Promising Psychotherapeutic Effects of the Natural Sugar: Myo-Inositol

References

• Allison, J.H. and Stewart, M.A. (1971) Reduced brain inositol in lithium treated rats. Nature New Biology 233, 267–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atack, J.R. (1997) Inositol monophosphatase inhibitors—lithium mimetics. Medicinal Research Reviews 17, 215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atack, J.R., Prior, A.M., Fletcher, S.R., Quirk, K., McKeman, R. and Ragan, C.I. (1994) Effects of L-690, 488, a prodrug of the bisphosphonate inositol monophosphatase inhibitor L-690, 330, on phosphatidylinositol cycle markers. Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapy 270, 70–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aukema, H.M. and Holub, B.J. (1994) Inositol and pyrroloquinoline quinone. In: Shils, M.E. (Ed), Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th edn, pp. 466–472.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, G.R., Billington, D.C. and Gani, D. (1991) Synthesis of D- and L-myo-inositol 1-phosphothiorate substrates for inositol monophosphatase. Tetrahedron 47, 3895–3908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraban, J.M., Worley, P.F. and Snyder, S.H. (1989) Second messenger systems and psychoactive drug action: Focus on the phosphoinositide system and lithium. American Journal of Psychiatry 146, 1251–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak, Y., Levine, J., Glasman, A., Elizur, A. and Belmaker, R.H. (1996) Inositol treatment of Alzheimer's disease—A double blind cross-over placebo controlled trial. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 20, 729–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkai, A., Dunner, D.L., Gross, H.A., Mayo, P. and Fieve, R.R. (1978) Reduced myo-inositol levels in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry 13, 65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batty, I. and Nahorski, R. (1987) Lithium inhibits muscarinic-receptor-stimulated inositol tetrakisphosphate accumulation in rat cerebral cortex. Biochemical Journal 247, 797–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belmaker, R.H., Bersudsky, Y., Agam, G., Levine, J. and Kofman, O. (1996) How does lithium work on manic depression? Clinical and psychological correlates of the inositol theory. Annual Review of Medicine 47, 47–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin, J., Levine, J., Fux, M., Aviv, A., Levy, D. and Belmaker, R.H. (1995) Double-blind placebo-controlled, crossover study of inositol treatment for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 1084–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge, M.J. and Irvine, R.F. (1989) Inositol phosphates and cell signaling. Nature 341, 197–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge, M.J., Downes, C.P. and Hanley, M.R. (1989) Neural and developmental actions of lithium: A unifying hypothesis. Cell 59, 411–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersudsky, Y., Kaplan, Z., Shapiro, Y., Agam, G., Kofman, O. and Belmaker, R.H. (1994) Behavioral evidence for the existence of two pools of cellular inositol. European Neuropsychopharmacology 4, 463–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone, R., Springer, J.P. and Atack, J.R. (1992) Structure of inositol monophosphatase, the putative target of lithium therapy. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 89, 10031–10035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl, R.E., Whiting, P., Potter, J., Gee, N., Ragan, C.I., Linemeyer, D., Schopepfer, R., Bennett, C. and Dixon, R.A.F. (1990) Cloning and expression of bovine brain inositol monophosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 5946–5949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downes, C.P. and MacPhee, C.H. (1990) Myo-inositol metabolites as cellular signals. European Journal of Biochemistry 193, 1–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher, S.K., Heacock, A.M. and Agranoff, B.W. (1992) Inositol lipids and signal transduction in the nervous system: An update. Journal of Neurochemistry 58, 18–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freissmuth, M., Casey, P.J. and Gilman, A.G. (1989) G proteins control diverse pathways of transmembrane signaling. FASEB Journal 3, 2125–2131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fux, M., Levine, J., Aviv, A. and Belmaker, R.H. (1996) Inositol treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 153, 1219–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallcher, L.M. and Sherman, W.R. (1980) The effects of the lithium ion and other agents on the activity of myo-inositol 1-phosphatase from bovine brain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 255, 10896–10901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holub, B.J. (1986) Metabolism and function of myo-inositol and inositol phospholipids. Annual Review of Nutrition 6, 563–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holub, B.J. (1992) The nutritional importance of inositol and the phosphoinositides. New England Journal of Medicine 326, 1285–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honchar, M.P., Ackerman, K.E. and Sherman, W.R. (1989) Chronically administered lithium alters neither myo-inositol monophosphatase activity nor phosphoinositide levels in rat brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 53, 590–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine, R.F. (1991) Inositol tetrakisphosphate as a second messenger: Confusions, contradictions, and a potential resolution. Bioessays 13, 419–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, Z., Amir, M., Swartz, M. and Levine, J. (1996) Inositol treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Anxiety 2, 51–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kennedy, M.B. (1989) Regulation of neuronal function by calcium. Trends in Neurosciences 12, 417–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kofman, O. and Belmaker, R.H. (1993) Biochemical, behavioral, and clinical studies of the role of inositol in lithium treatment and depression. Biological Psychiatry 34, 839–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucera, G.L. and Rittenhouse, S.E. (1990) Human platelets form 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides in response to alpha-thrombin, U46619 or GTP-S. Journal of Biological Chemistry 259, 267–276.
   Google Scholar
• Kulagowski, J., Baker, R. and Fletcher, S.R. (1991) Inhibitors of myo-inositol monophosphatase containing methylenebisphosphonic acid as a replacement for a phosphate group. Journal of Chemical Society and Chemical Communication 1649–1650.
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, H.M., Yamaguchi, A., Uchida, S., Preston, A.S., Garcia-Perez, A., Burg, M.B. and Handler, J.S. (1992) Cloning of the cDNA for Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter a hypertonicity stress protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 62297–62301.
   Google Scholar
• Lam, Y.K.T., Wichmann, C.F., Meinz, M.S., Guiariglia, L., Giacobbe, R.A., Mochales, M., Kong, L., Honeycutt, S.S., Zink, D., Bills, G.F., Huang, L., Burg, R.W., Monaghan, R.L., Jackson, R., Reid, G., Maguire, J.J., Mcknight, A.T. and Ragan, C.I. (1992) A novel inositol monophosphatase inhibitor from Memnoniella echinata. Journal of Antibiotics 45, 1397–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leech, A.P., Baker, G.R., Shute, J.K., Cohen, M.A. and Gani, D. (1993) Chemical and kinetic mechanism of the inositol monophosphate reaction and its inhibition by Li+. European Journal of Biochemistry 212, 693–704.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levine, J., Umansky, R., Ezrielev, G. and Belmaker, R.H. (1993a) Lack of effect of inositol treatment in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 33, 673–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J., Rapaport, A., Lev, L., Bersudsky, Y., Kofman, O., Belmaker, R.H., Shapiro, J. and Agam, G. (1993b) Inositol treatment raises CSF inositol levels. Brain Research 627, 168–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J., Ring, A., Barak, Y., Elizur, A. and Belmaker, R.H. (1995a) Inositol may worsen attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Human Psychopharmacology 10, 481–484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J., Barak, Y., Gonzales, M., Szor, H., Elizur, A., Kofman, O. and Belmaker, R.H. (1995b) Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 792–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J., Kurtzman, L., Rapoport, A., Zimmerman, J., Bersudsky, Y., Shapiro, J., Belmaker, R.H. and Agam, G. (1996) CSF inositol does not predict antidepressant response to inositol. Short communication. Journal of Neural Transmission 103, 1457–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, J., Aviram, A., Holan, A., Ring, A., Barak, Y. and Belmaker, R.H. (1997) Inositol treatment of autism. Journal of Neural Transmission 104, 307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougle, C.J., Naylor, S.T., Cohen, D.J., Volkmar, F.R., Heninger, G.R. and Price, L.H. (1996) A double blind, placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in adults with autistic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 53, 1001–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majerus, P.W. (1992) Inositol phosphate biochemistry. Annual Review of Biochemistry 61, 225–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister, G., Whiting, P., Hammond, E.A., Knowles, M.R., Atack, J.R., Bailey, F.J., Maigetter, R. and Ragan, C.I. (1992) cDNA cloning of human and rat brain myo-inositol monophosphatase. Biochemical Journal 284, 749–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovich, D., Belmaker, R.H., Agam, G. and Livne, A. (1990) Inositol 1-phosphatase in red blood cells of manic-depressive patients before and during treatment with lithium. Biological Psychiatry 27, 552–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahorski, S.R., Ragan, C.I. and Challis, R.A.J. (1997) Lithium and the phosphoinositide cycle: an example of uncompetitive inhibition and its pharmacological consequences. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 12, 297–303.
   Google Scholar
• Nishizuka, Y. (1989). The family of protein kinase C for signal transduction. Journal of American Medical Association 262, 1826–1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco, M.A. and Jope, R.S. (1996) Phosphoinositide signaling in human brain. Progress in Neurobiology 50, 255–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachter, J. (1991) Noncompetitive inhibition of inositol monophosphatase by K-76 mono-carboxylic acid. Molecular Pharmacology 40, 107–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy, R. and Eisenberg, F. Jr. (1986) The inositol phospholipids: A stereochemical view of biological activity. Biochemical Journal 235, 313–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy, R. and Eisenberg, F. Jr. (1991) Biochemistry, stereochemistry and nomenclature of the inositol phosphates. In: Reitz, A.B. (Ed.), Inositol Phosphates and Derivatives: Synthesis, Biochemistry, and Therapeutic Potential (Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society), pp. 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy, R., Parthasarathy, L. and Vadnal, R. (1997) Brain inositol monophosphatase identified as a galactose 1-phosphatase. Brain Research 778, 99–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy, L., Vadnal, R.E., Ramesh, T.G., Shyamala Devi, C.S. and Parthasarathy, R. (1993) Myo-inositol monophosphatase from rat testes: purification and properties. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 304, 94–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy, L., Vadnal, R.E., Parthasarathy, R. and Shyamala Devi, C.S. (1994) Biochemical and molecular properties of lithium-sensitive myo-inositol monophosphatase. Life Sciences 54, 1127–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parthasarathy, L., Vadnal, R. and Parthasarathy, R. (1997) Molecular characterization of coding and untranslated regions of rat cortex lithium-sensitive myo-inositol monophosphatase cDNA. Gene 191, 81–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piettre, S.R., Ganzhorn, A., Hoflack, J., Islam, K. and Hornsperger, J.M. (1997) Alpha-hydroxytropolones—A new class of potent inhibitors of inositol monophosphatase and other bimetallic enzymes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 119, 3201–3204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack, S.J., Atack, J.R., Knowles, M.R., McAllister, G., Ragan, C.I., Baker, R., Fletcher, S.R., Iversen, L.L. and Broughton, H.B. (1994) Mechanism of inositol monophosphatase, the putative target of lithium therapy. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 91, 5766–5770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana, R.S. and Hokin, L.E. (1990) Role of phosphoinositides in transmembrane signaling. Physiological Reviews 70, 115–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee, S.G. and Choi, K.D. (1992) Regulation of inositol phospholipid specific phospholipase C isozymes. Journal of Biological chemistry 267, 12393–12396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero, G. and Larner, J. (1993) Insulin mediators and the mechanism of insulin action. Advances in Pharmacology 24, 21–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruderman, N.B., Kapeller, R., White, M.F. and Cantley, L.C. (1990) Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by insulin. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 87, 1411–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, J. and Gani, D. (1997a) Synthesis of (-)-(1R,2R,4R,6S)-1,6-epoxy-4-benzyloxycyclohexan-2-ol) L, a key precursor to inositol monophosphatase inhibitors, from (-)-quinic acid. Tetrahedron Letters 38, 111–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schluz, J. and Gani, D. (1997b) Synthesis and inhibitory properties of (1R,2R,4R,6R)-6-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclohexane-1,2,4,6-tetraol derivatives-mechanistic probes for the inositol monophosphatase reaction. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions 1, 657–670.
   Google Scholar
• Serunian, L.A., Haber, M.T., Fukui, T., Kim, J.W., Rhee, S.G., Lowenstein, J.M. and Cantley, L.C. (1989) Polyphosphoinositides produced by phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase are poor substrates for phospholipase C from rat liver and bovine brain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264, 17809–17815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, W.R., Munsell, L.Y., Gish, B.G. and Honchar, M.P. (1985) Effects of systematically administered lithiumon phosphoinositide metabolism in rat brain, kidney, and testis. Journal of Neurochemistry 44, 798–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, M.I., Strathmann, M.P. and Gautam, N. (1991) Diversity of G proteins in signal transduction. Science 252, 802–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smrcka, A.V., Hepler, J.R., Brown, K.O. and Sternweis, P.C. (1991) Regulation of polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activity by purified Gq. Science 251, 804–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, R. (1988) Myo-inositol transport through the blood-brain barrier. Neurochemical Research 13, 785–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strange, K., Emma, F., Paredes, A. and Morrison, R. (1994) Osmoregulatory changes in myo-inositol content and Na+ myo-inositol cotransport in rat cortical astrocytes. Glia 12, 35–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanelli, S., Sponga, F., Ferrari, P., Sottani, C., Corti, E., Brunati, C. and Islam, K. (1996) Inhibitors of myo-inositol monophosphatase, ATCC 20928 factors A and C—isolation, physico-chemical characterization and biological properties. Journal of Antibiotics 49, 611–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streb, H., Irvine, R.F., Berridge, M.J. and Schultz, I. (1983) Release of calcium from a non-mitochondrial intracellular store in pancreatic acinar cells by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate. Nature 306, 67–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston, J.H., Sherman, W.R., Hauhart, R.E. and Kloepper, R.F. (1989) Myo-inositol: A newly identified non-nitrogenous osmoregulatory molecule in mammalian brain. Pediatric Research 26, 482–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadnal, R.E. and Bazan, N.G. (1987) Electroconvulsive shock stimulates polyphosphoinositide degradation and inositol trisphosphate accumulation in rat cerebrum: Lithium pretreatment does not potentiate these changes. Neuroscience Letters 80, 75–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadnal, R. Heng, HHQ, Parthasarathy, L. and Parthasarathy, R. (1997) Human chromosomal localization of a gene for inositol monophosphatase by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Neuro Report (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Vadnal, R.E. and Parthasarathy, R. (1989) The identification of a novel inositol lipid, phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate in rat cerebrum using in vivo techniques. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communication 163, 995–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadnal, R. and Parthasarathy, R. (1995) Myo-inositol monophosphatase: Diverse effects of lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate. Neuropsychopharmacology 12, 277–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadnal, R., Parthasarathy, L. and Parthasarathy, R. (1995) New carbohydrate substrates of lithium-sensitive bovine myo-inositol monophosphatase. Neuroscience Research Communications 16, 53–58.
   Google Scholar
• Vadnal, R., Parthasarathy, L. and Parthasarathy, R. (1997) Role of inositol in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 7, 6–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallejo, M., Jackson, T., Lightman, S. and Hanely, M. (1987) Occurrence and extracellular actions of inositol pentakis and hexakisphosphate in mammalian brain. Nature 330, 656–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, S. and Girdlestone, D. (1995) Receptor and ion channel nomenclature supplement. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 15, 1–51.
   Google Scholar
• Whitworth, P. and Kendall, D.A. (1989) Effects of lithium on inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and inhibition of dopamine D1 receptor-mediated cyclic AMP formation by carbachol in rat brain slices. Journal Neurochemistry 53, 536–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M.B. and Jope, R.S. (1995) Modulation by inositol of cholinergic and serotonergic-induced seizures in lithium-treated rats. Brain Research 685, 169–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar