Publication Cover
Nutritional Neuroscience
An International Journal on Nutrition, Diet and Nervous System
Volume 4, 2001 - Issue 5
30
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

From Farm to Table to Brain: Foodborne Pathogen Infection and the Potential Role of the Neuro-immune-endocrine System in Neurotoxic Sequelae

&
Pages 333-374 | Received 15 Dec 1999, Published online: 13 Jul 2016

References

  • Abou-Donia, M.B. (1992) In: Abou-Donia, M.B., ed, Neurotoxicology (CRC Press, Boca Raton), pp 3–21.
  • Abram, M. and Doric, M. (1997) “Primary Listeria monocytogenes infection in gestating mice”, Folia Microbiolica (Praha) 42, 65–71.
  • Agarwal, S.K. and Marshall, Jr., G.D. (1998) “Glucocorticoid induced type 1/type 2 cytokine alterations in humans: a model for stress-related immune dysfunction”, Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 18, 1059–1068.
  • Ahl, A.S. and Buntain, B. (1997) “Risk and the food safety chain: animal health, public health, and the environment”, Review of Science and Technology 16, 322–330.
  • Aisen, P.S. and Davis, K.L. (1994) “Inflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: implications for therapy”, American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 1105–1113.
  • Akalin, H., Akdis, A.C., Mistik, R., Helvaci, S. and Kilicturgay, K. (1994) “Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1 beta/interleukin-1 receptor antagonist balance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations in tuberculosis, viral and acute bacterial meningitis”, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease 26, 667–674.
  • Akiyama, H., Barger, S., Barnum, S., Bradt, B., Bauer, J., Greg, B., Cole, M., Cooper, N.R., Eikelenboom, P., Emmerling, M., Berndt, L., Fiebich, M., Caleb, E., Finch, C.E., Frautschy, S., Griffin, W.S.T., Hampel, H., Hull, M., Landreth, G., Lue, L.F.R., Mackenzie, I.R., McGeer, P.L., O'Banion, M.K., Pachter, J., Pasinetti, G., Salaman, C.P., Rogers, J., Rydela, R., Shena, Y., Streita, W., Strohmeyer, R., Tooyoma, I., Van Muiswinkel, F.L., Veerhuis, R., Walker, D., Webster, S., Wegrzyniak, B., Wenk, G. and Coray, T.W. (2000) “Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease”, Neurobiology of Aging 21, 383–421.
  • Akoum, A., Lemay, A., Brunet, C. and Hebert, J. (1995) “Cytokine-induced secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by human endometriotic cells in culture. The Groupe d'Investigation en Gynecologie”, The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 172, 594–596.
  • Akwa, Y., Sananes, N., Gouezou, M., Robel, P., Baulieu, E.E. and Le Goascogne, C. (1993) “Astrocytes and neurosteroids: metabolism of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Regulation by cell density”, Journal of Cell Biology 121, 135–143.
  • Alcocer-Varela, J., Aleman-Hoey, D. and Alarcon-Segovia, D. (1992) “Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 activities are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS lupus erythematosus and correlate with local late T cell activation markers”, Lupus 1, 111–117.
  • Allen, A.W. and Wei, J.P. (1992) “Gastroenteritis due to Salmonella sp: clinical and radiologic signs mimicking surgical peritonitis”, Southern Medical Journal 85, 45–46.
  • Altekruse, S.F., Cohen, M.L. and Swerdlow, D.L. (1997) “Emerging foodborne diseases”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 285–293.
  • Altimira, J., Prats, N., Lopez, S., Domingo, M., Briones, V., Dominguez, L. and Marco, A. (1999) “Repeated oral dosing with Listeria monocytogenes in mice as a model of central nervous system listeriosis in man”, Journal of Comparative Pathology 121, 117–125.
  • Ampel, N.M., Ahmann, D.R., Delgado, K.L., Galgiani, J.N. and Cloud, G. A. (1995) “Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with coccidioidal meningitis during therapy with fluconazole. National institute of allergy and infectious diseases mycoses study group”, Journal of Infectious Disease 171, 1675–1678.
  • Anderson, J.L. (1996) “The immune system and major depression”, Advances in Neuroimmunology 6, 119–129.
  • Andreoletti, O., Berthon, P., Marc, D., Sarradin, P., Grosclaude, J., van Keulen, L., Schelcher, F., Elsen, J.M. and Lantier, F. (2000), Journal of General Virology 81, 3115–3126.
  • Angele, M.K., Schwacha, M.G., Ayala, A. and Chaudry, I.H. (2000) “Effect of gender and sex hormones on immune responses following shock”, Shock 14, 81–92.
  • Anisman, H., Baines, M.G., Berczi, I., Bernstein, C.N., Blennerhassett, M.G., Gorczynski, R.M., Greenberg, A.H., Kisil, F.T., Mathison, R.D., Nagy, E., Nance, D.M., Perdue, M.H., Pomerantz, D.K., Sabbadini, E.R., Stanisz, A. and Warrington, R.J. (1996a) “Neuroimmune mechanisms in health and disease: 2. Disease”, Canadian Medical Association Journal 155, 1075–1082.
  • Anisman, H., Baines, M.G., Berczi, I., Bernstein, C.N., Blennerhassett, M.G., Gorczynski, R.M., Greenberg, A.H., Kisil, F.T., Mathison, R.D., Nagy, E., Nance, D.M., Perdue, M.H., Pomerantz, D.K., Sabbadini, E.R., Stanisz, A. and Warrington, R.J. (1996b) “Neuroimmune mechanisms in health and disease: 1. Health”, Canadian Medical Association Journal 155, 867–874.
  • Ansar, A.S., Penhale, W.J. and Talal, N. (1985) “Sex hormones, immune response, and autoimmune diseases. Mechanisms of sex hormone action”, American Journal of Pathology 121, 531–551.
  • Archer, D.L. and Young, F.E. (1988) “Contemporary issues: diseases with a food vector”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1, 377–398.
  • Arenander, A.T. and de Vellis, J. (1994) “Development of the nervous system”, In: Siegel, G.J., ed, Basic Neurochemistry, 5th ed. (Raven Press, New York), pp 573–606.
  • Arentoft, H., Schonheyder, H. and Schonemann, N.K. (1993) “Cerebral Salmonella typhimurium abscess in a patient with a stroke”, Infection 21, 251–253.
  • Art, D. and Andre, P. (1991) “Clinical and epidemiological aspects of listeriosis in Belgium, 1985–1990”, Zentralblatt Bakteriologie 275, 549–556.
  • Aschner, M. (1998) “Immune and inflammatory responses in the CNS: modulation by astrocytes”, Toxicology Letters 102–103, 283–287.
  • Ashkenazi, S., Bellah, G. and Cleary, T.G. (1989) “Hallucinations as an initial manifestation of childhood shigellosis”, Journal of Pediatrics 114, 95–96.
  • Ashkenazi, S., Cleary, K.R., Pickering, L.K., Murray, B.E. and Cleary, T.G. (1990) “The association of Shiga toxin and other cytotoxins with the neurologic manifestations of shigellosis”, Journal of Infectious Disease 161, 961–965.
  • Ashkenazi, S., Yuhas, Y., Even-Tov, S., Kaminsky, E. and Danon, Y.L. (1994) “The effect of shiga toxin and sonicates of Shigella isolates from children with neurologic manifestation on neuroblastoma cell lines”, Israeli Journal of Medical Science 30, 604–610.
  • Au-Jensen, M. and Heron, I. (1987) “Synergistic teratogenic effect produced in mice by whole cell pertussis vaccine”, Vaccine 5, 215–218.
  • Autenrieth, I.B., Kempf, V., Sprinz, T., Preger, S. and Schnell, A. (1996) “Defense mechanisms in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes against Yersinia enterocolitica involve integrins and cytokines”, Infection and Immunity 64, 1357–1368.
  • Avital, A., Maayan, C. and Goitein, K.J. (1982) “Incidence of convulsions and encephalopathy in childhood Shigella infections. Survey of 117 hospitalized patients”, Clinical Pediatrics 21, 645–648.
  • Avitsur, R. and Yirmiya, R. (1999) “The immunobiology of sexual behavior: gender differences in the suppression of sexual activity during illness”, Pharmacology and Biochemical Behavior 64, 787–796.
  • Ayulo, A.M., Machado, R.A. and Scussel, V.M. (1994) “Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in fish and seafood from the southern region of Brazil”, International Journal of Food Microbiology 24, 171–178.
  • Ba, Z.F., Wang, P., Koo, D.J., Zhou, M., Cioffi, W.G., Bland, K.I. and Chaudry, I.H. (2000) “Testosterone receptor blockade after trauma and hemorrhage attenuates depressed adrenal function”, American Journal of Physiological Regulation and Integrative Comparative Physiology 279, R1841–R1848.
  • Baker, D.R., Moxley, R.A. and Francis, D.H. (1997) “Variation in virulence in the gnotobiotic pig model of O157:H7 Escherichia coli strains of bovine and human origin”, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 412, 53–58.
  • Bale, Jr., J.F. and Murph, Jr., J.R. (1997) “Infections of the central nervous system in the newborn”, Clinical Perinatology 24, 787–806.
  • Banks, W.A., Kastin, A.J., Brennan, J.M. and Vallance, K.L. (1999) “Adsorptive endocytosis of HIV-1gp120 by blood-brain barrier is enhanced by lipopolysaccharide”, Experimental Neurology 156, 165–171.
  • Barbour, A.H., Rampling, A. and Hormaeche, C.E. (1996) “Comparison of the infectivity of isolates of Listeria monocytogenes following intragastric and intravenous inoculation in mice”, Microbial Pathogenesis 20, 247–253.
  • Bar-Dayan, Y., Bar-Dayan, Y., Klainbaum, Y. and Shemer, J. (1996) “Food-borne outbreak of streptococcal pharyngitis in an Israeli Airforce Base”, Scandanavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 28, 563–566.
  • Bar-Dayan, Y., Bar-Dayan, Y. and Shemer, J. (1997) “Food-borne and air-borne streptococcal pharyngitis—a clinical comparison”, Infection 25, 12–15.
  • Bauer, J., Strauss, S., Schreiter-Gasser, U., Ganter, U., Schlegel, P, Witt, I., Yolk, B. and Berger, M. (1991) “Interleukin-6 and alpha-2-macroglobulin indicate an acute-phase state in Alzheimer's disease cortices”, FEBS Letters 285, 111–114.
  • Bauer, M.K., Lieb, K., Schulze-Osthoff, K., Berger, M., Gebicke-Haerter, P.J., Bauer, J. and Fiebich, B.L. (1997) “Expression and regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat microglia”, European Journal of Biochemistry 243, 726–731.
  • Beaman, B., Beaman, L., Kjelstrom, J. A. and Ogata, S.A. (1994) In: Calne, D.B., ed, Bacteria and Neurodegeneration in Neurodegenerative Diseases (WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia), pp 319–338.
  • Bebo, Jr., B.F., Zelinka-Vincent, Jr., E., Adamus, Jr., G., Amundson, Jr., D., Vandenbark, Jr., A.A. and Offner, Jr., H. (1998a) “Gonadal hormones influence the immune response to PLP 139–151 and the clinical course of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis”, Journal of Neuroimmunology 84, 122–130.
  • Bebo, Jr., B.F., Schuster, Jr., J.C., Vandenbark, Jr., A.A. and Offner, Jr., H. (1998b) “Gender differences in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis develop during the induction of the immune response to encephalitogenic peptides”, Journal of Neuroscience Research 52, 420–426.
  • Beck, J.D. and Slade, G.D. (1996) “Epidemiology of periodontal diseases”, Current Opinions in Peridontology 3, 3–9.
  • Beck, J.D., Garcia, R., Heiss, G., Vokonas, P.S. and Offenbacher, S. (1996) “Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease”, Journal of Peridontology 67, 1123–1137.
  • Beekes, M. and McBride, P.A. (2000) “Early accumulation of pathological PrP in the enteric nervous system and gut-associated lymphoid tissue of hamsters orally infected with scrapie”, Neuroscience Letters 278, 181–184.
  • Belnicoff, S.A. and Grassi, D. (1991) “Encephalopathy in an adult with Shigella”, Medicine (B Aires) 51, 56–58.
  • Belouni, R. and Rahal, K. (1992) “Prospective study of Listeria in humans and animals”, Archives of the Institute Pasteur Algeria 58, 125–144.
  • Beltran, C.J., Gil, R., Castillo, A. and Valdes, S. (1991) “Bacteremic meningoencephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes in an immunocompetent adult”, Revists Medica Chile 119, 436–439.
  • Benke, T., Gasse, T., Hittmair-Delazer, M. and Schmutzhard, E. (1995) “Lyme encephalopathy, long-term neuropsychological deficits years after acute neuroborreliosis”, Acta Neurolgica Scandinavia 91, 353–357.
  • Ben-Nathan, D., Padgett, D.A. and Loria, R.M. (1999) “Androstenediol and dehydroepiandrosterone protect mice against lethal bacterial infections and lipopolysaccharide toxicity”, Journal of Medical Microbiology 48, 425–431.
  • Benveniste, E.N., Huneycutt, B.S., Shrikant, P. and Ballestas, M.E. (1995) “Second messenger systems in the regulation of cytokines and adhesion molecules in the central nervous system”, Brain Behavior and Immunity 9, 304–314.
  • Berche, P. (1995) “Bacteremia is required for invasion of the murine central nervous system by Listeria monocytogenes”, Microbial Pathology 18, 323–336.
  • Berczi, I., Chalmers, I.M., Nagy, E. and Warrington, R.J. (1996) “The immune effects of neuropeptides”, Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology 10, 227–257.
  • Berczi, I., Chow, D.A. and Sabbadini, E.R. (1998) “Neuroimmunoregulation and natural immunity”, Domestic Animal Endocrinology 15, 273–281.
  • Berkowitz, F.E. (1984) “Bacteremia in hospitalized black South African children. A one-year study emphasizing nosocomial bacteremia and bacteremia in severely malnourished children”, American Journal of Disabled Children 138, 551–556.
  • Berman, N.S., Siegel, S.E., Nachum, R., Lipsey, A. and Leedom, J. (1976) “Cerebrospinal fluid endotoxin concentration in Gram-negative bacterial meningitis”, Journal of Pediatry 88, 553–556.
  • Beuscher, H.U., Burdack, S. and Rollinghoff, M. (1997) “Bacterial cytokine antagonists encoded by pathogenic yersiniae”, Behring Institute Mitteilunger 98, 240–248.
  • Binder, S., Khabbaz, R., Swaminathan, B., Tauxe, R. and Potter, M. (1998) “The national food safety initiative”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, 347–351.
  • Biro, L., Lengyel, M., Koltai, M. and Hodics, T. (1995) “Successfully treated Salmonella enteritidis endocarditis”, Orvosi Hetilap 136, 777–779.
  • Black, R.E., Lopez de Romana, G., Brown, K.H., Bravo, N., Bazalar, O.G. and Kanashiro, H.C. (1989) “Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru”, American Journal of Epidemiology 129, 785–799.
  • Blalock, J.E. (1994) “The syntax of immune-endocrine communication”, Immunology Today 15, 504–511.
  • Bland, P.B. (1919) “Influenza in its relation to pregnancy and labor”, American Journal of Obstetric Disease in Women 79, 184–197.
  • Blanot, S., Joly, M.M., Vilde, F., Jaubert, F., Clement, O., Frija, G. and Berche, P. (1997) “A gerbil model for rhombencephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes”, Microbial Pathogenies 23, 39–48.
  • Blum-Degen, D., Muller, T., Kuhn, W., Gerlach, M., Przuntek, H. and Riederer, P. (1995) “Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's and de novo Parkinson's disease patients”, Neuroscience Letters 202, 17–20.
  • Bodmann, K.F. and Schuster, H.P. (1995) “Diarrhea, coli infection, septic encephalopathy: escalation of a seemingly banal symptom (clinical conference)”, Therapeutische Umshau 52, 79–182.
  • Bogdan, I., Leib, S.L., Bergeron, M., Chow, L. and Tauber, M.G. (1997) “Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to apoptosis in hippocampal neurons during experimental group B streptococcal meningitis”, Journal of Infectious Disease 176, 693–697.
  • Bohn, E., Sing, A., Zumbihl, R., Bielfeldt, C., Okamura, H., Jurimoto, M., Heesemann, J. and Autenrieth, I.B. (1998) “IL-18 (IFNgamma inducing factor) regulates early cytokine production in, and promotes resolution of, bacterial infection in mice”, Journal of Immunology 160, 299–307.
  • Bolton, C.F., Young, G.B. and Zochodne, D.W. (1993) “The neurological complications of sepsis”, Annuals of Neurology 33, 94–100.
  • Bona, E., Andersson, A.L., Blomgren, K., Gilland, E., Puka-Sundvall, M., Gustafson, K. and Hagberg, H. (1999) “Chemokine and inflammatory cell response to hypoxiaischemia in immature rats”, Pediatric Research 45, 500–509.
  • Boyce, T.G., Swerdlow, D.L. and Griffin, P.M. (1995) “Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome”, New England Journal of Medicine 333, 364–368.
  • Bracegirdle, P., West, A.A., Lever, M.S., Fitzgeorge, R.B. and Baskerville, A. (1994) “A comparison of aerosol and intragastric routes of infection with Listeria spp.”, Epidemiology and Infection 112, 69–79.
  • Brade, L., Brandenburg, K., Kuhn, H.M., Kusumoto, S., Macher, I., Rietschel, E.T. and Brade, H. (1987) “The immunogenicity and antigenicity of lipid A are influenced by its physicochemical state and environment”, Infection and Immunity 55, 2636–2644.
  • Braun, D.P., Gebel, FI., House, R., Rana, N. and Dmowski, N.P. (1996) “Spontaneous and induced synthesis of cytokines by peripheral blood monocytes in patients with endometriosis”, Fertility and Sterility 65, 1125–1129.
  • Breder, C.D., Hazuka, C., Ghayur, T., Klug, C., Huginin, M., Yasuda, K., Teng, M. and Saper, C.B. (1994) “Regional induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in the mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide administration”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91, 11393–11397.
  • Briko, N.I., Shervarli, V.I., Dynga, L.O., Nezhlukchenko, MIu. and Beliakov, V.D. (1993) “An explosive outbreak of strep throat morbidity in an adult organized collective”, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii 1 Immunobiologii 5, 35–40.
  • Brown, R.C., Cascio, C. and Papadopoulos, V. (2000) “Pathways of neurosteroid biosynthesis in cell lines from human brain: regulation of dehydroepiandrosterone formation by oxidative stress and beta-amyloid peptide”, Journal of Neurochemistry 74, 847–859.
  • Brugg, B., Dubreuil, Y.L., Huber, G., Wollman, E.E., Dehaye-Bouchaud, N. and Mariani, J. (1995) “Inflammatory processes induce beta-amyloid precursos protein changes in mouse brain”, Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, USA 92, 3032–3035.
  • Bula, C.J., Bille, J. and Glauser, M.P. (1995) “An epidemic of food-bome listeriosis in western Switzerland, description of 57 cases involving adults”, Clinical and Infectious Disease 20, 66–72.
  • Bunning, V.K., Lindsay, J.A. and Archer, D.L. (1997) “Chronic health effects of microbial foodborne disease”, World Health Statistics Quarterly 50, 51–56.
  • Burmester, G.R. (1993) “Lessons from Lyme arthritis”, Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 11, S23–S27.
  • Calvo, C.F., Yoshimura, T., Gelman, M. and Mallat, M. (1996) “Production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by rat brain macrophages”, European Journal of Neuroscience 8, 1725–1734.
  • Campbell, I.L. (1998) “Structural and functional impact of the transgenic expression of cytokines in the CNS”, Annals of the New York Academy of Science 840, 83–96.
  • Campbell, I.L. and Chiang, C.S. (1995) “Cytokine involvement in central nervous system disease. Implications from transgenic mice”, Annals of the New York Academy of Science 29, 301–312.
  • Campbell, I.L., Eddleston, M., Kemper, P., Oldstone, M.B. and Hobbs, M.V. (1994) “Activation of cerebral cytokine gene expression and its correlation with onset of reactive astrocyte and acute-phase response gene expression in scrapie”, Journal of Virology 68, 2383–2387.
  • Campbell, I.L., Stalder, A.K., Chiang, C.S., Bellinger, R., Heyser, C.J., Steffensen, S., Masliah, E., Powell, H.C., Gold, L.H., Henriksen, S.J. and Siggins, G.R. (1997) “Transgenic models to assess the pathogenic actions of cytokines in the central nervous system”, Molecular Psychiatry 2, 125–129.
  • Cannon, W.B. (1929) “Organization for physiological homeostasis”, Physiological Reviews 9, 399–431.
  • Carbonnelle, B., Cottin, J., Parvery, F., Chambreuil, G., Kouyoumdjian, S., Le Lirzin, M., Cordier, G. and Vincent, F. (1979) “Epidemic of listeriosis in Western France (1975–1976)”, Revue D Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique 26, 451–467.
  • Carrieri, P.B., Provitera, V., De Rosa, T., Tartaglia, G., Gorga, F. and Perrella, O. (1998) “Profile of cerebrospinal fluid and serum cytokines in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a correlation with clinical activity”, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 20, 373–382.
  • Cassell, G.H. (1998) “Infectious causes of chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, 475–487.
  • Cassileth, B.R. and Drossman, D.A. (1993) “Psychosocial factors in gastrointestinal illness”, Psychotherapy and Psychosomology 59, 131–143.
  • Catania, R.A., Angele, M.K., Ayala, A., Cioffi, W.G., Bland, K.I. and Chaudry, I.H. (1999) “Dehydroepiandrosterone restores immune function following trauma-haemorrhage by a direct effect on T lymphocytes”, Cytokine 11, 443–450.
  • CDC. (1998) FoodNet, CDC/USDA/FDA Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, USDHHS, PHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Cendes, F., Andermann, F., Carpenter, S., Zatorre, R.J. and Cashman, N.R. (1995) “Temporal lobe epilepsy caused by domoic acid intoxication, evidence for glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in humans”, Annals of Neurology 37, 123–126.
  • Challa, V.R. and Marx, R.S. (1980) “Pathology of Yersinia enterocolitica meningitis”, Journal of Neurology and Neurosurgical Psychiatry 43, 455–457.
  • Chao, C.C., Hu, S. and Peterson, P.K. (1995) “Glia, cytokines, and neurotoxicity”, Critical Reviews of Neurobiology 9, 189–205.
  • Chao, C.C., Hu, S., Sheng, W.S., Bu, D., Bukrinsky, M.I. and Peterson, P.K. (1996) “Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a nitric oxide mechanism”, Glia 16, 276–284.
  • Charlton, B. and Lafferty, K.J. (1995) “The Th1/Th2 balance in autoimmunity”, Current Opinions in Immunology 7, 793–798.
  • Chart, H., Baskerville, A., Humphrey, T.J. and Rowe, B. (1992) “Serological responses of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis PT4 by different routes”, Epidemiology and Infection 109, 297–302.
  • Chavanet, P., Bonnotte, B., Guiguet, M., Zeller, V., Solary, E., Maurice, L., Casasnovas, O., Caillot, D., Waldner, A. and Kisterman, J.P. (1992) “High concentrations of intrathecal interleukin-6 in human bacterial and nonbacterial meningitis”, Journal of Infectious Disease 166, 428–431.
  • Cherubin, C., Appleman, M., Hesteltine, P., Khayr, W. and Stratton, C. (1991) “Epidemiological spectrum and current treatment of listeriosis”, Review of Infant Disease 13, 1108–1114.
  • Chikanza, I.C. and Grossman, A.B. (1996) “Neuroendocrine immune responses to inflammation, the concept of the neuroendocrine immune loop”, Baillieres Clinical Rheumatolology 10, 199–225.
  • Cimmino, M.A., Moggiana, G.L., Parisi, M. and Accardo, S. (1996) “Treatment of Lyme arthritis”, Infection 24, 91–93.
  • Cimolai, N. and Carter, J.E. (1998) “Bacterial genotype and neurological complications of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome”, Acta Paediatrica 87, 593–594.
  • Cimolai, N., Morrison, B.J. and Carter, J.E. (1992) “Risk factors for the central nervous system manifestations of gastroenteritis-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome”, Pediatrics 90, 616–621.
  • Clavelou, P., Beytout, J., Gourdiat, A., Garandeau, A., Deffond, D. and Tournilhac, M. (1989) “Neurologic involvement in campylobacter infections. 5 cases”, Revue Neurologique (Paris) 145, 208–214.
  • Codd, G.A., Ward, C.J. and Bell, S.G. (1997) “Cyanobacterial toxins, occurrence, modes of action, health effects and exposure routes”, Archives of Toxicology Supplement(- Suppl. 19), 399–410.
  • Coid, C.R. (1976) “Bacterial endotoxin and impaired fetal development”, Experientia 32, 735–736.
  • Coid, C.R., Sandison, H., Slavin, G. and Altman, D.G. (1978) “Escherichia coli infection in mice and impaired fetal development”, British Journal of Experimental Pathology 59, 292–297.
  • Collins, J.G., Smith, M.A., Arnold, R.R. and Offenbacher, S. (1994) “Effects of Escherichia coli and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide on pregnancy outcome in the golden hamster”, Infection and Immunity 62, 4652–4655.
  • Conroy, S.M. and Gruol, D.L. (1997) “The cytokine interleukin-6 enhances neurotoxicity involving receptors in developing central nervous system neurons”, National Conference of Women and HIV.
  • Cosentini, R. and Blasi, F. (1996) “New pathogens for respiratory infections”, Current Opinions in Pulmonary Medicine 2, 174–180.
  • Cross, A., Asher, L., Seguin, M., Yuan, L., Kelly, N., Hammack, C., Sadoff, J. and Gemski, Jr., P. (1995) “The importance of a lipopolysaccharide-initiated, cytokine-mediated host defense mechanism in mice against extraintestinally invasive Escherichia coli”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 96, 676–686.
  • Curhan, G.C., Willett, W.C., Rimm, E.B., Spiegelman, D., Ascherio, A.L. and Stampfer, M.J. (1996) “Birth weight and adult hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity in US men”, Circulation 94, 3246–3250.
  • Dalakas, M.C. (1995) “Basic aspects of neuroimmunology as they relate to immunotherapeutic targets, present and future prospects”, Annals of Neurology 37, S2–S13.
  • Danzter, R., Bluthe, R., Kent, S. and Kelley, K. (1992) “Behavioral effects of cytokines”, In: Rothwell, N.J. and Danzter, R., eds, Interleukin-1 in the Brain (Permagon Press, Oxford), pp 135–147.
  • Dasanayake, A.P. (1998) “Poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman as a risk factor for low birth weight”, Annals of Peridontology 3, 206–212.
  • Decker, C.F., Simon, G.L., DiGioia, R.A. and Tuazon, C.U. (1991) “Listeria monocytogenes infections in patients with AIDS: report of five cases and review”, Review of Infectious Disease 13, 413–417.
  • Delgado, R., Carlin, A., Airaghi, L., Demitri, M.T., Meda, L., Galimberti, D., Delgado, R., Baron, P., Lipton, J.M., Catania, A., Carlin, A., Airaghi, L., Demitri, M.T. and Meda, L. (1998) “Melanocortin peptides inhibit production of proinflammatory and nitric oxide by activated microglia”, Journal of Leukocyte Biology 63, 740–745.
  • Delves, P.J. and Roitt, I.M. (2000) “Advances in immunology: the immune system (second of two parts)”, The New England Journal of Medicine 343, 108–114.
  • Deschaux, P. (1988) “Neuroimmunology, is the immune system a sense organ?”, Archives of International Physiology and Biochemistry 96, A78–A89.
  • van Deuren, M., van der Ven-Jongekrijg, J., Bartelink, A.K., van Dalen, R., Sauerwein, R.W. and van der Meer, J.W. (1995) “Correlation between proinflammatory cytokines and antiinflammatory mediators and the severity of disease in meningococcal infections”, Journal of Infectious Disease 172, 433–439.
  • Diab, A., Zhu, J., Lindquist, L., Wretlind, B., Bakhiet, M. and Link, H. (1997a) “Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae induce different intracerebral mRNA cytokine patterns during the course of experimental bacterial meningitis”, Clinical and Experimental Immunology 109, 233–241.
  • Diab, A., Zhu, J., Lindquist, L., Wretlind, B., Link, H. and Bakhiet, M. (1997b) “Cytokine mRNA profiles during the course of experimental Haemophilus influenzae bacterial meningitis”, Clinical and Immunological Immunopathology 85, 236–245.
  • Dickson, D.W., Lee, S.C., Mattiace, L.A., Yen, S.H. and Brosnan, C. (1993) “Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease”, Glia 7, 75–83.
  • Ding, St., M., Pierre, St., B.A., Parkinson, St., J.F., Medberry, St., P., Wong, St., J.L., Rogers, St., N.E., Ignarro, St., L.J. and Merrill, St., J.E. (1997) “Inducible nitric-oxide synthase and nitric oxide production in human fetal astrocytes and microglia. A kinetic analysis”, Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 11327–11335.
  • DiSanto, E., Foddi, M.C., Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P, Mennini, T. and Ghezzi, P. (1996) “DHEAS inhibits TNF production in monocytes, astrocytes and microglial cells”, Neuroimmunomodulation 3, 285–288.
  • Donald, P.R., Schoeman, J.F., Beyers, N., Nel, E.D., Carlini, S.M., Olsen, K.D. and McCracken, G.H. (1995) “Concentrations of interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1 beta in the cerebrospinal fluid of children treated for tuberculous meningitis”, Clinical and Infectious Disease 21, 924–929.
  • Doyle, M.P. (1991) “A new generation of foodborne pathogens”, Biological Association of Medicine PR 83, 561–563.
  • Dunn, A.J. (1992) “Endotoxin-induced activation of cerebral catecholamine and serotonin metabolism, comparison with interleukin-1”, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 261, 964–969.
  • Dwivedi, P., Malhotra, F.C. and Chauhan, H.V. (1973) “Studies on the pathology of blindness in experimental salmonellosis in chicks”, Veterinary Record 92, 644–646.
  • Dyatlov, V.A., Platoshin, A.V., Lawrence, D.A. and Carpenter, D.O. (1998a) “Lead potentiates cytokine- and glutamate-mediated increases in permeability of the blood-brain barrier”, Neurotoxicology 19, 283–291.
  • Dyatlov, V.A., Dyatlova, O.M., Parsons, P.J., Lawrence, D.A. and Carpenter, D.O. (1998b) “Lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-6 enhance lead entry into cerebellar neurons, application of a new and sensitive flow cytometric technique to measure intracellular lead and calcium concentrations”, Neurotoxicology 19, 293–302.
  • Dykstra, S.A., Moxley, R.A., Janke, B.H., Nelson, E.A. and Francis, D.H. (1993) “Clinical signs and lesions in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Shiga-like toxin I from Escherichia coli”, Veterinary Pathology 30, 410–417.
  • Eckmann, L., Fierer, J. and Kagnoff, M.F. (1996) “Genetically resistant (Ityr) and susceptible (Itys) congenic mouse strains show similar cytokine responses following infection with Salmonella dublin”, Journal of Immunology 156, 2894–2900.
  • El-Fawal, H.A.N., Waterman, S.J., De Feo, A. and Shamy, M.Y. (1999) “Neuroimmunotoxicology: humoral assessments of neurotoxicity and autoimmune mechanisms”, Environmental Health Perspectives 107, 767–775.
  • Elmquist, J.K., Ackermann, M.R., Register, K.B., Rimler, R.B., Ross, L.R. and Jacobson, C.D. (1993) “Induction of Foslike immunoreactivity in the rat brain following Pasteurella multocida endotoxin administration”, Endocrinology 133, 3054–3057.
  • Ember, L.R. (1998) “Surviving stress”, Chemical and Engineering News 76, 12–24.
  • Enkin, M.W. and Jadad, A.R. (1998) “Using anecdotal information in evidence-based health care: heresy or necessity?”, Annals of Oncology 9, 963–966.
  • Ephros, M., Cohen, D., Yavzori, M., Rotman, N., Novic, B. and Ashkenazi, S. (1996) “Encephalopathy associated with enteroinvasive Escherichia coli 0144. NM infection”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34, 2432–2434.
  • Evans, J.R., Allen, A.C., Bortolussi, R., Issekutz, T.B. and Stinson, D.A. (1984) “Follow-up study of survivors of fetal and early onset neonatal listeriosis”, Clinical Investigation and Medicine 7, 329–334.
  • Evans, C., Garcia, H.H., Gilman, R.H. and Friedland, J.S. (1997) “Controversies in the management of cysticercosis”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 403–405.
  • Farber, J.M. and Losos, J.Z. (1988) “Listeria monocytogenes: a foodborne pathogen”, Canadian Medical Association Journal 138, 413–418.
  • Farrell, G.M. and Marth, E.H. (1991) “Borrelia burgdorferi: another cause of foodborne illness?”, International Journal of Food Microbiology 14, 247–260.
  • Fauci, A.S. (1998) “New and reemerging diseases: the importance of biomedical research”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, 374–378.
  • Felten, D.L., Felten, S.Y., Bellinger, D.L., Carlson, S.L., Ackerman, K.D., Madden, K.S., Olschowki, J.A. and Livnat, S. (1987a) “Noradrenergic sympathetic neural interactions with the immune system, structure and function”, Immunology Reviews 100, 225–260.
  • Felten, D.L., Ackerman, K.D., Wiegand, S.J. and Felten, S.Y. (1987b) “Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of the spleen, I. Nerve fibers associate with lymphocytes and macrophages in specific compartments of the splenic white pulp”, Journal of Neuroscience Research 18, 28–36.
  • Felten, D.L., Cohen, N., Ader, R., Felten, S.Y., Carlson, S.L. and Roszman, T.L. (1991) “Central neural circuits involved in neural-immune interactions”, In: Ader, R., Felton, D.L. and Cohen, N., eds, Psychoneuroimmunology (Academic Press, London), pp 3–19.
  • Felten, S.Y., Madden, K.S., Bellinger, D.L., Kruszewska, B., Moynihan, J.A. and Felten, D.L. (1998) “The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the modulation of immune responses”, Advances in Pharmacology 42, 583–587.
  • Ferencik, M. and Stvrinova, V. (1997) “Is the immune system our sixth sense? Relation between the immune and neuroendocrine systems”, Bratislavske Lekarske Listy 98, 187–198.
  • Ferrera, P.C., Jeanjaquet, M.S. and Mayer, D.M. (1996) “Shigella-induced encephalopathy in an adult”, American Journal of Emergency Medicine 14, 173–175.
  • Feuerstein, G.Z., Liu, T. and Barone, F.C. (1994) “Cytokines, inflammation, and brain injury: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha”, Cerebrovascular Brain Metabolism Review 6, 341–346.
  • Fiser, R.H., Shultz, T.D., Rindsig, R.B. and Beisel, W.R. (1973) “Alterations in plasma and brain lipid metabolism during endotoxemia in the neonatal rat”, Biology of the Neonate 22, 155–160.
  • Fiteni, I., Ruiz, F.J., Crusells, M.J., Sanjoaquin, I. and Guillen, G. (1995) “Salmonella enteritidis multifocal infection of the central nervous system. Efficacy of new cephalosporins”, Presse Medicine 24, 309–311.
  • Forster, M.J. and Lal, H. (1990) “Animal models of age-related dementia, neurobehavioral dysfunctions in autoimmune mice”, Brain Research Bulletin 25, 503–516.
  • Frederic, F., Oliver, C., Wollman, E., Delhaye-Bouchaud, N. and Mariani, J. (1993) “IL-1 and LPS induce a sexually dimorphic response of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in several mouse strains”, European Cytokine Network 4, 321–329.
  • Frei, K., Lins, H. and Fontana, A. (1994) “Production and function of IL-10 in the central nervous system”, Schweiz Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 145, 30–31.
  • Frei, K., Fredrikson, S., Fontana, A. and Link, H. (1991) “Interleukin-6 is elevated in plasma in multiple sclerosis”, Journal of Neuroimmunology 31, 147–153.
  • Frei, K., Nadal, D., Pfister, H.W. and Fontana, A. (1993) “Listeria meningitis: identification of a cerebrospinal fluid inhibitor of macrophage listericidal function as interleukin 10”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 178, 1255–1261.
  • Fujii, J. and Yoshida, S. (1997) “Brain lesions in rabbits given an intravenous injection of verotoxin 2 and protection by anti-VT2 antibody”, Nippon Rinsho 55, 736–740.
  • Fujii, J., Kita, T., Yoshida, S., Takeda, T., Kobayashi, H., Tanaka, N., Ohsato, K. and Mizuguchi, Y. (1994) “Direct evidence of neuron impairment by oral infection with verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157, H- in mitomycin-treated mice”, Infection and Immunity 62, 3447–3453.
  • Funada, H., Uotani, C., Machi, T., Matsuda, T. and Nonomura, A. (1988) “Bacillus cereus bacteremia in an adult with acute leukemia”, Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 18, 69–74.
  • Furness, J.B., Kunze, W.A. and Clerc, N. (1999) “Nutrient tasting and signaling mechanisms in the gut. II. The intestine as a sensory organ: neural, endocrine, and immune responses”, American Journal of Physiology 277, G922–G928.
  • van Furth, A.M., Seijmonsbergen, E.M., Langermans, J.A., Groeneveld, P.H., de Bel, C.E. and van Furth, R. (1995) “High levels of interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in cerebrospinal fluid during the onset of bacterial meningitis”, Clinical Infection and Disease 21, 220–222.
  • Gadient, R.A. and Otten, U. (1994) “Expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) mRNAs in rat brain during postnatal development”, Brain Research 637, 10–14.
  • Gahtan, E. and Overmier, J.B. (1999) “Inflammatory pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: biological mechanisms and cognitive sequeli”, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review 23, 613–633.
  • Gaillard, R.C. and Spinedi, E. (1998) “Sex- and stress-steroid interactions and the immune system: evidence for a neuroendocrine-immunological sexual dimorphism”, Domestic Animal Endocrinology 15, 345–352.
  • Galdiero, M., De Martino, L., Marcatili, A., Nuzzo, I., Vitiello, M. and Cipollaro de l'Ero, G. (1998) “Th1 and Th2 cell involvement in immune response to Salmonella typhimurium porins”, Immunology 94, 5–13.
  • Garcia-Estrada, J., Luquin, S., Fernandez, A.M. and Garda-Segura, L.M. (1999) “Dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone and sex steroids down-regulate reactive astroglia in the male rat brain after a penetrating brain injury”, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 17, 145–151.
  • Gasbarrini, A., Franceschi, F., Armuzzi, A., Ojetti, V., Candelli, M., Torre, E.S., De Lorenzo, A., Anti, M., Pretolani, S. and Gasbarrini, G. (1999) “Extradigestive manifestations of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection”, Gut 45, 19–112.
  • Geiger, K. and Sarvetnick, N. (1996) “The influenssce of cytokines on the central nervous system of transgenic mice”, Current Topics in Microbiological Immunology 206, 101–117.
  • Gennari, R., Alexander, J.W., Pyles, T., Hartmann, S. and Ogle, C.K. (1994) “Effects of antimurine interleukin-6 on bacterial translocation during gut-derived sepsis”, Archives of Surgery 129, 1191–1197.
  • Gershon, M.D. (1999) “The enteric nervous system: a second brain”, Hospital Practice 34, 31–2.
  • Giedd, J.N., Rapoport, J.L., Leonard, H.L., Richter, D. and Swedo, S.E. (1996) “Case study: acute basal ganglia enlargement and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in an adolescent boy”, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 913–915.
  • Glimaker, M., Kragsbjerg, R, Forsgren, M. and Oleen, P. (1993) “Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with meningitis of different etiologies: high levels of TNF alpha indicate bacterial meningitis”, Journal of Infectious Disease 167, 882–889.
  • Glockner, R., Schroter, U., Benecke, A. and Benecke, I. (1992) “Delayed fetal development in two models of disturbed pregnancy of rats. Effect on mortality, body mass development, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urinary ammonium concentrations during the first week of extrauterine life”, Experimental Toxicology and Pathology 44, 371–373.
  • Goehler, L.E., Gaykema, R.P.A., Hansen, M.K., Anderson, K., Maier, S.F. and Watkins, L.R. (2000) “Vagal immune-to-brain communication: a visceral chemosensory pathway”, Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 85, 49–59.
  • Goren, A., Freier, S. and Passwell, J.H. (1992) “Lethal toxic encephalopathy due to childhood shigellosis in a developed country”, Pediatrics 89, 1189–1193.
  • Goulet, V. and Marchetti, P. (1996) “Listeriosis in 225 non-pregnant patients in 1992: clinical aspects and outcome in relation to predisposing conditions”, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease 28, 367–374.
  • Graeff, H., Kuhn, W. and Zander, J. (1973) “Endotoxin shock in obstetrics”, In: Urbaschek, B., Urbaschek, R. and Neter, E., eds, Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections and Mode of Endotoxin Actions. Pathophysiological, Immunological and Clinical Aspects (Springer, Vienna), pp 446–449.
  • Granger, D.A., Hood, K.E., Ikeda, S.C., Reed, C.L. and Block, M.L. (1996) “Neonatal endotoxin exposure alters the development of social behavior and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is selectively bred mice”, Brain Behavior and Immunity 10, 249–259.
  • Granum, P.E., Tomas, J.M. and Alouf, J.E. (1995) “A survey of bacterial toxins involved in food poisoning, a suggestion for bacterial food poisoning toxin nomenclature”, International Journal of Food Microbiology 28, 129–144.
  • Griffin, W.S.T., Stanley, L.C., Ling, C., White, L., MacLeod, V., Perrot, L.J., White, III, C.L. and Araoz, III, C. (1989) “Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down Syndrome and Alzheimer disease”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 86, 7611–7615.
  • Grimes, D.A., LeBolt, S.A., Grimes, K.R. and Wingo, P.A. (1995) “Systemic lupus erythematosus and reproductive function, a case-control study”, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 153, 179–186.
  • Gross, P.A. (1984) “Collection of data documenting risk factors: safeguards in conducting case-control studies”, American Journal of Medicine 76, 28–33.
  • Guarino, M., Casmiro, M. and D'Alexxandro, R. (1998) “Campylobacter jejuni infection and GuiUain-Barre syndrome: a case-control study. Emilia-Romagno Study Group on Clinical and Epidemiological Problems in Neurology”, Neuroepidemiology 17, 296–302.
  • Haesaert, B. and Ornoy, A. (1986) “Transplacental effects of endotoxemia on fetal mouse brain, bone, and placental tissue”, Pediatric Pathology 5, 167–181.
  • Hall, N.R., O'Grady, M.P. and Menzies, R.A. (1992) “Thymic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis”, International Journal of Immunopharmacology 14, 353–359.
  • Hamano, S., Nakanishi, Y. and Nara, T. (1992) “Neurologica manifestations in hemorrhagic colitis associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7”, No To Hattatsu 24, 250–256.
  • Hamano, S., Nakanishi, Y., Nara, T., Seki, T., Ohtani, T., Oishi, T., Joh, K., Oikawa, T., Muramatsu, Y. and Ogawa, Y. (1993) “Neurological manifestations of hemorrhagic colitis in the outbreak of Escherichia coli O157, H7 infection in Japan”, Acta Paediatrica 82, 454–458.
  • Handa, S. (1992) “Concentration of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and TNF-alpha in cerebrospinal fluid from children with septic or aseptic meningitis”, Kurume Medical Journal 39, 257–265.
  • Hanes, D.E., Koch, W.H., Miliotis, M.D. and Lampel, K.A. (1995) “DNA probe for detecting Salmonella enteritidis in food”, Molecular Cell Probes 9, 9–18.
  • Harshman, S. and Sugg, N. (1994) “Induction of muscle-relaxing factor by staphylococcal alpha-toxin”, Infection and Immunity 2, 421–425.
  • Hassig, A., Kremer, H., Liang, W.X. and Stampfli, K. (1998) “The role of the Th-1 to Th-2 shift of the cytokine profiles of CD4 helper cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and hypercatabolic diseases”, Medical Hypotheses 51, 59–63.
  • Hauss-Wegrzyniak, B., Dobrzanski, P., Stoehr, J.D. and Wenk, G.L. (1998a) “Chronic neuroinflammation in rats reproduces components of the neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease”, Brain Research 780, 294–303.
  • Hauss-Wegrzyniak, B., Lukovic, L., Bigaud, M. and Stoeckel, M.E. (1998b) “Brain inflammatory response induced by intracerebroventricular infusion of lipopolysaccharide, an immunohistochemical study”, Brain Research 794, 211–224.
  • Hauss-Wegrzyniak, B., Vraniak, P. and Wenk, G.L. (1999a) “The effects of a novel NSAID upon chronic neuroin-flammation are age dependent”, Neurobiology of Aging 20, 305–313.
  • Hauss-Wegrzyniak, L.B., Willard, P., Del Soldato, G., Pepeu, G. and Wenk, G.L. (1999b) “Peripheral administration of novel anti-inflammatories can attenuate the effects of chronic inflammation within the CNS”, Brain Research 815, 36–43.
  • Hecht, G. and Savkovic, S.D. (1997) “Review article: effector role of epithelia in inflammation-interaction with bacteria”, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11(Suppl. 3), 64–69.
  • Hedberg, C.W., Savarino, S.J., Besser, J.M., Paulus, C.J., Thelen, V.M., Myers, L.J., Kaper, J.B. and Osterholm, M.T. (1997) “An outbreak of foodborne illness caused by Escherichia coli O39:NM, an agent not fitting into the existing scheme for classifying diarrheogenic E. coli”, Journal of Infectious Disease 176, 1625–1628.
  • Heim, C. and Nemeroff, C.B. (1999) “The impact of early adverse experiences on brain systems involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and affective disorders”, Biological Psychiatry 46, 1509–1522.
  • Henderson, B. and Wilson, M. (1996) “Cytokine induction by bacteria, beyond lipopolysaccharide”, Cytokine 8, 169–182.
  • Hennessey, T.W., Hedberg, C.W., Slutsker, L., White, K.E., Besser-Wiek, J.M. and Moen, M.E. (1996) “A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream”, New England Journal of Medicine 334, 1281–1286.
  • Henry, C, Arsaut, J., Arnauld, E. and Demotes-Mainard, J. (1996) “Transient neonatal elevation in hypothalamic estrogen receptor mRNA in prenatally-stressed male rats”, Neuroscience Letters 216, 141–145.
  • Hernandez, A., Almirante, B., Pahissa, A., Capdevila, J.A., Planes, A.M., Gasser, I. and Martinez Vazquez, J.M. (1990) “Listeriosis in the adult. Clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic considerations based on a series of 26 cases”, Enfermedages Infecciosis y Microiboligia Clinica 8, 414–419.
  • Herzberg, M.C. and Meyer, M.W. (1996) “Effects of oral flora on platelets, possible consequences in cardiovascular disease”, Journal of Peridontology 67, 1138–1142.
  • Hesse, D.G., Tracey, K.J., Fong, Y, Manogue, K.R., Palladino, Jr., M.A., Cerami, Jr., A., Shires, Jr., G.T. and Lowry, Jr., S.F. (1988) “Cytokine appearance in human endotoxemia and primate bacteremia”, Surgical and Gynecological Obstetrics 166, 147–153.
  • Heyes, M.P., Kim, P. and Markey, S.P. (1988) “Systemic lipopolysaccharide and pokeweed mitogen increase quinolinic acid content of mouse cerebral cortex”, Journal of Neurochemistry 51, 1946–1948.
  • Heyser, C.J., Masliah, E., Samimi, A., Campbell, I.L. and Gold, L.H. (1997) “Progressive decline in avoidance learning paralleled by inflammatory neurodegeneration in transgenic mice expressing interleukin-6 in the brain”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94, 1500–1505.
  • Ho, J.L., Shands, K.N., Friedland, G., Eckind, P. and Fraser, D.W. (1986) “An outbreak of type 4b Listeria monocytogenes infection involving patients from eight Boston hospitals”, Archives of Internal Medicine 146, 520–524.
  • Holmberg, S.D. and Blake, PA. (1984) “Staphylococcal food poisoning in the United States. New facts and old misconceptions”, Journal of the American Medical Association 251, 487–489.
  • Homo-Delarche, F., Fitzpatrick, F., Christeff, N., Nunez, E.A., Bach, J.F. and Dardenne, M. (1991) “Sex steroids, glucocorticoids, stress and autoimmunity”, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 40, 619–637.
  • Hooper, D.C., Ohnishi, S.T., Kean, R., Numagami, Y., Dietzschold, B. and Koprowskik, H. (1995) “Local nitric oxide production in viral and autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92, 5312–5316.
  • Hopkins, R.J., Vial, P.A., Ferreccio, C., Ovalle, J., Prado, P., Sotomayor, V., Russell, R.G., Wasserman, S.S. and Morris, Jr., J.G. (1993) “Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Chile, vegetables may serve as one route of transmission”, Journal of Infectious Disease 168, 222–226.
  • Hou, J.W., Teng, R.J. and Lee, C.Y. (1989) “Salmonella meningitis complicated with subdural empyema, brain abscess and purpura fulminans, report of one case”, Chung-hua Min Kuo Hsiao Erh Ko I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 30, 408–413.
  • Huang, L.T. (1996) “Salmonella meningitis complicated by brain infarctions”, Clinical Infectious Disease 22, 194–195.
  • Hunt, R.H. (1997) “Peptic ulcer disease, defining the treatment strategies in the era of Helicobacter pylori”, American Journal of Gastroenterology 92, 36S–40S.
  • Hurley, R. and de Louvois, J. (1981) “Bloodstream infections and perinatal mortality”. Journal of Clinical Pathology 34, 271–276.
  • Ichiyama, T., Nishikawa, M., Yoshitomi, T., Hayashi, T. and Furukawa, S. (1998) “Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid from children with prolonged febrile seizures. Comparison with acute encephalitis/encephalopathy”, Neurology 50, 407–411.
  • Ii, M., Sunamoto, M., Ohnishi, K. and Ichimori, Y. (1996) “beta-Amyloid protein-dependent nitric oxide production from microglial cells and neurotoxicity”, Brain Research 720, 93–100.
  • Inward, C.D., Varagunam, M., Adu, D., Milford, D.V. and Taylor, C.M. (1997) “Cytokines in haemolytic uraemic syndrome associated with verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli infection”, Archives of Disease in Childhood 77, 145–147.
  • Ishiguro, A., Suzuki, Y., Inaba, Y., Komiyama, A., Koeffler, H.P. and Shimbo, T. (1996) “Production of interleukin-10 in the cerebrospinal fluid in aseptic meningitis of children”, Pediatric Research 40, 610–614.
  • Ishiguro, A., Suzuki, Y., Inaba, Y., Fukushima, K., Komiyama, A., Koeffler, H.P. and Shimbo, T. (1997) “The production of IL-8 in cerebrospinal fluid in aseptic meningitis of children”, Clinical and Experimental Immunology 109, 426–430.
  • Isogai, E., Isogai, H., Kimura, K., Hayashi, S., Kubota, T., Fujii, N. and Takeshi, K. (1998) “Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in gnotobiotic mice infected with an Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain”, Infection and Immunology 66, 197–202.
  • Jacobs, B.C., van Doorn, P.A., Schmitz, P.I., Tio-Gillen, A.P., Herbrink, P., Visser, L.H., Hooijkass, H. and van der Meche, F.G. (1996) “Campylobacter jejuni infections and anti-GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome”, Annals of Neurology 40, 181–187.
  • Jacobson, D.L., Grange, S.J., Rose, N.R. and Graham, N.H.M. (1997) “Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States”, Clinical and Immunological Immunopathology 84, 223–243.
  • Jander, S., Heidenreich, F. and Stoll, G. (1993) “Serum and CSF levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in inflammatory neurologic diseases”, Neurology 43, 1809–1813.
  • Jansen, P.M., van Damme, J., Put, W., de Jong, I.W., Taylor, Jr., F. B. and Hack, Jr., C.E. (1995) “Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 is released during lethal and sublethal bacteremia in baboons”, Journal of Infectious Disease 171, 1640–1642.
  • Jansen, P.M., van der Pouw Kraan, T.C., de Jong, I.W., van Mierlo, G., Wijdenes, J., Chang, A.A., Aarden, L.A., Taylor, Jr., F.B., Hack, Jr., C.E. and Taylor, Jr., F.B. (1996a) “Release of interleukin-12 in experimental Escherichia coli septic shock in baboons: relation to plasma levels of interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma”, Blood 87, 5144–5151.
  • Jansen, P.M., de Jong, I.W., Hart, M., Kim, K.J., Aarden, L.A., Hinshaw, L.B., Taylor, Jr., F.B. and Hack, Jr., C.E. (1996b) “Release of leukemia inhibitory factor in primate sepsis. Analysis of the role of TNF-alpha”, Journal of Immunology 156, 4401–4407.
  • Jansen, P.M., Eisele, B., de Jong, I.W., Chang, A., Delvos, U., Taylor, Jr., F.B. and Hack, Jr., C.E. (1998) “Effect of C1 inhibitor on inflammatory and physiologic response patterns in primates suffering from lethal septic shock”, Journal of Immunology 160, 475–484.
  • Joh, K. (1997) “Predictive indicators for progression to severe complications (hemolytic-uremic syndrome and encephalopathy) and their prevention in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection”, Nippon Rinsho 55, 700–705.
  • Johnson, R.W. (1997a) “Inhibition of growth by proinflammatory cytokines: an integrated view”, Journal of Animal Science 75, 1244–1255.
  • Johnson, H.M., Torres, B.A. and Soos, J.M. (1996) “Superantigens, structure and relevance to human disease”, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 212, 99–109.
  • Johnson, R.W., Arkins, S., Dantzer, R. and Kelley, K.W. (1997b) “Hormones, lymphohemopoietic cytokines and the neuroimmune axis”, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 116A, 183–201.
  • Johnston, S.L. (1997) “Influence of viral and bacterial respiratory infections on exacerbations and symptom severity in childhood asthma”, Pediatric Pulmonology Supplement 16, 88–89.
  • Jones, D., Ghouri, N. and Falkow, S. (1994) “Salmonella typimurium initiates murine infection by penetrating and destroying the specialized epithelial M cells of Peyer's patches”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, 15–23.
  • Jung, H.C., Eckmann, L., Yang, S., Panja, A., Fierer, J., Morzycka-Wroblewska, J. and Kagnoff, M.F. (1995) “A distinct array of proinflammatory cytokines is expressed in human colon epithelial cells in response to bacterial invasion”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 95, 55–65.
  • Jungi, T.W., Pfister, H., Sager, H., Fatzer, R., Vandevelde, M. and Zurbriggen, A. (1997) “Comparison of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the brains of Listeria monocytogenes-infected cattle, sheep, and goats and in macrophages stimulated in vitro”, Infection and Immunity 65, 5279–5288.
  • Kanoh, Y. and Ohtani, H. (1997) “Levels of interleukin-6, CRP and alpha 2 macroglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum as indicator of blood-CSF barrier damage”, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 43, 269–278.
  • Kapcala, L.P., Chautard, T. and Eskay, R.L. (1995) “The protective role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis against lethality produced by immune, infection, and inflammatory stress”, Annals of the New York Academy of Science 771, 419–437.
  • Karpman, D., Connell, H., Svensson, M., Scheutz, F., Alm, P. and Svanborg, C. (1997) “The role of lipopolysaccharide and Shiga-like toxin in a mouse model of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection”, Journal of Infectious Disease 175, 611–620.
  • Katayama, H., Kohara, K., Igase, M., Maguchi, M., Fukuoka, T., Okura, T., Kitami, Y. and Hiwada, K. (1997) “Mollaret meningitis associated with a high level of cytokines in spinal fluid”, Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 34, 65–69.
  • Khambaty, F.M., Bennett, R.W. and Shah, D.B. (1994) “Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to the epidemiological characterization of Staphylococcus intermedius implicated in a food-related outbreak”, Epidemiology of Infection 113, 75–81.
  • Khong, T.Y., Frappell, J.M., Steel, H.M., Stewart, C.M. and Burke, M. (1986) “Perinatal listeriosis. A report of six cases”, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 93, 1083–1087.
  • Khorram, O., Taylor, R.N., Ryan, I.P., Schall, T.J. and Landers, D.V. (1993) “Peritoneal fluid concentrations of the cytokine RANTES correlate with the severity of endometriosis”, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 169, 1545–1549.
  • Kim, Y.S. and Tauber, M.G. (1996) “Neurotoxicity of glia activated by Gram-positive bacterial products on nitric oxide production”, Infection and Immunity 64, 3148–3153.
  • Kim, K.S., Itabashi, H., Gemski, P., Sadoff, J., Warren, R.L. and Cross, A.S. (1992) “The K1 capsule is the critical determinant in the development of Escherichia coli meningitis in the rat”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 90, 897–905.
  • Kim, Y.S., Sheldon, R.A., Elliott, B.R., Liu, Q., Ferriero, D.M. and Tauber, M.G. (1995a) “Brain injury in experimental neonatal meningitis due to group B streptococci”, Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 54, 531–539.
  • Kim, Y.S., Kennedy, S. and Tauber, M.G. (1995b) “Toxicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in vitro”, Journal of Infectious Disease 171, 1363–1368.
  • Kim, S., Liva, S.M., Dalal, M.A., Verity, M.A. and Voskuhl, R.R. (1999) “Estriol ameliorates autoimmune demyelinating disease: implications for multiple sclerosis”, Neurology 52, 1230–1238.
  • Kim, W.-G., Mohney, R.P., Wilson, B., Jeohn, G-H. and Hong, J.-S. (2000) “Regional differences in susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in the rat brain: role of microglia”, The Journal of Neuroscience 20, 6309–6316.
  • Kimberlin, R.H. and Walker, C.A. (1989) “Pathogenesis of scrapie in mice after intragastric infection”, Virus Research 12, 213–220.
  • Kipper-Galperin, M., Galilly, R., Danenberg, H.D. and Brenner, T. (1999) “Dehydroepiandrosterone selectively inhibits production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in astrocytes”, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 17, 765–775.
  • Klontz, K.C., Lieb, S., Schreiber, M., Janowski, H.T., Baldy, L.M. and Gunn, R.A. (1988) “Syndromes of Vibrio vulnificus infections. Clinical and epidemiologic features in Florida cases, 1981–1987”, Annals of Internal Medicine 109, 318–323.
  • Koka, P., He, K., Zack, J.A., Kitchen, S., Peacock, W., Fried, I., Tran, T., Yashar, S.S. and Merrill, J.E. (1995) “Human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope proteins induce interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide in glial cultures derived from fetal, neonatal, and adult human brain”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 182, 941–951.
  • Komatsu, H., Kuroki, S., Shimizu, Y., Takada, H. and Takeuchi, Y. (1998) “Mycoplasma pneumoniae meningoencephalitis and cerebellitis with antiganglioside antibodies”, Pediatric Neurology 18, 160–164.
  • Kondrusik, M. and Hermanowska-Szpakowicz, T. (1997) “The assessment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 beta levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum in patients with purulent meningitis”, Neurologica Neurochirugia Polska 31, 1119–1131.
  • Koplan, J. (1999) CDC Data Provides the Most Complete Estimate of Foodborne Disease in the United States CDC Press Release, September, 16, (CDC Media Relations, Atlanta, GA).
  • Komelisse, R.F., Savelkoul, H.F., Mulder, P.H., Suur, M.H., van der Straaten, P.J., van der Heijden, A.J., Sukhai, R.N., Hahlen, K., Neijens, H.J. and de Groot, R. (1996) “Interleukin-10 and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in cerebrospinal fluid of children with bacterial meningitis”, Journal of Infectious Disease 173, 1498–1502.
  • Kuhn, W. and Muller, T. (1995) “Neuroimmune mechanisms in Parkinson's disease”, Journal of Neural Transmission(- Suppl. 46), 229–233.
  • Kuipers, E.J. (1997) “Helicobacter pylori and the risk and management of associated diseases, gastritis, ulcer disease, atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer”, Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11, 71–88.
  • Kurlan, R. (1998) “Tourette's syndrome and PANDAS, will the relation bear out? Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection”, Neurology 50, 1530–1534.
  • Kwok, S.K., Gandhi, S.R., Ho, P.S. and Lam, D.S. (1994) “A case of Salmonella bacteremia presenting with visual loss”, Journal of the Association of Physicians, India 42, 627–633.
  • Lahrtz, F., Piali, L., Spanaus, K.S., Seebach, J. and Fontana, A. (1998) “Chemokines and chemotaxis of leukocytes in infectious meningitis”, Journal of Neuroimmunology 85, 33–43.
  • Lallemand, A., Gaillard, D., Paradis, P. and Chippaux, C. (1992) “Fetal listeriosis during the second trimester of gestation”, Pediatric Pathology 12, 665–671.
  • Landrigan, P.J., Graham, D.G. and Thomas, R.D. (1993) “Strategies for the prevention of environmental neurotoxic illness”, Environmental Research 61, 157–163.
  • Langermans, I.A. and van Furth, R. (1994) “Cytokines and the host defense against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium”, Biotherapy 7, 169–178.
  • Lanning, J.C., Hilbelink, D.R. and Chen, L.T. (1983) “Teratogenic effects of endotoxin on the golden hamster”, Teratogens Carcinogens and Mutagens 3, 145–149.
  • Lantelme, P., Mohammedi, I., Duperret, S., Vedrinne, J.M., Allaouchiche, B. and Motin, J. (1995) “Clostridium perfringens septicemia associated with foodborne toxic infection and abortion”, Annales of Francaises D Anesthesie et de Reanimation 14, 359–361.
  • Lanza-Jacoby, S., Phetteplace, H., Sedkova, N. and Knee, G. (1998) “Sequential alterations in tissue lipoprotein lipase, triglyceride secretion rates, and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha during Escherichia coli bacteremic sepsis in relation to the development of hypertriglyceridemia”, Shock 9, 46–51.
  • Lanzrein, A.S., Johnston, C.M., Perry, V.H., Jobst, K.A., King, E.M. and Smith, A.D. (1998) “Longitudinal study of inflammatory factors in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue in Alzheimer disease: interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II, and alpha1-antichymotrypsin”, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 12, 215–227.
  • Larsson, S., Cronberg, S. and Winblad, S. (1978) “Clinical aspects on 64 cases of juvenile and adult listeriosis in Sweden”, Acta Medica Scandanavia 204, 503–508.
  • Lawrence, D.A. and Kim, D. (2000) “Central/peripheral nervous system and immune responses”, Toxicology 142, 189–201.
  • Leach, S.A., Williams, A., Davies, A.C., Wilson, J., Marsh, P.D. and Humphrey, T.J. (1999) “Aerosol route enhances the contamination of intact eggs and muscle of experimentally infected laying hens by Salmonella typhimurium DT104”, FEMS Microbiology Letters 171, 203–207.
  • Lee, L.A., Puhr, N.D., Maloney, K., Bean, N.H. and Trauxe, R.V. (1994) “Increase in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infections in the United States, 1989–1990”, Journal of Infectious Disease 170, 128–134.
  • Leib, S.L., Kim, Y.S., Ferriero, D.M. and Tauber, M.G. (1996) “Neuroprotective effect of excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenic acid in experimental bacterial meningitis”, Journal of Infectious Disease 173, 166–171.
  • Leirisalo-Repo, M., Helenius, P, Hannu, T, Lehtinen, A., Kreula, J., Taavitsainen, M. and Koskimies, S. (1997) “Long-term prognosis of reactive Salmonella arthritis”, Annals of Rheumatic Disease 56, 516–520.
  • Leon, L.R., White, A.A. and Kluger, M.J. (1998) “Role of IL-6 and TNF in thermoregulation and survival during sepsis in mice”, American Journal of Physiology B, R269–R277.
  • Levine, W.C., Bennett, R.W., Choi, Y, Henning, K.J., Rager, J.R., Hendricks, K.A., Hopkins, D.P., Gunn, R.A. and Griffin, P.M. (1996) “Staphylococcal food poisoning caused by imported canned mushrooms”, Journal of Infectious Disease 173, 1263–1267.
  • Licinio, J. (1997) “Central nervous system cytokines and their relevance for neurotoxicity and apoptosis”, Journal of Neural Transmission, Supplementum 49, 169–175.
  • Lind, K., Zoffman, H., Larsen, S.O. and Jessen, O. (1979) “Mycoplasma pneumomiae infection associated with affection of the central nervous system”, Acta Medica Scandanavia 205, 325–332.
  • Lindsay, J.A. (1997) “Chronic sequelae of foodborne disease”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 443–452.
  • Liner, R. (1990) “Intrauterine Listeria infection, prenatal diagnosis by biophysical profile and amniocentesis”, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 163, 1596–1597.
  • Liu, J.S., Amaral, T.D., Brosnan, C.F. and Lee, S.C. (1998) “IFNs are critical regulators of IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-1 expression in human microglia”, Journal of Immunology 61, 1989–1996.
  • Livnat, S., Madden, K.S., Felten, D.L. and Felten, S.Y. (1987) “Regulation of the immune system by sympathetic neural mechanisms”, Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 11, 145–152.
  • Lloret, M.D., Escudero, J.R., Hospedales, J. and Viver, E. (1996) “Mycotic aneurysm of the carotid artery due to Salmonella enteritidis associated with multiple brain abscesses”, European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 12, 250–252.
  • Lo, W.F., Woods, A.S., DeCloux, A., Cotter, R.J., Metcalf, E.S. and Soloski, M.J. (2000) “Molecular mimicry mediated by MHC class Ib molecules after infection with Gram-negative pathogens”, Nature Medicine 6, 215–218.
  • Loesche, W.J. (1994) “Periodontal disease as a risk factor for heart disease”, Compendium 15, 976–992.
  • Loesche, W.J. (1997) “Association of the oral flora with important medical diseases”, Current Opinions in Peridontology 4, 21–28.
  • Low, J.C. and Donachie, W. (1997) “A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis”, Veterinary Journal 153, 9–29.
  • Low, J.C. and Renton, C.P. (1985) “Septicaemia, encephalitis and abortions in a housed flock of sheep caused by Listeria monocytogenes type 1/2”, Veterinary Record 116, 147–150.
  • Low, P.S., Lee, B.W., Yap, H.K., Tay, J.S., Lee, W.L., Seah, C.C. and Ramzan, M.M. (1995) “Inflammatory response in bacterial meningitis: cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid”, Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 15, 55–59.
  • Lu, C.S., Chiu, C.H., Lin, T.Y. and Lin, S.L. (1997) “Salmonella typhimurium brain abscess in a six-month-old infant, a case report and review of the literature”, Chang Gung Medical Journal 20, 219–225.
  • Lubran, M.M. (1988) “Bacterial toxins”, Annals of Clinical Laboratory Science 18, 58–71.
  • Lynch, J.P., Wojnar, M.M. and Lang, C.H. (1997) “Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions impair glucoregulation in response to endotoxin”, American Journal of Physiology 272, R1525–R1531.
  • MacGowan, A.P., Cartlidge, P.H., MacLeod, F. and McLaughlin, J. (1991) “Maternal listeriosis in pregnancy without fetal or neonatal infection”, Journal of Infection 22, 53–57.
  • MacNiven, E., deCatanzaro, D. and Younglai, E.V. (1992) “Chronic stress increases estrogen and other steroids in inseminated rats”, Physiology of Behavior 52, 159–162.
  • Maier, S.F. and Watkins, L.R. (1998) “Cytokines for psychologists, implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition”, Psychological Reviews 105, 83–107.
  • Maier, S.F., Goehler, L.E., Fleshner, M. and Watkins, L.R. (1998) “The role of the vagus nerve in cytokine-to-brain communication”, Annals of the New York Academy of Science 840, 289–300.
  • Mainous, M.R., Tso, P., Berg, R.D. and Deitch, E.A. (1991) “Studies of the route, magnitude, and time course of bacterial translocation in a model of systemic inflammation”, Archives of Surgery 126, 33–37.
  • Malinverni, R., Bille, J., Perret, C., Regli, F., Tanner, F. and Glauser, M.P. (1985) “Epidemic listeriosis. Report of 25 cases in 15 months at the Vaud University Hospital Center”, Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 115, 2–10.
  • Manganiello, P.D. and Yearke, R.R. (1991) “A 10-year prospective study of women with a history of recurrent fetal losses fails to identify Listeria monocytogenes in the genital tract”, Fertility and Sterility 56, 781–782.
  • Mantzoros, C.S., Varvarigou, A., Kaklamani, V.G., Beratis, N.G. and Flier, J.S. (1997) “Effect of birth weight and maternal smoking on cord blood leptin concentrations of full-term and preterm newborns”, Journal of Clinical and Endocrinology Metabolism 82, 2856–2861.
  • Marco, A.J., Prats, N., Ramos, J.A., Briones, V., Blanco, M., Dominguez, L. and Domingo, M. (1992) “A microbiological, histopathological and immunohistological study of the intragastic inoculation of Listeria monocytogenes in mice”, Journal of Comparative Pathology 107, 1–9.
  • Marco, A.J., Altimira, J., Prats, N., Lopez, S., Dominguez, L., Domingo, M. and Briones, V. (1997) “Penetration of Listeria monocytogenes in mice infected by the oral route”, Microbial Pathogenesis 23, 255–263.
  • Marshman, W.E. and Lyons, C.J. (1998) “Congenital endophthalmiti following maternal shellfish ingestion”, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology 26, 161–163.
  • Marx, J. (1998) “New gene tied to common form of Alzheimer's”, Science 281, 507–509.
  • Mastroianni, C.M., Lancella, L., Mengoni, F., Lichtner, M., Santopadre, P., D'Agostino, C., Ticca, F. and Vullo, V. (1998) “Chemokine profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the course of pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis”, Clinical and Experimental Immunology 114, 210–214.
  • Matsuzono, Y., Narita, M., Akutsu, Y. and Togashi, T. (1995) “Interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system infections”, Acta Paediatrica 84, 879–883.
  • Matusevicius, D., Navikas, V., Soderstrom, M., Xiao, B.G., Haglund, M., Fredrikson, S. and Link, H. (1996) “Multiple sclerosis: the proinflammatory cytokines lymphotoxin-alpha and tumour necrosis factor-alpha are upregulated in cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells”, Journal of Neuroimmunology 66, 115–123.
  • McAlindon, M.E. and Mahida, Y.R. (1997) “Cytokines and the gut”, European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9, 1045–1050.
  • McCracken, Jr., G.H., Mustafa, Jr., M.M., Ramilo, Jr., O., Olsen, Jr., K.D. and Risser, Jr., R.C. (1989) “Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin 1-beta and tumor necrosis factor concentrations and outcome from neonatal Gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis”, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 8, 155–159.
  • McDowell, R.M. and McElvaine, M.D. (1997) “Long-term sequelae to foodborne disease”, Review of Science and Technology 16, 337–341.
  • McEwen, B.S. (1998) “Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 840, 33–44.
  • McEwen, B.S., Alves, S.E., Bulloch, K. and Weiland, N.G. (1997) “Ovarian steroids and the brain, implications for cognition and aging”, Neurology 48, S8–S15.
  • McFarland, H.F. (1996) “Complexities in the treatment of autoimmune diseases”, Science 274, 2037–2038.
  • McGeer, P.L. and McGeer, E.G. (1997) “Inflammation cytokine in the CNS. Possible role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and therapeutic implications”, CNS Drugs 7, 214–228.
  • McGeer, P.L., Rogers, J. and McGeer, E.G. (1994) “Neuroimmune mechanisms in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis”, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 8, 149–158.
  • McLauchlin, J. (1990) “Human listeriosis in Britain 1967–85, a summary of 722 cases. 2. Listeriosis in non-pregnant individuals, a changing pattern of infection and seasonal incidence”, Epidemiology and Infection 104, 191–201.
  • McLean, D.R., Russell, N. and Khan, M.Y. (1992) “Neurobrucellosis: clinical and therapeutic features”, Clinical Infection and Disease 15, 582–590.
  • McManus, C.M., Brosnan, C.F. and Berman, J.W. (1998) “Cytokine induction of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta in human fetal microglia”, Journal of Immunology 160, 1449–1455.
  • McSweegan, E. (1998) “Infectious diseases and mental illness, is there a link? (letter)”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 4, 123–124.
  • Mead, P.S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V., McCraig, L.F., Bresee, J.S., Shapiro, C, Griffin, P.M. and Tauxe, R.V. (1999) “Food-related illness and death in the United States”, Emerging Infectious Disease 5, 143–149.
  • Medina, E., Guzman, C.A., Staendner, L.H., Colombo, M.P. and Paglia, P. (1999) “Salmonella vaccine carrier strains: effective delivery system to trigger anti-tumor immunity by oral route”, European Journal of Immunology 29, 693–699.
  • Medzhitov, R. and Janeway, Jr., C. (2000) “Innate Immunity”, The New England Journal of Medicine 343, 338–344.
  • Mehler, M.F. and Kessler, J.A. (1997) “Hematolymphopoietic and inflammatory cytokines in neural development”, Trends in Neuroscience 20, 357–365.
  • Mehta, J.L., Saldeen, T.G. and Rand, K. (1998) “Interactive role of infection, inflammation and traditional risk factors in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease”, Journal of the American College of Cardiology 31, 1217–1225.
  • Merrill, J.E. (1992) “Proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in multiple sclerosis and central nervous system acquired immunodeficiency syndrome”, Journal of Immunotherapy 12, 167–170.
  • Mertsola, J., Kennedy, W.A., Waagner, D., Saez-Llorens, X., Olsen, K., Hansen, E.J. and McCracken, Jr., G.H. (1991) “Endotoxin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with clinical severity and neurologic outcome of Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis”, American Journal of Disease in Children 145, 1099–1103.
  • Mertz, A.K., Wu, R, Sturniolo, T., Stoll, D., Rudwaleit, M., Lauster, R., Braun, J. and Sieper, J.J. (2000) “Multispecific CD4+ T cell response to a single 12-mer epitope of the immunodominant heat-shock protein 60 of Yersinia enterocolitica in Yersinia-triggered reactive arthritis: overlap with the B27-restricted CD8 epitope, functional properties, and epitope presentation by multiple DR alleles”, Immunology 164, 1529–1537.
  • Micusan, V.V. and Thibodeau, J. (1993) “Superantigens of microbial origin”, Seminars in Immunology 5, 3–11.
  • Misiewicz, B., Poltorak, M., Raybourne, R.B., Gomez, M., Listwak, S. and Sternberg, E.M. (1997) “Intracerebroventricular transplantation of embryonic neuronal tissue from inflammatory resistant into inflammatory susceptible rats suppresses specific components of inflammation”, Experimental Neurology 146, 305–314.
  • Mittleman, B.B., Castellanos, F.X., Jacobsen, L.K., Rapoport, J.L., Swedo, S.E. and Shearer, G.M. (1997) “Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in pediatric neuropsychiatric disease”, Journal of Immunology 159, 2994–2999.
  • Miyamoto, O., Minami, J., Toyoshima, T., Nakamura, T., Masada, T., Nagao, S., Negi, T., Itano, T. and Okabe, A. (1998) “Neurotoxicity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin for the rat hippocampus via the glutamatergic system”, Infection and Immunity 66, 2501–2508.
  • Mogi, M., Harada, M., Narabayashi, H., Inagaki, H., Minami, M. and Nagatsu, T. (1996) “Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-alpha levels are elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in juvenile parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease”, Neuroscience Letters 211, 13–16.
  • Molestina, R.E., Dean, D., Miller, R.D., Ramirez, J.A. and Summersgill, J.T. (1998) “Characterization of a strain of Chlamydia pneumonia isolated from a coronary atheroma by analysis of the omp1 gene and biological activity in human endothelial cells”, Infection and Immunity 66, 1370–1376.
  • Montecucco, C., Schiavo, G., Tugnoli, V. and de Grandis, D. (1996) “Botulinum neurotoxins, mechanism of action and therapeutic applications”, Molecular Medicine Today 2, 418–424.
  • Mor, M., Yuhas, Y., Kaminsky, E., Dinari, G. and Ashkenazi, S. (1996) “Induction of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide by Shigella strains isolated from patients with or without neurologic manifestations”, Israel Journal of Medical Science 32, 1271–1275.
  • Morrison, L.A., Sidman, R.L. and Fields, B.N. (1991) “Direct spread of reovirus from the intestinal lumen to the central nervous system through vagal autonomic nerve fibers”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 88, 3852–3856.
  • Moxon, E.R., Glode, M.P., Sutton, A. and Robbins, J.B. (1977) “The infant rat as a model of bacterial meningitis”, Journal of Infectious Disease 136, S186–S190.
  • Murata, A., Shimazu, T, Yamamoto, T, Taenaka, N., Nagayama, K., Honda, T., Sugimoto, H., Monden, M., Matsuura, N. and Okada, S. (1998) “Profiles of circulating inflammatory- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome due to E. coli O157 infection”, Cytokine 10, 544–548.
  • Mustafa, M.M., Mertsola, J., Ramilo, O., Saez-Llorens, X., Risser, R.C. and McCracken, Jr., G.H. (1989) “Increased endotoxin and interleukin-1 beta concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of infants with coliform meningitis and ventriculitis associated with intraventricular gentamicin therapy”, Journal of Infectious Disease 160, 891–895.
  • Mustafa, M.M., Ramilo, O., Saez-Llorens, X., Olsen, K.D., Magness, R.R. and McCracken, Jr., G.H. (1990) “Cerebrospinal fluid prostaglandins, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor in bacterial meningitis. Clinical and laboratory correlations in placebo-treated and dexamethasone-treated patients”, American Journal of Disease in Children 144, 883–887.
  • Najdenski, H., Nikolova, S., Vesselinova, A. and Neikov, P. (1998) “Studies of Yersinia enterocolitical 0,3 experimental infection in pigs”, Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin 45, 59–64.
  • Nakajima, T., Kodaira, M., Masuda, Y, Sakamoto, H., Hatakeyama, T, Adachi, K. and Inamatsu, T. (1990) “Five cases of listeriosis in the elderly”, Kansenshogaku Zasshi 64, 1468–1473.
  • Nakamura, K., Arimoto, T, Yoneda, Y., Iki, Y, Suga, T, Mochizuki, S., Ito, K. and Niki, I. (1990) “A case of Salmonella colitis complicated with delirium, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure”, Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 79, 1729–1731.
  • Nasralla, C.A., Pay, N., Goodpasture, H.C., Lin, J.J. and Svoboda, W.B. (1993) “Postinfectious encephalopathy in a child following Campylobacter jejuni enteritis”, American Journal of Neuroradiology 14, 444–448.
  • Nath, A., Conant, K., Chen, P., Scott, C. and Major, E.O. (1999) “Transient exposure to HIV-1 Tat protein results in cytokine production in macrophages and astrocytes. A hit and run phenomenon”, Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 17098–17102.
  • Nauschuetz, W. (1998) “Emerging foodborne pathogens; enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli”, Clinical Laboratory Science 11, 298–304.
  • Nelson, J.D. (1985) “Etiology and epidemiology of diarrheal diseases in the United States”, American Journal of Medicine 78, 76–80.
  • Nicholls, S., Stephens, S., Braegger, C.P., Walker-Smith, J.A. and MacDonald, T.T. (1993) “Cytokines in stools of children with inflammatory bowel disease or infective diarrhoea”, Journal of Clinical Pathology 46, 757–760.
  • Norris, P.G. (1986) “Meningism following Salmonella virchow food poisoning”, Postgraduate Medicine Journal 62, 621–622.
  • Novak, R. and Feldman, S. (1979) “Salmonellosis in children with cancer, review of 42 cases”, American Journal of Disease in Children 133, 298–300.
  • Odinot, P.T., Curfs, J.H., Meis, J.F., Melchers, W.J. and Hoogkamp-Korstanje, J.A. (1998) “Local expression of cytokine mRNA in spleen and Peyer's patches of rats is involved in resistance against infection with Yersinia enterocolitica”, Cytokine 10, 206–212.
  • Offenbacher, S., Katz, V., Fertik, G., Collins, J., Boyd, D., Maynor, G., McKaig, R. and Beck, J. (1996) “Peridontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight”, Journal of Peridontology 67, 1103–1113.
  • Offner, P.J., More, E.E. and Biffl, W.L. (1999) “Male gender is a risk factor for major infections after surgery”, Archives of Surgery 134, 935–938.
  • Ohga, S., Aoki, T, Okada, K., Akeda, H., Fujioka, K., Ohshima, A., Mori, T, Minamishima, I. and Ueda, K. (1994) “Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of interleukin-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon gamma in bacterial meningitis”, Archives of Disease in Children 70, 123–125.
  • Olivares-Lopez, F, Vargas de la Rosa, R., Peredo Lopez Velarde, M.A. and Perez Rodriguez, G.E. (1981) “Meningitis caused by Salmonella”, Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico 38, 103–110.
  • Olney, J.W. (1994) “Excitotoxins in foods”, Neurotoxicology 15, 535–544.
  • Ornoy, A. and Altschuler, G. (1976) “Maternal endotoxemia, fetal anomalies, and central nervous system damage, a rat model of a human problem”, American Journal Obstetrics and Gynecology 124, 196–204.
  • Ostroff, S.M., Tarr, P.I., Neill, M.A., Lewis, J.H., Hargrett-Bean, N. and Kobayashi, J.M. (1989) “Toxin genotypes and plasmid profiles as determinants of systemic sequelae in Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections”, Journal of Infectious Disease 160, 994–998.
  • Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Garcia-Mendoza, E., Rios, C. and Sotelo, J. (1996) “Humoral and cellular immune response within the subarachnoid space of patients with neurocysticercosis”, Archives of Medical Research 27, 513–517.
  • O'Sullivan, A.M., Dore, C.J., Boyle, S., Coid, C.R. and Johnson, A.P. (1988) “The effect of Campylobacter lipopolysaccharide on fetal development in the mouse”, Journal of Medical Microbiology 26, 101–105.
  • Otter, A. and Blakemore, W.F. (1989) “Observation on the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in axons”, Acta Microbioligca Hungarica 36, 125–131.
  • Ozonoff, D. and Longnecker, M.P. (1991) “Epidemiologic approaches to assessing human cancer risk from consuming aquatic food resources from chemically contaminated water”, Environmental Health Perspectives 90, 141–146.
  • Pachner, A.R. (1996) “The immune response to infectious diseases of the central nervous system, a tenuous balance”, Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 18, 25–34.
  • Pagliano-Sassi, L. (1977) “Neurologic symptomatology in minor Salmonella infections”, Minerva Pediatrica 29, 1689–1690.
  • Panerai, A.E. (1992) “Cognitive and noncognitive stress”, Pharmacology Research 26, 273–276.
  • Paris, M.M., Hickey, S.M., Trujillo, M., Ahmed, A., Olsen, K. and McCracken, Jr., G.H. (1997) “The effect of interleukin-10 on meningeal inflammation in experimental bacterial meningitis”, Journal of Infectious Disease 176, 1239–1246.
  • Park, W.S., Chang, Y.S. and Lee, M. (1998) “Effect of induced hyperglycemia on brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism during the early phase of experimental meningitis in newborn piglets”, Brain Research 798, 195–203.
  • Pavia, A.T., Shipman, L.D., Wells, J.G., Puhr, N.D., Smith, J.D., McKinley, T.W. and Tauxe, R.V. (1990) “Epidemiologic evidence that prior antimicrobial exposure decreases resistance to infection by antimicrobial-sensitive Salmonella”, Journal of Infectious Disease 161, 255–260.
  • Pehlivanoglu, F., Morishita, T.Y., Aye, P.P., Porter, Jr., R., Angrick, Jr., E.J., Harr, Jr., B.S. and Nersessian, Jr., B. (1999) “The effect of route of inoculation on the virulence of raptorial Pasteurella multocida isolates in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)”, Avian Diseases 43, 116–121.
  • Persidsky, Y., Buttini, M., Limoges, J., Bock, P. and Bendelman, H.E. (1997) “An analysis of HIV-1-associated inflammatory products in brain tissue of humans and SCID mice with HIV-1 encephalitis”, Journal of Neurovirology 3, 401–416.
  • Peterson, M.C. (1994) “Clinical aspects of Campylobacter jejuni infections in adults”, Western Journal of Medicine 161, 148–152.
  • Peura, D.A. (1997) “Ulcerogenesis, integrating the roles of Helicobacter pylori and acid secretion in duodenal ulcer”, American Journal of Gastroenterology 92, 8S–13S.
  • Pfister, H.W., Fontana, A., Tauber, M.G., Tomasz, A. and Scheld, W.M. (1994) “Mechanisms of brain injury in bacterial meningitis: workshop summary”, Clinical Infection and Disease 19, 463–479.
  • Phillips, E.J. and Simor, A.E. (1998) “Bacterial meningitis in children and adults. Changes in community-acquired disease may affect patient care”, Postgraduate Medicine 103, 102–117.
  • Pie, S., Truffa-Bachi, R, Pla, M. and Nauciel, C. (1997) “Th1 response in Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice with a high or low rate of bacterial clearance”, Infection and Immunity 65, 4509–4514.
  • Pigrau Serrallach, C, Bosch Gil, J.A., Arnau de Bolos, J.M., Fonollosa Pla, V. and Gallofre Lopez, M. (1981) “Listeriosis in the adult: report of 7 cases”, Medicina Clinica (Barcelonna) 76, 169–171.
  • Pine, L., Malcolm, G.B. and Plikaytis, B.D. (1990) “Listeria monocytogenes intragastric and intraperitoneal approximate 50% lethal doses for mice are comparable, but death occurs earlier by intragastric feeding”, Infection and Immunity 58, 2940–2945.
  • Pitkin, R.M. (1987) “Fetal death, diagnosis and management”, American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology 57, 583–589.
  • Pitossi, F., del Rey, A., Kabiersch, A. and Besedovsky, H. (1997) “Induction of cytokine transcripts in the central nervous system and pituitary following peripheral administration of endotoxin to mice”, Journal of Neuroscience Research 48, 287–298.
  • Plaut, A.G. (2000) “Clinical pathology of foodborne diseases: notes on the patient with foodborne gastrointestinal illness”, Journal of Food Protection 63, 822–826.
  • Popovic, M., Caballero-Bleda, M., Puelles, L. and Popovic, N. (1998) “Importance of immunological and inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis and therapy of Alzheimer's disease”, International Journal of Neuroscience 95, 203–236.
  • Prado-Munoz, S., Bringue Espuny, X., Sole Mir, E., Hervera Coll, G., Lopez Gil, A. and Goma Brufau, A.R. (1997) “Bacteremia during the course of Salmonella gastroenteritis”, Anales Espanoles de Pediatrica 46, 151–155.
  • Prats, N., Briones, V, Blanco, M.M., Altimira, J., Ramos, J.A., Dominguez, L. and Marco, A. (1992) “Choroiditis and meningitis in experimental murine infection with Listeria monocytogenes”, European Journal Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease 11, 744–747.
  • Proulx, F., Turgeon, J.P., Litalien, C, Mariscalco, M.M., Robitaille, P. and Seidman, E. (1998) “Inflammatory mediators in Escherichia coli O157:H7 hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome”, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 17, 899–904.
  • Quan, N., Stern, E.L., Whiteside, M.B. and Herkenham, M. (1999) “Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in the brain after peripheral injection of subseptic doses of lipopolysaccharide in the rat”, Journal of Neuroimmunology 93, 72–80.
  • Racke, M.K., Quigley, L., Cannella, B., Raine, C.S., McFarlin, D.E. and Scott, D.E. (1994) “Superantigen modulation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, activation of energy determines outcome”, Journal of Immunology 152, 2051–2059.
  • Rafalowska, J. (1998) “HIV-1-infection in the CNS. A pathogenesis of some neurological syndromes in the light of recent investigations”, Folia Neuropathologica 36, 211–216.
  • Ramilo, O., Mustafa, M.M., Porter, J., Saez-Llorens, X., Mertsola, J., Olsen, K.D., Luby, J.P., Beutler, B. and McCracken, Jr., G.H. (1990) “Detection of interleukin 1 beta but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cerebrospinal fluid of children with aseptic meningitis”, American Journal of Disease in Children 144, 349–352.
  • Randall, G.W. and Gantt, P.A. (1990) “Preimplantation murine embryos are more resistant than human embryos to bacterial endotoxins”, Journal of In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer 7, 280–282.
  • Rantakallio, P, Jones, P., Moring, J. and Von Wendt, L. (1997) “Association between central nervous system infections during childhood and adult onset schizophrenia and other psychoses, a 28-year follow-up”, International Journal of Epidemiology 26, 837–843.
  • Rasooly, L., Rose, N.R., Shah, D.B. and Rasooly, A. (1997) “In vitro assay of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A activity in food”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63, 2361–2365.
  • Rees, J.H., Soudain, S.E., Gregson, N.A. and Hughes, R.A. (1995) “Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome”, New England Journal of Medicine 333, 1374–1379.
  • Reichlin, S. (1993) “Mechanisms of disease: neuroendocrine-immune interactions”, The New England Journal of Medicine 329, 1246–1253.
  • Rennie, R.P., Strong, D., Taylor, D.E., Salama, S.M., Davidson, C. and Tabor, H. (1994) “Campylobacter fetus diarrhea in a Hutterite colony: epidemiological observations and typing of the causative organism”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32, 721–724.
  • Reul, J.M.H.M., Stec, I., Wiegers, G.J., Labeur, M., Linthorst, A.C.E., Arzt, E. and Holsboer, F. (1994) “Prenatal immune challenge alters the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in adult rats”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 93, 2600–2607.
  • Rezaie, P. and Male, D. (1999) “Colonisation of the developing human brain and spinal cord by microglia: a review”, Microscopic Research Techniques 45, 359–382.
  • Rich, E., Hook, 3rd, E.W., Alarcon, 3rd, G.S. and Moreland, 3rd, L.W. (1996) “Reactive arthritis in patients attending an urban sexually transmitted diseases clinic”, Arthritis and Rheumatism 39, 1172–1177.
  • Richardson, S.E., Rotman, T.A., Jay, V., Smith, C.R., Becker, L.E., Petric, M., Olivieri, N.F. and Karmali, M.A. (1992) “Experimental verocytotoxemia in rabbits”, Infection and Immunity 60, 4154–4167.
  • Rietschel, E.T. and Brade, H. (1992) “Bacterial endotoxins”, Scientific American 267, 54–61.
  • Romana, C., Salleras, L. and Sage, M. (1989) “Latent listeriosis may cause habitual abortion intrauterine deaths, fetal malformations. When diagnosed and treated adequately normal children will be born”, Acta Microbiology Hungary 36, 171–172.
  • Romero, R., Sirtori, M., Oyarzun, E., Avila, C., Mazor, M., Callahan, R., Sabo, V., Athanassiadis, A.P. and Hobbins, J.C. (1989) “Infection and labor. V. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes”, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161, 817–824.
  • Ropper, A.H. and Victor, M. (1998) “Influenza vaccination and the Guillain-Barre syndrome”, New England Journal of Medicine 339, 1845–1846.
  • Rosene, K.A., Copass, M.K., Kastner, L.S., Nolan, C.M. and Eschenbach, D.A. (1982) “Persistent neuropsychological sequelae of toxic shock syndrome”, Annals of Internal Medicine 96, 865–870.
  • Roth, R.A., Harkema, J.R., Pestka, J.P. and Ganey, P.E. (1997) “Is exposure to bacterial endotoxin a determinant of susceptibility to intoxication from xenobiotic agents?”, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 147, 300–311.
  • Rowland, I.R. (1988) “Interactions of the gut microflora and the host in toxicology”, Toxicology and Pathology 16, 147–153.
  • Ruiz, J., Nunez, M.L., Sempere, M.A., Diaz, J. and Gomez, J. (1995) “Systemic infections in three infants due to a lactose-fermenting strain of Salmonella virchow”, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease 14, 454–456.
  • Ruiz-Bravo, A., Moreno, E., Sampedro, A. and Jimenez-Valera, M. (1999) “Experimental infection of mice with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O9 by oral and parenteral routes: spreading and enterotropism of virulent yersiniae”, Current Microbiology 38, 257–263.
  • Sabota, J.M., Hoppes, W.L., Ziegler, J.R., DuPont, H., Mathewson, J. and Rutecki, G.W. (1998) “A new variant of food poisoning, enteroinvasive Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli sepsis from a contaminated hamburger”, American Journal of Gastroenterology 93, 118–119.
  • Saebo, A., Nyland, H. and Lassen, J. (1993) “Yersinia enterocolitica infection-an unrecognized cause of acute and chronic neurological disease? A 10-year follow-up study on 458 hospitalized patients”, Medical Hypotheses 41, 282–286.
  • Saladino, R., Erikson, M., Levy, N., Bachman, D., Siber, G.R., Fleisher, G.R. and Silber, G.R. (1992) “Utility of serum interleukin-6 for diagnosis of invasive bacterial disease in children”, Annuals of Emergency Medicine 21, 1413–1417.
  • Salata, R.A., King, R.E., Gose, F. and Pearson, R.D. (1986) “Listeria monocytogenes cerebritis, bacteremia, and cutaneous lesions complicating hairy cell leukemia”, American Journal of Medicine 81, 1068–1072.
  • Sandyk, R. and Brennan, M.J. (1983) “Fulminating encephalopathy associated with Shigella flexneri infection”, Archives of Disease in Children 58, 70–71.
  • Sansonetti, P.J., Arondel, J., Cavaillon, J.M. and Huerre, M. (1995) “Role of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of experimental shigellosis”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 96, 884–892.
  • Sato, I., Kim, Y., Mimi, T. and Murota, S. (1995) “Induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons”, Neuroscience Letters 184, 145–148.
  • Schantz, S.L., Sweeney, A.M., Gardiner, J.C., Humphrey, H.E., McCaffrey, R.J., Gasior, D.M., Srikanth, K.R. and Budd, M.L. (1996) “Neuropsychological assessment of an aging population of Great Lakes fisheaters”, Toxicology and Industrial Health 12, 403–417.
  • Schiavo, G., Poulain, B., Benfenati, F., DasGupta, B.R. and Montecucco, C. (1993) “Novel targets and catalytic activities of bacterial protein toxins”, Trends in Microbiology 1, 170–174.
  • Schlafer, D.H., Yuh, B., Foley, G.L., Elssaser, T.H., Sadowsky, D. and Nathanielsz, P.W. (1994) “Effect of Salmonella endotoxin administered to the pregnant sheep at 133–142 days gestation on fetal oxygenation, maternal and fetal adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol, and maternal plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations”, Biology of Reproduction 50, 1297–1302.
  • Schluesener, H. (1996) “Generalized autoimmunity of the nervous system (GANS) induced by a recombinant protein composed of major pathogenic determinants of MBP, IRBP, and P2 protein: suppression of inflammation by a monoclonal antibody against activated rat T line cells”, Journal of Neuroscience Research 45, 303–307.
  • Schluter, D., Chahoud, S., Lassmann, H., Schumann, A., Hof, H. and Deckert-Schluter, M. (1996) “Intracerebral targets and immunomodulation of murine Listeria monocytogenes meningoencephalitis”, Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 55, 14–24.
  • Schroeder, H. and van Rensburg, I.B. (1993) “Generalised Listeria monocytogenes infection in a dog”, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 64, 133–136.
  • Seebach, J., Bartholdi, D., Frei, K., Spanaus, K.S., Ferrero, E., Widmer, U., Isenmann, S., Strieter, R.K.M., Schwab, M. and Pfister, H. (1995) “Experimental Listeria meningoencephalitis. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and -2 are produced intrathecally and mediate chemotactic activity in cerebrospinal fluid of infected mice”, Journal of Immunology b, 4367–4375.
  • Seimiya, Y., Ohshima, K., Itoh, H. and Murakami, R. (1992) “Listeric septicemia with meningitis in a neonatal calf”, Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 54, 1205–1207.
  • Selye, H. A. (1936a) “Syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents”, Nature 138, 32.
  • Selye, H.A. (1936b) “Thymus and the adrenals in response of the organism to injuries and intoxications”, British Journal of Experimental Pathology b, 234–248.
  • Selye, H.A. (1946) “The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation”, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 6, 117–230.
  • Sethi, S.K., Ghafoor, M.A. and Vandepitte, J. (1989) “Outbreak of neonatal listeriosis in a regional hospital in Kuwait”, European Journal of Pediatrics 148, 368–370.
  • Shaarawy, M. and Nagui, A.R. (1997) “Enhanced expression of cytokines may play a fundamental role in the mechanisms of immunologically mediated recurrent spontaneous abortion”, Acta Obstetrics and Gynecology Scandinavia 76, 205–211.
  • Shaffer, D.N., Drevets, D.A. and Farr, R.W. (1998) “Listeria monocytogenes rhomboencephalitis with cranial-nerve palsies, a case report”, West Virginia Medicine Journal 94, 80–83.
  • Shalala, D.E. (1999) CDC data provides the most complete estimate of foodborne disease in the United States CDC Press Release, September 16, (CDC Media Relations, Atlanta, GA).
  • Shanahan, F. (1999) “Brain-gut axis and mucosal immunity: a perspective on mucosal phychoneuroimmunology”, Seminars in Gastrointestinal Disease 10, 8–13.
  • Shanks, N., McCormick, C.M. and Meaney, M.J. (1994) “Sex differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responding to endotoxin challenge in the neonate, reversal by gonadectomy”, Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research 79, 260–266.
  • Sharkey, A. (1998) “Cytokines and implantation”, Review of Reproduction 3, 52–61.
  • Shingai, R., Maeda, T., Onishi, S. and Yamamoto, Y. (1995) “Autoantibody against 70 kD heat shock protein in patients with autoimmune liver diseases”, Journal of Hepatology 23, 382–390.
  • Siebers, A. and Finlay, B.B. (1996) “M cells and the pathogenesis of mucosal and systemic infections”, Trends in Microbiology 4, 22–29.
  • Silva, E.N., Hipolito, O. and Grecchi, R. (1980) “Natural and experimental Salmonella arizonae 18, z4, z32 (Ar. 7, 1, 7, 8) infection in broilers. Bacteriological and histopathological survey of eye and brain lesions”, Avian Disease 24, 631–636.
  • deSilva, D.G., Mendis, L.N., Sheron, N., Alexander, G.J., Candy, D.C., Chart, H. and Rowe, B. (1993) “Concentrations of interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor in serum and stools of children with Shigella dysenteriae 1 infection”, Gut 34, 194–198.
  • Singh, V.K. (1994) “Studies of neuroimmune markers in Alzheimer's disease”, Molecular Neurobiology 9, 73–81.
  • Singh, V.K. (1996) “Immune-activation model in Alzheimer disease”, Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology 28, 105–111.
  • Singh, V.K. and Guthikonda, P. (1997) “Circulating cytokines in Alzheimer's disease”, Journal of Psychiatric Research 31, 657–660.
  • Sivieri, S., Ferrarini, A.M., Lolli, F., Mata, S., Pinto, E, Tavolato, B. and Gallo, P. (1997) “Cytokine pattern in the cerebrospinal fluid from patients with GBS and CIDP”, Journal of Neurological Science 147, 93–95.
  • Smally, A.J., Pool, S.K. and Reza, M. (1996) “Transient Campylobacter bacteremia in a healthy child”, South Medical Journal 89, 1123–1124.
  • Soo, M.S., Hen, R.D., Gray, L., Andrews, P.I. and Friedman, H. (1993) “Mesenrhombencephalitis: MR findings in nine patients”, American Journal of Roentgenology 160, 1089–1093.
  • Spinedi, E., Suescun, M.O., Hadid, R., Daneva, T. and Gaillard, R.C. (1992) “Effects of gonadectomy and sex hormone therapy on the endotoxin-stimulated hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: evidence for a neuroendocrine-immunological sexual dimorphism”, Endocrinology 131, 2430–2436.
  • Spinedi, E., Chisari, A., Pralong, F. and Gaillard, R.C. (1997) “Sexual dimorphism in the mouse hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function after endotoxin and insulin stresses during development”, Neuroimmunomodulation 4, 77–83.
  • Spranger, M., Schwab, S., Krempien, S., Winterholler, M., Steiner, T. and Hacke, W. (1996) “Excess glutamate levels in the cerebrospinal fluid predict clinical outcome of bacterial meningitis”, Archives of Neurology 53, 992–996.
  • Stahel, P.F. and Barnum, S.R. (1997) “Bacterial meningitis, complement gene expression in the central nervous system”, Immunopharmacology 38, 65–72.
  • Stamm, A.M., Dismukes, W.E., Simmons, B.P., Cobbs, C.G., Elliott, A., Budrich, P. and Harmon, J. (1982) “Listeriosis in renal transplant recipients: report of an outbreak and review of 102 cases”, Review of Infectious Disease 4, 665–682.
  • Steere, A.C. (1997) “Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme arthritis”, Medical Clinics of North American 81, 179–194.
  • Steiner, T.S., Lima, A.A., Nataro, J.P. and Guerrant, R.L. (1998) “Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli produce intestinal inflammation and growth impairment and cause interleukin-8 release from intestinal epithelial cells”, Journal of Infectious Disease 177, 88–96.
  • Steinman, L. (1993) “Autioimmune disease”, Scientific American 269, 107–114.
  • Sternberg, E.M., Chrousos, G.P., Wilder, R.L. and Gold, P.W. (1992) “The stress response and the regulation of inflammatory disease”, Annals of Internal Medicine 117, 854–866.
  • Stiles, B.G., Bavari, S., Krakauer, T. and Ulrich, R.G. (1993) “Toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxins potentiated by lipopolysaccharide, major histocompatibility complex class II molecule dependency and cytokine release”, Infection and Immunity 61, 5333–5338.
  • Stins, M.F., Prasadarao, N.V., Ibric, L., Wass, C.A., Luckett, P. and Kim, K.S. (1994) “Binding characteristics of S fimbriated Escherichia coli to isolated brain microvascular endothelial cells”, American Journal of Pathology 145, 1228–1236.
  • Stolle, A. and Sperner, B. (1997) “Viral infections transmitted by food or animal origen: the present situation in the European Union”, Archives of Virology Supplement 13, 219–228.
  • Stroud, R.K. and Roelke, M.E. (1980) “Salmonella meningoen-cephalomyelitis in a northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)”, Journal of Wildlife Disease 16, 15–18.
  • Stryker, W.S., Fraser, D.W. and Facklam, R.R. (1982) “Foodborne outbreak of group G streptococcal pharyngitis”, American Journal of Epidemiology 116, 533–540.
  • Suda, H., Moroi, C., Inada, K., Chida, S. and Koizumi, Y. (1997) “A case of congenital Listeria septicemia associated with high levels of inflammatory cytokines”, Acta Paediatrica Japan 39, 382–384.
  • Suescun, M., Chisari, A.N., Carino, M., Hadid, R., Gaillard, R.C. and Spinedi, E. (1994) “Sex steroid regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in middle-aged mice during endotoxic shock”, Neuroimmunomodulation 1, 315–320.
  • Sundler, F., Bottcher, G., Ekblad, E. and Hakanson, R. (1989) “The neuroendocrine system of the gut”, Acta Oncology 28, 303–314.
  • Swedo, S.E., Leonard, H.L., Garvey, M., Mittleman, B., Allen, A.J., Perlmutter, S., Lougee, L., Dow, S., Zamkoff, J. and Dubbert, B.K. (1998) “Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases”, American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 264–271.
  • Tabibzadeh, S. (1994) “Cytokines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-endometrial axis”, Human Reproduction 9, 947–967.
  • Takayama, K., Din, Z.Z. and Mukerjee, P. (1995) “Physical state of biologically active lipopolysaccharide”, Progress in Clinical Biological Research 392, 183–193.
  • Taketani, Y., Kuo, T.M. and Mizuno, M. (1992) “Comparison of cytokine levels and embryo toxicity in peritoneal fluid in infertile women with untreated or treated endometriosis”, American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology 167, 265–270.
  • Tamagawa, N., Adachi, T., Tsubakio, Y., Nakamura, A., Mukumoto, J., Niimi, H. and Sigemoto, T. (1996) “Two cases of Listeria monocytogenes infection in Osaka municipal hospital”, Kansenshogaku Zasshi 70, 618–620.
  • Tartakovsky, B. and Ben-Yair, E. (1991) “Cytokines modulate preimplantation development and pregnancy”, Developmental Biology 146, 345–352.
  • Taylor, R.N., Ryan, I.P., Moore, E.S., Hornung, D., Shifren, J.L. and Tseng, J.F. (1997) “Angiogenesis and macrophage activation in endometriosis”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 828, 194–207.
  • Teitelbaum, J.S., Zatorre, R.J., Carpenter, S., Gendron, D., Evans, A.C., Gjedde, A. and Cashman, N.R. (1990) “Neurologic sequelae of domoic acid intoxication due to the ingestion of contaminated mussels”, New England Journal of Medicine 322, 1781–1787.
  • Theodorou, V., Fioramonit, J. and Bueno, L. (1996) “Integrative neuroimmunology of the digestive tract”, Veterinary Research 27, 427–442.
  • Thomson, G.T., DeRubeis, D.A., Hodge, M.A., Rajanayagam, C. and Inman, R.D. (1995) “Post-Salmonella reactive arthritis, late clinical sequelae in a point source cohort”, American Journal of Medicine 98, 13–21.
  • Todd, E.C. (1997) “Epidemiology of foodbome diseases: a worldwide review”, World Health Statistics Quarterly 50, 30–50.
  • Torpy, D.J. and Chrousos, G.P. (1996) “The three-way interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axes and the immune system”, Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology 10, 181–198.
  • Townsend, G.C. and Scheld, W.M. (1993) “Adjunctive therapy for bacterial meningitis: rationale for use, current status, and prospects for the future”, Clinical Infection and Disease 17(Suppl. 2), S537–S549.
  • Trauxe, R.V. (1997) “Emerging foodborne diseases: an evolving public health challenge”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 3, 425–434.
  • Trauxe, R.V. and Hughes, J.M. (1996) “International investigations of outbreaks of foodborne disease, public health response to the globalization of food”, British Medical Journal 313, 1093–1094.
  • Trevett, A.J., Nwokolo, N., Lightfoot, D., Naraqi, S., Kevau, I.H., Temu, P.I. and Igo, J.D. (1994) “Ataxia in patients infected with Salmonella typhi phage type D2, clinical, biochemical and immunohistochemical studies”, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 565–568.
  • Tsai, C.Y., Wu, T.H., Tsai, S.T., Chen, K.H., Thajeb, P., Lin, W.M., Yu, H.S. and Yu, C.L. (1994) “Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2 and autoantibodies in patients with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system infections”, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 23, 57–63.
  • Tsai, M.L., Chen, W.C., Wang, Y.C. and Hung, K.L. (1996) “Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in children with central nervous system infections”, Chung Hua Min Kuo Hsiao Erh Ko 1 Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 37, 16–21.
  • Tsen, H.Y., Yu, G.K. and Hu, H.H. (1997) “Comparison of type A enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from geographically far distant locations by pulsed field gel electrophoresis”, Journal of Applied Microbiology 82, 485–493.
  • Tunkel, A.R., Wispelivey, B. and Scheld, W.M. (1990) “Bacterial meningitis. Recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment”, Annals of Internal Medicine 112, 610–623.
  • Turrin, N.P. and Plata-Salaman, C.R. (2000) “Cytokine-cytokine interactions and the brain”, Brain Research Bulletin 51, 3–9.
  • Tzipori, S., Chow, C.W. and Powell, H.R. (1988) “Cerebral infection with Escherichia coli O157, H7 in humans and gnotobiotic piglets”, Journal of Clinical Pathology 41, 1099–1103.
  • Tzipori, S., Gunzer, F., Donnenberg, M.S., de Montigny, L., Kaper, J.B. and Donohue-Rolfe, A. (1995) “The role of the eaeA gene in diarrhea and neurological complications in a gnotobiotic piglet model of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection”, Infection and Immunity 63, 3621–3627.
  • Uehara, A. and Namiki, M. (1992) “Stress and gastroenterology: an immunoneuroendorcinological approach”, Rinsho Byori 40, 241–246.
  • Unhanand, M., Mustafa, M.M., McCracken, Jr., G.H. and Nelson, Jr., J.D. (1993) “Gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis: a twenty-one-year experience”, Journal of Pediatrics 122, 15–21.
  • Urbanovich, P.P. (1975) “Listeriosis in agricultural animals (problems of the epizootiology, pathological anatomy and pathogenesis)”, Arkhiv Patologii 37, 80–88.
  • Vaira, D., Ferron, P., Negrini, R., Cavazzini, L., Holton, J., Ainley, C., Londei, M., Vergura, M., Dei, R. and Colecchia, A. (1992) “Detection of Helicobacter pylori-like organisms in the stomach of some food-source animals using a monoclonal antibody”, Italian Journal of Gastroenterology 24, 181–184.
  • Velazquez, M. and Feirtag, J.M. (1999) “Helicobacter pylori: characteristics, pathogenicity, detection methods and mode of transmission implicating foods and water”, International Journal of food Microbiology 53, 95–104.
  • Vial, T., Choquet-Kastylevsky, G., Liautard, C. and Descotes, J. (2000) “Endocrine and neurological adverse effects of the therapeutic interferons”, Toxicology 142, 161–172.
  • Viniker, D. and Chattopadhyay, B. (2000) “Correspondence”, The Lancet 355, 65–66.
  • Vitkovic, L., Chatham, J.J. and da Cunha, A. (1995) “Distinct expressions of three cytokines by IL-1-stimulated astrocytes in vitro and in AIDS brain”, Brain Behavior and Immunity 9, 378–388.
  • Watson, G.W., Fuller, T.J., Elms, J. and Kluge, R.M. (1978) “Listeria cerebritis: relapse of infection in renal transplant patients”, Archives of Internal Medicine 138, 83–87.
  • Weisgerber, C. and Troy, F.A. (1990) “Biosynthesis of the polysialic acid capsule in Escherichia coli K1. The endogenous acceptor of polysialic acid is a membrane protein of 20 kDa”, Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 1578–1587.
  • Weiss, J.M., Nath, A., Major, E.O. and Berman, J.W. (1999) “HIV-1 Tat induces monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1-mediated monocyte transmigration across a model of the human blood-brain barrier and up-regulates CCR5 expression on human monocytes”, Journal of Immunology 163, 2953–2959.
  • Weller, M., Stevens, A., Sommer, N., Wietholter, H. and Dichgans, J. (1991) “Cerebrospinal fluid interleukins, immunoglobulins, and fibronectin in neuroborreliosis”, Archives of Neurology 48, 837–841.
  • Whitacre, C.C., Reingold, S.C. and O'Looney, P.A. (1999) “A gender gap in autoimmunity”, Science 283, 1277–1278.
  • Wilcock, B.P. and Olander, H.J. (1977) “Neurologic disease in naturally occurring Salmonella choleraesuis infection in pigs”, Veterinary Pathology 14, 113–120.
  • Wilder, R.L. (1995) “Neuroendocrine-immune system interactions and autoimmunity”, Annual Review of Immunology 13, 307–338.
  • Wilder, R.L. (1996) “Hormones and autoimmunity, animal models of arthritis”, Bailliere's Clinical Rheumatology 10, 259–271.
  • Wiley, R.G., Donohue-Rolfe, A. and Keusch, G.T. (1985) “Axonally transported Shigella cytotoxin is neuronotoxic”, Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 44, 496–506.
  • Wiley, C.A., Achim, C.L., Schrier, R.D., Heyes, M.P., McCutchan, J.A. and Grant, I. (1992) “Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid immune activation associated factors to HIV encephalitis”, AIDS 6, 1299–1307.
  • Wimmer, M.L., Sandmann-Strupp, R., Saikku, P. and Haberl, R.L. (1996) “Association of chlamydial infection with cerebrovascular disease”, Stroke 27, 2207–2210.
  • Wisniewski, R.M. and Peura, D.A. (1997) “Helicobacter pylori, beyond peptic ulcer disease”, The Gastroenterologist 5, 295–305.
  • Wiswell, T.E., Baumgart, S., Gannon, C.M. and Spitzer, A.R. (1995) “No lumbar puncture in the evaluation for early neonatal sepsis: will meningitis be missed?”, Pediatrics 95, 803–806.
  • Witek-Janusek, L. (1988) “Pituitary-adrenal response to bacterial endotoxin in developing rats”, American Journal of Physiology 18, E525–E530.
  • Wood, G.E. and Shors, T.J. (1998) “Stress facilitates classical conditioning in males, but impairs classical conditioning in females through activational effects of ovarian hormones”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95, 4066–4071.
  • Wright, P., Gill, M. and Murray, R.M. (1993) “Schizophernia, genetics and the maternal immune response to viral infection”, American Journal of Medical Genetics 48, 40–46.
  • Xu, Q., Kiechl, S., Mayr, M., Metzler, B., Egger, G., Oberhollenzer, F., Willeit, J. and Wick, G. (1999) “Association of serum antibodies to heat-shock protein 65 with carotid atherosclerosis: clinical significance determined in a follow-up study”, Circulation 100, 1169–1174.
  • Yang, M.T. and Chi, C.S. (1994) “Salmonella infections in infants and children”, Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 54, 38–43.
  • Yersin, B.R., Glauser, M.P. and Regli, F. (1981) “Adult Listeria monocytogenes infections. Study of 10 cases and review of the literature”, Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 111, 1596–1602.
  • Yoon, B.H., Jun, J.K., Romero, R., Park, K.H., Gomez, R., Choi, J.H. and Kim, I.O. (1997) “Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy”, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 177, 19–26.
  • Yrlid, B.U. and Wick, M.J. (2000) “Salmonella-induced apopotosis of infected macrophages results in presentation of a bacteria-encoded antigen after uptake by bystander dentritic cells”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 191, 613–624.
  • Yuhas, Y., Weizman, A., Dinari, G. and Ashkenazi, S. (1995) “An animal model for the study of neurotoxicity of bacterial products and application of the model to demonstrate that Shiga Toxin and lipopolysaccharide cooperate in inducing neurological disorders”, Journal of Infectious Disease 171, 1244–1249.
  • Zanetti, G., Heumann, D., Gerain, J., Kohler, J., Abbet, R, Barras, C., Lucas, R., Glauser, M.R and Baumgartner, J.D. (1992) “Cytokine production after intravenous or peritoneal Gram-negative bacterial challenge in mice. Comparative protective efficacy of antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and to lipopolysaccharide”, Journal of Immunology 148, 1890–1897.
  • Zeisberger, E. (1999) “From humoral fever to neuroimunological control of fever”, Journal of Thermal Biology 24, 287–326.
  • Zhang, D., Kishihara, K., Wang, B., Mizobe, K., Kubo, C. and Nomoto, K. (1998) “Restraint stress-induced immunosuppression by inhibiting leukocyte migration and Th1 cytokine expression during the intraperitoneal infection of Listeria monocytogenes”, Journal of Neuroimmunology 92, 139–151.
  • Zhao, B. and Schwartz, J.P. (1998) “Involvement of cytokines in normal CNS development and neurological diseases: recent progress and perspectives”, Journal of Neuroscience Research 52, 7–16.
  • Zoja, C, Corna, D., Farina, C, Sacchi, G., Lingwood, C, Doyle, M.P., Padhye, V.V., Abbate, M. and Remuzzi, G. (1992) “Verotoxin glycolipid receptors determine the localization of microangiopathic process in rabbits given verotoxin-1”, Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine 120, 229–238.
  • Zwain, I.H. and Yen, S.S. (1999a) “Neurosteroidogenesis in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons of cerebral cortex of rat brain”, Endocrinology 140, 3843–3852.
  • Zwain, I.H. and Yen, S.S. (1999b) “Dehydroepiandrosterone: biosynthesis and metabolism in the brain”, Endocrinology 140, 880–887.
  • Zychlinsky, A. and Sansonetti, P.J. (1997) “Apoptosis as a proinflammatory event: what we can learn from bacteriainduced cell death”, Trends in Microbiology 5, 201–204.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.