Randomized study of the effects of vitamin D and/or magnesium supplementation on mood, serum levels of BDNF, inflammation, and SIRT1 in obese women with mild to moderate depressive symptoms

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. ISBN-10: 8123923791.
   Google Scholar
• https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/wfmh_paper_depression_wmhd_2012.Pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Evans DL, Charney DS. Mood disorders and medical illness: a major public health problem. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:177–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright C, Gibson K, Read J, Cowan O, Dehar T. Long-term antidepressant use: patient perspectives of benefits and adverse effects. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:1401–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan JS, Yan JH, Payne VG. The impact of obesity and exercise on cognitive aging. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:97. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler O, Benros ME, Nordentoft M, Farkouh ME, Iyengar RL, Mors O, Krogh J. Effect of anti-inflammatory treatment on depression, depressive symptoms, and adverse effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(12):1381–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein SR, Schuppenies A, Wong ML, Licinio J. Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: the stressaxis as the locus of gene-environment interactions. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:892–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hryhorczuk C, Sharma S, Fulton SE. Metabolic disturbances connecting obesity and depression. Front Neurosci. 2013;7:177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Um P, Dickerman BA, Liu J. Zinc, magnesium, selenium and depression: a review of the evidence, potential mechanisms and implications. Nutrients. 2018 May 9;10(5):584, doi:10.3390/nu10050584. PMID: 29747386; PMCID: PMC5986464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yosaee S, Soltani S, Esteghamati A, Motevalian SA, Tehrani-Doost M, Clark CCT, Jazayeri S. Effects of zinc, vitamin D, and their co-supplementation on mood, serum cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with obesity and mild to moderate depressive symptoms: a phase II, 12-wk, 2 × 2 factorial design, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2020 Mar;71:110601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude RK, Shils ME. Magnesium. In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, editor. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 223–47.
   Google Scholar
• Widmer J, Bovier P, Karege F, et al. Evolution of blood magnesium, sodium and potassium in depressed patients followed for three months. Neuropsychobiology. 1992;26:173–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widmer J, Henrotte JG, Raffin Y, Bovier P, Hilleret H, Gaillard JM. Relationship between erythrocyte magnesium, plasma electrolytes and cortisol, and intensity of symptoms in major depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 1995;34:201–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sales CH, Santos AR, Cintra DE, Colli C. Magnesium-deficient high-fat diet: effects on adiposity, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in growing rats. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(5):879–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhangi MA, Ostadrahimi A, Mahboob S. Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorous and lipid profile in healthy Iranian premenopausal women. Biochem Med. 2011;21(3):312–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz KJC, Oliveira ARS, Pinto DP, Morais JBS, Lima FS, Colli C, et al. Influence of magnesium on insulin resistance in obese women. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014;160(3):305–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang JH, Lu YF, Cheng FC, Lee JN, Tsai LC. Correlation of magnesium intake with metabolic parameters, depression and physical activity in elderly type 2 diabetes patients: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J. 2012;11:41. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song CH, Choi WS, Oh HJ, Kim K. Associations of serum minerals with body mass index in adult women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(5):682–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr DCR, Zava DT, Piper WT, Saturn SR, Frei B, Gombart AF. Associations between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms in healthy young adult women. Psychiatry Res. 2015;227:46–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goltz A, Janowitz D, Hannemann A, Nauck M, Hoffmann J, Seyfart T, et al. Association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vitamin D with depression and obesity: a population-based study. Neuropsychobiology. 2017;76(4):171–81. doi:10.1159/000489864 Epub 2018 Jun 19. PMID: 29920493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amini S, Amani R, Jafarirad S, Cheraghian B, Sayyah M, Hemmati AA. The effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers, estradiol levels and severity of symptoms in women with postpartum depression: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;3: 1–11. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2019.1707396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhoury M. Revisiting the serotonin hypothesis: implications for major depressive disorders. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(5):2778–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijder MB, van Dam RM, Visser M, Deeg DJH, Dekker JM, Bouter LM, et al. Adiposity in relation to vitamin D status and parathyroid hormone levels: a population-based study in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:4119–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanowicz M, Nikołajuk A, Matulewicz N, Karczewska-Kupczewska M. Adipose tissue, but not skeletal muscle, sirtuin 1 expression is decreased in obesity and related to insulin sensitivity. Endocrine. 2018;60(2):263–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang E, Kim Y. Vitamin D insufficiency exacerbates adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and decreases AMPK/SIRT1 activity in obese rats. Nutrients. 2017;9(4):338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molendijk ML, Spinhoven P, Polak M, Bus BA, Penninx BWJH, Elzinga BM. Serum BDNF concentrations as peripheral manifestations of depression: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analyses on 179 associations (n = 9,484). Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:791–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy P, Edwards LR. Magnesium supplementation in vitamin D deficiency. Am J Ther. 2019;26(1):e124–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamilian M, Samimi M, Kolahdooz F, Khalaji F, Razavi M, Asemi Z. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation affects pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29:669–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghassemzadeh H, Mojtabai R, Karamghadiri N, Ebrahimkhani N. Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(4):185–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang E, Kim Y. Vitamin D ameliorates fat accumulation with AMPK/SIRT1 activity in C2C12 skeletal Muscle cells. Nutrients. 2019 Nov 17;11(11):2806. doi:10.3390/nu11112806 PMID: 31744213; PMCID: PMC6893473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey M, Small H, Yoong SL, Boyes A, Bisquera A, Sanson-Fisher R. Prevalence of comorbid depression and obesity in general practice: a cross-sectional survey. Br J Gen Pract. 2014;64:e122–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin KP, Liang TL, Liao IC, Tsay SL. Associations among depression, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in young adult females. Biol Res Nurs. 2014;16:327–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AH, Maletic V, Raison CL. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65:732–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajizadeh A, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Yassini-Ardakani M, Dehghani A. Effect of magnesium supplementation on depression status in depressed patients with magnesium deficiency: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2017;35:56–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarleton EK, Littenberg B, MacLean CD, Kennedy AG, Daley C. Role of magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression: a randomized clinical trial. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0180067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barragán-Rodríguez L, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Efficacy and safety of oral magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, equivalent trial. Magnes. Res. 2008;21:218–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fard FE, Mirghafourvand M, Mohammad-Alizadeh Charandabi S, Farshbaf-Khalili A, Javadzadeh Y, Asgharian H. Effects of zinc and magnesium supplements on postpartum depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Women Health. 2017;57:1115–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murck H. Ketamine, magnesium and major depression – from pharmacology to pathophysiology and back. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:955–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly JR, Borre Y, O’Brien C, Patterson E, El Aidy S, Deane J, et al. Transferring the blues: depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;82:109–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Melancholic microbes: a link between gut microbiota and depression? Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25:713–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachikian BD, Neyrinck AM, Deldicque L, De Backer FC, Catry E, Dewulf EM, et al. Changes in intestinal bifidobacteria levels Are associated with the inflammatory response in magnesium-deficient mice. J Nutr. 2010;140:509–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso CC, Lobato KR, Binfaré RW, Ferreira PK, Rosa AO, Santos ARS, Rodrigues ALS. Evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of magnesium. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33:235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poleszak E. Modulation of antidepressant-like activity of magnesium by serotonergic system. J Neural Transm. 2007;114:1129–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pochwat B, Sowa-Kucma M, Kotarska K, Misztak P, Nowak G, Szewczyk B. Antidepressant-like activity of magnesium in the olfactory bulbectomy model is associated with the AMPA/BDNF pathway. Psychopharmacology. 2015;232:355–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milaneschi Y, Hoogendijk W, Lips P, Heijboer AC, Schoevers R, van Hemert AM, et al. The association between low vitamin D and depressive disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:444–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick RP, Ames BN. Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. 1. Relevance for autism. FASEB J. 2014;28:2398–2413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorde R, Sneve M, Figenschau Y, Svartberg 447 J, Waterloo K. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial. J Intern Med. 2008;264(6):599–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Jacka FN, Dodd S, Nicholson G, et al. Annual high-dose vitamin D 3 and mental well-being: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;198(5):357–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepehrmanesh Z, Kolahdooz F, Abedi F, Mazroii N, Assarian A, Asemi Z, et al. Vitamin D supplementation affects the Beck Depression Inventory, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, controlled clinical trial, 2. J Nutr. 2016;146(2):243–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjærgaard M, Waterloo K, Wang CE, Almås B, Figenschau Y, Hutchinson MS, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplement on depression scores in people with low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: nested case–control study and randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;201(5):360–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowda U, Mutowo MP, Smith BJ, Wluka AE, Renzaho AM. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition. 2015;31(3):421–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amer A, Qayyum R. Relation between serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D and C-reactive protein in asymptomatic adults (from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2006). Am J Cardiol. 2012;109:226–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellia A, Garcovich C, D’Adamo M, Lombardo M, Tesauro M, Donadel G, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are inversely associated with systemic inflammation in severe obese subjects. Intern Emerg Med. 2013;8:33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Aparicio A, Andres P, Ortega RM. Moderate vitamin D deficiency and inflammation related markers in overweight/obese schoolchildren. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2014;84:98–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalcante IGD, Silva AS, Costa MJC, Persuhn DC, Issa CI, De Luna Freire TL, Gonçalves MDCR. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation and influence of Bsml polymorphism of the VDR gene of the inflammatory profile and oxidative stress in elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D3 megadoses reduce inflammatory markers. Exp Gerontol. 2015;66:10–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler PD, Scott JB, Drake BF, Ng K, Manson JE, Rifai N, et al. Impact of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory markers in African Americans: results of a four-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer Prev Res. 2014;7:218–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ticinesi A, Meschi T, Lauretani F, et al. Nutrition and inflammation in older individuals: focus on vitamin d, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and whey proteins. Nutrients. 2016;8(4):186, Published 2016 Mar 29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva CM, Furlanetto TW. Does serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D decrease during acute-phase response? A systematic review. Nutr Res. 2015;35:91–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon S, Seok S, Yau P, Li X, Kemper B, Kemper JK. Obesity and aging diminish sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-mediated deacetylation of SIRT3, leading to hyperacetylation and decreased activity and stability of SIRT3. J Biol Chem. 2017 Oct 20;292(42):17312–17323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safarpour P, Daneshi-Maskooni M, Vafa M, Nourbakhsh M, Janani L, Maddah M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves SIRT1, Irisin, and glucose indices in overweight or obese type 2 diabetic patients: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Fam Pract. 2020 Feb 7;21(1):26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polidoro L, Properzi G, Marampon F, Gravina G, Festuccia C, Di Cesare E, et al. Vitamin D protects human endothelial cells from H2O2 oxidant injury through the Mek/Erk-Sirt1 axis activation. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2013;6(2):221–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibaba DT, Xun P, He K. Dietary magnesium intake is inversely associated with serum C-reactive protein levels: meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014;68:510–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chacko SA, Song Y, Nathan L, Tinker L, De Boer IH, Tylavsky F, et al. Relations of dietary magnesium intake to biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunctions in an ethnically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:304–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moslehi N, Vafa M, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Golestan B. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on inflammatory markers in middle-aged overweight women. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(7):607–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen FH. Magnesium, inflammation, and obesity in chronic disease. Nutr Rev. 2010;68:333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheyruri F, Sarrafzadeh J, Hosseini AF, Abiri B, Vafa M. Randomized study of the effects of vitamin D and magnesium Co-supplementation on Muscle strength and function, body composition, and inflammation in vitamin D-deficient middle-aged women. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021;199(7):2523–2534. doi:10.1007/s12011-020-02387-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosanoff A, Dai Q, Shapses SA. Essential nutrient interactions: does low or suboptimal magnesium status interact with vitamin D and/or calcium status? Adv Nutr. 2016 Jan;7(1):25–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng X, Song Y, Manson JE, et al. Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality: results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III. BMC Med. 2013;11:187. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar