending sexual violence through transformative justice. Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership. https://doi.org/10.24926/ijps.v5i1.915
   Google Scholar
• Armour, M. (2012). Restorative justice: Some facts and history. Tikkun, 27(1), 25–65. https://doi.org/10.1215/08879982-2012-1012
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, K., & Francis, M. M. (2020). The origins of mass incarceration: the racial politics of crime and punishment in the post–civil rights era. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 16(1), 433–452. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110819-100304
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, K., & Kartman, M. (2016). Violence, mass incarceration and restorative justice: Promising possibilities. University of Washington Center for Human Rights and West Coast Poverty Center.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame, and reintegration. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, J. (2004). Restorative justice and De-professionalization. The Good Society, 13(1), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.1353/gso.2004.0023
   Google Scholar
• Breton, D. C. (2012). Decolonizing restorative justice. Tikkun, 27(1), 45–69. https://doi.org/10.1215/08879982-2012-1019
   Google Scholar
• Butler, P. (2021, August). The prosecutor problem. Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved from https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/prosecutor-problem
   Google Scholar
• Center for Constitutional Rights. (2023, September). Death by incarceration is torture: The cruelty of life imprisonment in the United States. NGO shadow report before the United Nations human rights committee. Center for Constitutional Rights. https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2023/09/ICCPR%20Report%20on%20Death%20By%20Incarceration.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cheliotis, L. K. (2019). Neither dupes, nor pipers: Violent crime, public sentiment and the political origins of mass incarceration in the United States. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 32(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2019.1686859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clear, T. R., & Frost, N. (2015). The punishment imperative: The rise and failure of mass incarceration in America. New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. J. (2019). Moral restorative justice: A political genealogy of activism and neoliberalism in the United States. Minnesota Law Review. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3384364
   Google Scholar
• Coker, D. (2006). Restorative justice, Navajo Peacemaking and domestic violence. Theoretical Criminology, 10(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480606059983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council, N. R. (2014). The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences. National Research Council. https://doi.org/10.17226/18613
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (2012). From private violence to mass incarceration: Thinking intersectionally about women, race, and social control. UCLA Law Review, 1418. https://org/scholarship.law.columbia.edu/facultyscholarship/2863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly, K. (2000). Restorative justice in diverse and unequal societies. Law in Context, 17, 167–190.
   Google Scholar
• Dashman, M., Culberg, K., Dean, D., Lemler, A., Lyubansky, M., Shackford-Bradley, J., (2021). Bringing a racial justice consciousness to the restorative justice movement: A call to white practitioners. In T. Lewis & C. Stauffer (Eds.), Listening to the movement: Essays on new growth and new challenges in restorative justice. Cascade Books.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, A. (2003). Are prisons obsolete? Seven Stories Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, F. (2019). The little book of race and restorative justice: Black lives, healing and US social transformation. Good Books.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, F. E., Lyubansky, M., & Schiff, M. (2015). Restoring racial justice. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, E., & Piepzna-Samarasinha, L. L. (2020). Beyond survival: Strategies and stories from the transformative justice movement. AK Press.
   Google Scholar
• Doak, J., & O’Mahony, D. (2018). Evaluating the success of restorative justice conferencing: A values-based approach. In T. Gavrielides (Ed.), Routledge international handbook of restorative justice (pp. 211–223). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Drucker, E. (2018). Decarcerating America: From mass punishment to public health. New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Drug Policy Alliance. (2018). Drug war statistics. Retrieved from http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/drug-war-statistics
   Google Scholar
• Erez, E., & Roberts, J. (2007). Victim participation in the criminal justice system. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412959537.n331
   Google Scholar
• Fronius, T., Darling-Hammond, S., Persson, H., Guckengurg, S., Hurley, N., & Petrosino, A. (2019). Restorative justice in U.S. schools: An updated research review. WestEd Justice and Prevention Research Center. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED595733.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gang, D., Loff, B., Naylor, B., & Kirkman, M. (2021). A call for evaluation of restorative justice programs. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(1), 186–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019833003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García Hernández, C. C. (2013). Immigration detention as punishment. UCLA Law Review, 61(5), 2014. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2321219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrielides, T. (2008). Restorative justice—the perplexing concept: Conceptual fault-lines and power battles within the restorative justice movement. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 8(2), 165–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895808088993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrielides, T. (2015). Is restorative justice appropriate for domestic violence cases?. Social Work Review, 14(4), 105–121.
   Google Scholar
• Gerstle, G. (2022). The rise and Fall of the neoliberal order. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan, J. (2001). Preventing violence. Thames & Hudson.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore, R. W. (2011). What is to Be done?. American Quarterly, 63(2), 245–265. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41237545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, T. (2019). The legalization of restorative justice: A fifty-state empirical analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3521589
   Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, M. (2006). The prison and the Gallows: The politics of Mass incarceration in America. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, M. (2013). The carceral state and the politics of punishment. In The SAGE handbook of punishment and society (pp. 205–241). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247624
   Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, M. (2016). Caught: The prison state and the lockdown of American politics. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gramlich, J. (2019, June 11). Only 2% of federal criminal defendants go to trial, and most who do are found guilty. Pew Trust. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2019/06/11/only-2-of-federal-criminal-defendants-go-to-trial-and-most-who-do-arefound-guilty/
   Google Scholar
• Grawert, A. (2020). What is the first step act — and what’s happening with it? Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/what-first-step-act-and-whats-happening-it
   Google Scholar
• Hart, H. L. (2008). Punishment and the elimination of responsibility. Punishment and Responsibility, 158–185. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534777.003.0007
   Google Scholar
• Hinton, E. (2016). From the war on poverty to the war on crime: The making of mass incarceration in America. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hinton, E., & Cook, D. (2021). The mass criminalization of black Americans: A historical overview. Annual Review of Criminology, 4(1), 261–286. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, A. V., Roberts, J. V., Bottoms, A. E., Roach, K., & Schiff, M. (2004). Restorative justice and criminal justice: Competing or reconcilable paradigms. Hart Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, B. (1998). Restorative justice: The challenge of sexual and racial violence. Journal of Law & Society, 25(2), 237–256. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1410689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, B. (2002). Restorative justice and gendered violence: Diversion or effective justice? The British Journal of Criminology, 42(3), 616–634. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/42.3.616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugman, R. (1998). Values in policy and practice. In J. Campling (Ed.), Social welfare and social value. Red Globe Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26747-7_1
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A. (2020). Reforms without results: Why states should stop excluding violent offenses from criminal justice reforms. Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/violence.html
   Google Scholar
• Kaba, M. (2021). We do this til we free us. Haymarket Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kaba, M., & Hassan, S. (2019). Fumbling towards repair: A workbook for community accountability facilitators. AK Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaba, M., Rice, J. D., & Sultan, R. (2022, November 29). What does accountability look like without punishment?. YES! Magazine. https://www.yesmagazine.org/opinion/2021/05/25/abolition-accountability-without-punishment
   Google Scholar
• Karp, D. R., & Frank, O. (2016). Restorative justice and student development in higher education: Expanding ‘offender’ horizons beyond punishment and rehabilitation to community engagement and personal growth. In T. Gavrielides (Ed.), Criminal justice, law enforcement and corrections. Offenders no more: An interdisciplinary restorative justice dialogue (pp. 141–164). Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. E.(2011). Moving beyond critique: Creative interventions and reconstructions of community accountability. Social Justice, 37(4 (122), 14–35. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41478931
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. E. (2012). Challenging the pursuit of criminalisation in an era of mass incarceration: The limitations of social work responses to domestic violence in the usa. British Journal of Social Work, 43(7), 1276–1293. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcs060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. E. (2015). Dancing the carceral creep: The anti-domestic violence movement and the paradoxical pursuit of criminalization, 1973 - 1986. Institute for the Study of Social Issues. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/804227k6
   Google Scholar
• Kim, M. E. (2018). From carceral feminism to transformative justice: Women-of-color feminism and alternatives to incarceration. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(3), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2018.1474827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivel, P. (2000). Social service or social change? Retrieved from https://sfonline.barnard.edu/navigating-neoliberalism-in-the-academy-nonprofits-and-beyond/paul-kivel-social-service-or-social-change/
   Google Scholar
• Koss, M. P. (2014). The RESTORE program of restorative justice for sex crimes: Vision, process, and outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(9), 1623–1660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513511537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latimer, J., Dowden, C., & Muise, D. (2005). The effectiveness of restorative justice practices: A meta-analysis. The Prison Journal, 85(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885505276969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, M. (1999). The origins of restorative justice. Canadian Forum on Civil Justice. Retrieved from https://www.cfcj-fcjc.org/sites/default/files/docs/hosted/17445-restorative_justice.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Martinson, R. (1974). What works? Questions and answers about prison reform. The Public Interest, 35, 22–54.
   Google Scholar
• McCold, P., & Wetchel, T. (2003). In pursuit of a paradigm: A theory of restorative justice. International Institute of Restorative Practices. Retrieved from https://www.iirp.edu/pdf/paradigm.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. G. (1989). The debate on rehabilitating criminals: Is it true that nothing works? Washington Examiner. Retrieved from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/rehab.html
   Google Scholar
• Miller, R. J. (2021). Halfway home: Race, punishment, and the afterlife of mass incarceration. Little, Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, L. G., Barocas, B., Butters, R. P., & Ariel, B. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of restorative justice-informed treatment for domestic violence crimes. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(12), 1284–1294. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0724-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingus, M. (2022). Transformative justice: A brief description. Fellowship, 84(2), 17–19.
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad, K. G. (2010). The condemnation of blackness. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Conference of State Legislatures. (2022). Juvenile justice: Young people and restorative justice. Retrieved from https://assets.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/Restorative-Justice_f01.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nellis, A. (2017). Still life: America’s increasing use of life and long-term sentences. The Sentencing Project. Retrieved from https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/still-life-americas-increasing-use-life-long-term-sentences/#VI.%20Race%20and%20Ethnicity
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, L., & Lind, D. (2015). The school to prison pipeline explained. The Justice Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775
   Google Scholar
• Neusteter, S. R., Subramanian, R., Trone, J., Khogali, M., & Reed, C. (2019). Gatekeepers: The role of police in ending mass incarceration. Vera Institute of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/gatekeepers-police-and-mass-incarceration.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, D., & Amico, C. (2017). Solitary by the numbers. Public Broadcast Service. Retrieved from http://apps.frontline.org/solitary-by-the-numbers/
   Google Scholar
• O’Mahony, D., & Doak, J. (2017). Reimagining restorative justice: Agency and accountability in the criminal process. Hart Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Osborne Association. (n.d.). Longtemrers responsibility project. Retrieved from https://www.osborneny.org/our-services/longtermers-responsibility-project
   Google Scholar
• Pavelka, S. (2016). Restorative justice in the states: An analysis of statutory legislation and policy. Justice Policy Journal Fall. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317007535_Restorative_Justice_in_the_States_An_Analysis_of_Statutory_Legislation_and_Policy
   Google Scholar
• Pfaff, J. (2017). Locked in: The true causes of mass incarceration–and how to achieve real reform. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Piepzna-Samarasinha, L. L. (2018). Care work dreaming disability justice. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pranis, K. (2001). Restorative justice, Social Justice, and the empowerment of marginalized populations. In G. Bazemore, & M. Schiff (Eds.), Restorative community justice: Repairing harm and transforming communities (pp. 287–306).
   Google Scholar
• Pranis, K., Stuart, B., & Wedge, M. (2003). Peacemaking circles: From crime to community. Living Justice Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ptacek, J. (2009). Restorative Justice and violence against women. New York: Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335484.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Rajesh, P., Nicholson-Messmer, E., Fiery, K., Jing, S., Tan, N., & Sun, R. (2023, September 19). Expanding the circle: The reality of implementing restorative justice across the country. Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/08/23/opinion/expanding-circle-reality-implementing-restorative-justice-across-country/
   Google Scholar
• Rakoff, J. S. (2017). Why prosecutors rule the criminal justice system – and what can be done about it. Northwestern University Law Review, 111(6), 1429–1436. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/nulr/vol111/iss6/3/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rascoe, A. (2020). How Trump’s ‘Law And Order’ Message Has Shifted As He Seeks A 2nd Term. National Public Radio. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2020/08/27/905916276/how-trumps-law-and-order-message-has-shifted-as-he-seeks-a-second-term
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, C., & Shah, S. (2022, September 9). Growing justice. Inquest. https://inquest.org/growing-restorative-transformative-justice/
   Google Scholar
• Reitz, K. R., & Rhine, E. (2020). Parole release and supervision: Critical drivers of American prison policy. Annual Review of Criminology, 3(1), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041416
   Google Scholar
• Richards, K. (2009). Rewriting and reclaiming history: An analysis of the emergence of restorative justice in western criminal justice systems. The International Journal of Restorative Justice, 5(1), 104–128.
   Google Scholar
• Richie, B. E. (2000). A black feminist reflection on the antiviolence movement. Signs Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 25(4), 1133–1137. https://doi.org/10.1086/495533
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richie, B. E. (2012). Arrested justice: Black women, violence, and America’s prison nation. NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, A. J. (2017). Invisible no more: Police violence against black women and women of color. Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, D. (2001). Shattered bonds: The color of child welfare. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Roche, D. (2003). Accountability in restorative justice. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sasson, E., & Sydow, N. (2017). Inspired by peacemaking: Creating community based programs in state courts. Center for Court Innovation.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, W., & Wagner, P. (2023). Mass incarceration: The whole pie 2023 prison policy initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2023.html
   Google Scholar
• Schenwar, M., & Law, V. (2020). Prison by any other name: The harmful consequences of popular reform. New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartzapfel, B. (2020). What Trump really means when he tweets “law and order.” The Marshall Project. Retrieved from https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/10/07/what-trump-really-means-when-he-tweets-law-order
   Google Scholar
• Sentencing Project. (2017). Delaying a second chance: The declining prospect for parole on life sentences. Retrieved from https://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Delaying-a-Second-Chance.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sentencing Project. (2018). Report to the United nations on racial disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/
   Google Scholar
• Sered, D. (2017). Accounting for violence: How to increase safety and break our failed reliance on mass incarceration. Vera Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Sered, D. (2019). Until we reckon: Violence, mass incarceration and the road to repair. New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, S. (2012). Healing from harm and unlearning violence. Tikkun, 27(1), 35–69. https://doi.org/10.1215/08879982-2012-1016
   Google Scholar
• Shah, S., & Stauffer, C. (2021). Introduction. Restorative justice: Taking the pulse of a movement. In T. Lewis & C. Stauffer (Eds.), Listening to the movement: Essays on new growth and new challenges in restorative justice. Cascade Books.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, S., Stauffer, C., & King, S. (2017). Restorative justice listening project. Zehr Institute for Restorative Justice. Retrieved from https://3b191c22-5460-4333-a26b-100c5a142cec.filesusr.com/ugd/c28cc3_1c445161c5ff4db9a15d7b59282283dc.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shapland, J. (2014). Implications of growth: Challenges for restorative justice. International Review of Victimology, 20(1), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758013510808
   Google Scholar
• Shapland, J., Robinson, G., & Sorsby, A. (2011). Restorative justice in practice: Evaluating what works for victims and offenders. Willan.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, H. (2016). The wrong of mass punishment. Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-016-9409-2
   Google Scholar
• Strang, H., Sherman, L., Mayo-Wilson, E., Woods, D., & Ariel, B. (2013). Restorative justice conferencing (RJC) using face‐to‐face meetings of offenders and victims: effects on offender recidivism and victim satisfaction. A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9(1), 1–59. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2013.12
   Google Scholar
• Tauri, J. M. (2016). Indigenous peoples and the globalization of restorative justice. Social Justice, 43(3 (145), 46–67. https://org/www.jstor.org/stable/26405722
   Google Scholar
• Tauri, J. M. (2022). What exactly are you restoring us to? A critical examination of indigenous experiences of state-centred restorative justice. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 61(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12459
   Google Scholar
• Toews, B., & Harris, M. K. (2011). Restorative justice in prisons. In E. Beck, N. P. Kropf, & P. B. Leonard, (Eds.), Social work and restorative justice: skills for dialogue, peacemaking, and reconciliation. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Travis, J., Western, B., & Redburn, S. (2014). The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences. National Research. https://doi.org/10.17226/18613
   Google Scholar
• Umbreit, M. S. (2003). Facing violence: The path of restorative justice and dialogue. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Umbreit, M., & Armour, M. P. (2011). Restorative justice dialogue: An essential guide for research and practice. Springer Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Umbreit, M. S., & Armour, M. (2011). Restorative justice and dialogue: Impact, opportunities, and challenges in the global community. Wash UJL& Pol’y, 36(65), Retrieved September 30, 2017, from http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol36/iss1/5–
   Google Scholar
• Umbreit, M. S., Coates, R. B., & Vos, B. (2004). Victim-offender mediation: Three decades of practice and research. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 22(1–2), 279–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.102
   Google Scholar
• Umbreit, M. S., Vos, B., Coates, R. B., & Armour, M. P. (2006). Victims of severe violence in mediated dialogue with offender: The impact of the first multi-site study in the U.S. International Review of Victimology, 13(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/026975800601300102
   Google Scholar
• Van Ness, D., & Strong, K. H. (2015). Restoring justice: An introduction to restorative justice. Anderson Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• VDVSA. (2020). Punishment is not accountability. Virginia sexual and domestic violence action alliance. https://vsdvalliance.org/press_release/punishment-is-not-accountability/
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. J. D. (2009). Punishing the poor: The neoliberal government of social insecurity. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Langlands, R. (2009). Repairing the rupture: Restorative justice and the rehabilitation of offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(3), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Western, B. (2018). Homeward. Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. B., Olaghere, A., & Kimbrell, C. S. (2017). Effectiveness of restorative justice principles in juvenile justice: A meta analysis. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/250872.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Woods, W. R. (2015). Why restorative justice will not reduce incarceration. The British Journal of Criminology, 55(5), 883–900. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azu108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, W. R., & Suzuki, M. (2016). Four challenges in the future of restorative justice. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/6akxy
   Google Scholar
• Zehr, H. (2015). The little book of restorative justice. Good Books.
   Google Scholar
• Zehr, H. (n.d.) Restorative Justice? What’s That? Zehr Institute for Restorative Justice. Retrieved from https://zehr-institute.org/what-is-rj/#:~:text=Restorative%20justice%20emerged%20in%20the,what%20to%20do%20with%20offenders
   Google Scholar